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OF  THE 

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jftteceltaneoug  Collections 

1O38 


SMITHSONIAN 


PHYSICAL  TABLES 


PREPARED  BY 

THOMAS    GRAY 

THIRD  REVISED  EDITION 


^sS^C^^S^tf  \\ 


CITY   OF   WASHINGTON 

PUBLISHED    BY   THE   SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION 

1904 


Iknicherbocfecr  press,  flew  JlJoch 


ADVERTISEMENT   TO   REVISED    EDITION. 


THE  edition  of  the  Smithsonian  Physical  Tables  issued  in  1896  having 
become  exhausted,  a  careful  reexamination  of  the  original  work  has  been  made 
at  my  request  by  the  author,  Professor  Gray,  and  the  few  changes  found  neces- 
sary have  been  made  in  the  plates. 

S.  P.  LANGLEY, 

Secretary, 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION, 
WASHINGTON  CITY,  October  jo,  /<?97> 


ADVERTISEMENT   TO   SECOND    REVISED    EDITION. 


THE  revised  edition  of  the  Smithsonian  Physical  Tables  issued  in  1897 
having  become  exhausted,  and  the  demand  continuing,  a  second  revised 
edition  is  now  issued.  The  author,  Professor  Gray,  has  again  examined  the 
work  and  made  a  few  corrections  in  the  plates,  table  283  in  particular  being 
rewritten  to  agree  with  the  recent  report  of  the  International  Committee  on 
Atomic  Weights. 

S.  P.  LANGLEY, 

Secretary. 

SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION, 
WASHINGTON  CITY,   January^  1903. 


ADVERTISEMENT  TO  THIRD  REVISED  EDITION. 


The  second  revised  edition  of  the  Smithsonian  Physical  Tables  issued  in 
January,  1903,  having  become  exhausted,  and  the  demand  for  the  work 
continuing,  a  third  revised  edition  is  now  published,  in  which  the  author 
has  made  a  few  corrections  to  agree  with  the  latest  researches. 

S.  P.  LANGLEY, 

Secretary. 
SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION, 

WASHINGTON  CITY    April,  1904. 

7452 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


IN  connection  with  the  system  of  meteorological  observations  established  by 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  about  1850,  a  series  of  meteorological  tables  was 
compiled  by  Dr.  Arnold  Guyot,  at  the  request  of  Secretary  Henry,  and  was  pub- 
lished in  1852.  A  second  edition  was  issued  in  1857,  and  a  third  edition,  with 
further  amendments,  in  1859.  Though  primarily  designed  for  meteorological 
observers  reporting  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  the  tables  were  so  widely 
used  by  physicists  that,  after  twenty-five  years  of  valuable  service,  the  work  was 
again  revised  and  a  fourth  edition  was  published  in  1884.  In  a  few  years  the 
demand  for  the  tables  exhausted  the  edition,  and  it  appeared  to  me  desirable  to 
recast  the  work  entirely,  rather  than  to  undertake  its  revision  again.  After  care- 
ful consideration  I  decided  to  publish  a  new  work  in  three  parts  —  Meteorologi- 
cal Tables,  Geographical  Tables,  and  Physical  Tables  —  each  representative  of 
the  latest  knowledge  in  its  field,  and  independent  of  the  others,  but  the  three 
forming  a  homogeneous  series.  Although  thus  historically  related  to  Dr.  Guyot's 
Tables,  the  present  work  is  so  entirely  changed  with  respect  to  material,  arrange- 
ment, and  presentation  that  it  is  not  a  fifth  edition  of  the  older  tables,  but  essen- 
tially a  new  publication. 

The  first  volume  of  the  new  series  of  Smithsonian  Tables  (the  Meteorological 
Tables)  appeared  in  1893,  and  so  great  has  been  the  demand  for  it  that  a  second 
edition  has  already  become  necessary.  The  second  volume  of  the  series  (the 
Geographical  Tables),  prepared  by  Prof.  R.  S.  Woodward,  was  published  in  1894. 
The  present  volume  (the  Physical  Tables),  forming  the  third  of  the  series,  has 
been  prepared  by  Prof.  Thomas  Gray,  of  the  Rose  Polytechnic  Institute,  Terre 
Haute,  Indiana,  who  has  given  to  the  work  the  results  of  a  wide  experience. 

S.  P.  LANGLEY,  Secretary. 


PREFACE. 

IN  the  space  assigned  to  this  book  it  was  impossible  to  include,  even  approxi- 
mately, all  the  physical  data  available.  The  object  has  been  to  make  the  tables 
easy  of  reference  and  to  contain  the  data  most  frequently  required.  In  the 
subjects  included  it  has  been  necessary  in  many  cases  to  make  brief  selections 
from  a  large  number  of  more  or  less  discordant  results  obtained  by  differ- 
ent experimenters.  I  have  endeavored,  as  far  as  possible,  to  compile  the  tables 
from  papers  which  are  vouched  for  by  well-known  authorities,  or  which,  from 
the  method  of  experiment  and  the  apparent  care  taken  in  the  investigation,  seem 
likely  to  give  reliable  results. 

Such  matter  as  is  commonly  found  in  books  of  mathematical  tables  has  not 
been  included,  as  it  seemed  better  to  utilize  the  space  for  physical  data.  Some 
tables  of  a  mathematical  character  which  are  useful  to  the  physicist,  and  which 
are  less  easily  found,  have  been  given.  Many  of  these  have  been  calculated  for 
this  book,  and  where  they  have  not  been  so  calculated  their  source  is  given. 

The  authorities  from  which  the  physical  data  have  been  derived  are  quoted  on 
the  same  page  with  the  table,  and  this  is  the  case  also  with  regard  to  explanations 
of  the  meaning  or  use  of  the  tabular  numbers.  In  many  cases  the  actual  numbers 
given  in  the  tables  are  not  to  be  found  in  the  memoirs  quoted.  In  such  cases 
the  tabular  numbers  have  been  obtained  by  interpolation  or  calculation  from  the 
published  results.  The  reason  for  this  is  the  desirability  of  uniform  change  of 
argument  m  the  tables,  in  order  to  save  space  and  to  facilitate  comparison  of 
results.  Where  it'  seemed  desirable  the  tables  contain  values  both  in  metric  and 
in  British  units,  but  as  a  rule  the  centimetre,  gramme,  and  second  have  been  used 
as  fundamental  units.  In  the  comparison  of  British  and  metric  units,  and  quan- 
tities expressed  in  them,  the  metre  has  been  taken  as  equal  to  39.37  inches, 
which  is  the  "legal  ratio  in  the  United  States.  It  is  hardly  possible  that  a  series 


IV  PREFACE. 

of  tables,  such  as  those  here  given,  involving  so  much  transcribing,  interpolation, 
and  calculation,  can  be  free  from  errors,  but  it  is  hoped  that  these  are  not  so 
numerous  as  to  seriously  detract  from  the  use  of  the  book. 

I  wish  to  acknowledge  much  active  assistance  and  many  valuable  suggestions 
during  the  preparation  of  the  book  from  Professors  S.  P.  Langley,  Carl  Barus, 
F.  W.  Clarke,  C.  L.  Mees,  W.  A.  Noyes,  and  Mr.  R,.  E.  Huthsteiner.  I  am  also 
under  obligations  to  Professors  Landolt  and  Bornstein,  who  kindly  placed  an 
early  copy  of  their  "  Physikalisch-Chemische  Tabellen  "  at  my  disposal. 


THOMAS  GRAY. 


ROSE  POLYTECHNIC  INSTITUTE, 

TERRE  HAUTE,  IND.,  July  13,  1896. 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Introduction  on  units  of  measurement  and  conversion  factors xv 

Units  of  measurement,  general  discussion xv 

Dimension  formulae  for  dynamic  units xvii 

"  "  "   heat  units xxiii 

"  of  electric  and  magnetic  units,  general  discussion xxv 

"  formulae  in  electrostatic  system .  xxvi 

"  "         "  electromagnetic  system xxix 

Practical  units  of  electricity,  legalization  of xxxiii 

TABLE 

1.  Formula:!  for  conversion  factors  : 

(a)  Fundamental  units 2 

(b)  Derived  units 2 

I.  Geometric  and  dynamic  units 2 

II.  Heat  units 3 

III.  Magnetic  and  electric  units 3 

2.  Equivalents  of  metric  and  British  imperial  weights  and  measures :. 

(1)  Metric  to  imperial 5 

(2)  Multiples,  metric  to  imperial 6 

(3)  Imperial  to  metric 7 

(4)  Multiples,  imperial  to  metric 8 

3.  Tables  for  converting  U.  S.  weights  and  measures  : 

(1)  Customary  to  metric 9 

(2)  Metric  to  customary 10 

4.  Factors  for  the  conversion  of  lengths n 

5.  "         "      "          "  "  areas u 

6.  "         "      "          "  "  volumes 12 

7.  "      "  "  "  capacities 12 

8.  "      "  •       "  "  masses 13 

9.  "      "          "  "  moments  of  inertia 13 

10.  "  "  "  "  "  angles 14 

11.  "  "  "  "  "  times 14 

12.  "  "  "  "  "  linear  velocities 15 

13.  "  "  "  "  "  angular  velocities 15 

14.  "'  "  '"  "  momentums. 16 

15.  "  "  "  "  moments  of  momentum  ........  16 


Vi  TABLE   OF    CONTENTS. 

16.  Factors  for  the  conversion  of  forces  .............     17 

17.  "  linear  accelerations     ........  17 

18.  "  angular  accelerations      .......  18 

19.  "  linear  and  angular  accelerations  ....  18 

20.  "  stress  or  force  per  unit  of  area,  gravitation 

units      ............     19 

21.  "  "   power,  rate  of  working,  or  activity,  gravi- 

tation units     ..........  19 

22.  "         "      "  "  "  work  or  energy,  gravitation  units      ...  20 

23.  "  "  film  or  surface  tension    .......  20 

24.  "  "  power,  rate  of  working  or  activity,  absolute 

units      ............     21 

25.  "   work  or  energy,  absolute  units     ....21 

26.  "         "      "          "  "   stress  or  force  per  unit  of  area,  absolute 

units      ............     22 

27.  "         "      "  "  film  or  surface  tension,  absolute  units    .     .     22 

28.  "         "      "  "  "  densities  ............     23 

29.  "   specific  electrical  resistance     .....     23 

30.  "  "  "  "  "  electrolytic  deposition     .......  24 

31.  "  "  "  "  "   heat  units      ...........  24 

32.  "  "  "  "  "   thermometer  scales    ........  25 

33.  "  "  "  "  electric  displacement  and  other  quantities 

of  dimensions  M*  L~*      ......     25 

34.  "         "      "          "  "  surface  density  of  magnetization  and  other 

quantities  of  dimensions  M*  L~^    ...     26 

35.  "         "      "  "  "  intensity  of  magnetization  and  other  quan- 

tities of  dimensions  M*  L5    .....     26 

36.  "         "      "  "  electric  potential  a.nd  other  quantities  of 

dimensions  M*  iJ  ........     27 

37.  "         "      "          "  "  magnetic  moment  and  other  quantities  of 

dimensions  M*  L*    ........     27 

jc       fi—x 

38.  Values  of  -        -  (hyperbolic  sines)  for  values  of  x  from  o  to  5      ...     28 

2 


^,         I  _  y. 

39.  -  (hyperbolic  cosines)  for    "  ...     29 


40.    Logarithms  of     ~          «         "       «         «        ..........     30 


41.  «         of     -  "       "         "       ..........  31 

2 

42.  Values  of  e*  and  ^"x  and  their  logarithms    ...........  32 

43.  "       "  e**  and  tr*  "       "  "  .....     ......  33 

44.  "       "  <£'  and  ^*  "      "  ......     .....  34 


45.  "      "         anf-        "  ...........  34 

46.  "       "  e*  and  e~x  fractional  values  of  x    .     .     .  35 

47.  Probability  of  errors  of  observation  .     ............  35 

48.  "            "       "       "            "  .............  36 


49-   Values  of  0.6745^ 

50.        "      "  °.6745V/,7(^ 37 

51-         "       " 


52.         "       «  0.8453       ,  -    .......  •.....,,.....     37 


n  —  i 


53.  "       "  the  logarithm  of  the  gamma  function  T(n)  for  values  of  n 

between  i  and  2 3& 

54.  "       "  the  first  seven  zonal  harmonics  from  0  =  o°  to  #  =  90°  .     .     .     40 

55.  "       "  log  M/4TrVaal  for  facilitating  the  calculation  of  the  mutual 

inductance  between  two  coaxial  circles 42 

for  different  values  of  6  with  the  loga- 


«     |V(i  —  sin^sinV)** 


rithms  of  these  integrals     ............  43 

57.  Cross  section  and  weight  of  copper,  iron,  and  brass  wire  of  different 

diameters,  British  units     ................  44 

58.  Cross  section   and  weight  of  copper,  iron,  and  brass  wire  of  different 

diameters,  metric  units      ................  4$ 

59.  Cross  section  and  weight  in  various  units  of  aluminium  wires  of  differ- 

ent diameters       ............     .......  48 

60.  Cross  section  and  weight  in  various  units  of  platinum  wires  of  different 

diameters   .....................  5° 

61.  Cross  section  and  weight  in  various   units  of  gold  wires  of  different 

diameters  .....................  52 

62.  Cross  section   and  weight  in  various  units   of  silver  wires  of  different 

diameters   .....................  54 

63.  Weight,  in  grammes  per  square  metre,  of  sheet  metal       ......  56 

64.  "       "   various  British  units,  of  sheet  metal  .........  57 

65.  Size,  weight,  and  electrical  constants  of  copper  wire  according  to  Brown 

and  Sharp's  gauge  and  British  measure  ...........  58 

66.  Same  data  as  65,  but  in  metric  measure      ...........  60 

67.  "        "     "    "     but  British  standard  wire  gauge    ........  62 

68.  "        "      "  67,  but  in  metric  measure      ...........  64 

69.  "        "      "  65,  but  Birmingham  wire  gauge      .........  66 

70.  "        "      "  69,  but  in  metric  measure      ...........  68 

71.  Strength  of  materials  : 

(a)  Metals  and  alloys  .................  70 

(£)  Stones  and  bricks  .................  70 

(c)  Timber      ........    '  ............  70 

72.  Composition  and  physical  properties  of  steel  ......     ....  71 

73.  Effect  of  the  reduction  of  section  produced  by  rolling  on>  the  strength  of 

bar  iron      .....................  72 

74.  Effect  of  diameter  on  the  strength  of  bar  iron      .........  72 


i/ 111  TABLE   OF    CONTENTS. 

75.  Strength  of  copper-tin  alloys  (bronzes) 73 

76.  "  copper-zinc  alloys  (brasses) 73 

77.  "         "  copper-zinc-tin  alloys 73 

78.  Moduli  of  rigidity 74 

79.  Young's  modulus  of  elasticity •  '••••  75 

80.  Effect  of  temperature  on  rigidity 76 

81.  Values  of  Poisson's  ratio 76 

82.  Elastic  moduli  of  crystals,  formulae       77 

83.  "  "        "        "         numerical  results . 78 

84.  Compressibility  of  nitrogen  at  different  pressures  and  temperatures      .  79 

85.  "  "  hydrogen "        "                "            "             "                   .  79 


86.  "  "  methane  " 


79 


87.  "  ethylene   "  .     79 

88.  "  "  carbon  dioxide"               "           "             "  value  of/?/    80 

89.  "  "               "            "               "           «             "values     of 

the  ratio  p"v/p\Vi    ...*....     80 

90.  "  air,  oxygen,  and  carbon  monoxide  at  different  pres- 

sures and  ordinary  temperature 80 

91.  "  sulphur  dioxide  at  different  pressures  and  tempera- 

tures   8 1 

92.  "  ammonia  at  different  pressures  and  temperatures     .     81 

93.  and  bulk  moduli  of  liquids 82 

94-  "  "        "          "       "  solids 83 

95.  Density  of  various  solids 84 

96.  "         "        "       alloys 85 

97.  "         "        "       metals 86 

98.  "         «        "       woods 87 

99.  "         "        "       liquids 88 

100.  "         "        "       gases 89 

101.  "        "       aqueous  solutions  of  salts 90 

102.  "         "        "       water  between  o°  and  32°  C 92 

103.  Volume  of  water  at  different  temperatures  in  terms  of  its  volume  at 

temperature  of  maximum  density 93 

104.  Density  and  volume  of  water  in  terms  of  the  density  and  volume  at 

4°  C 94 

105.  "       "    mercury  at  different  temperatures 95 

1 06.  Specific  gravity  of  aqueous  ethyl  alcohol 96 

107.  Density  of  aqueous  methyl  alcohol  • 97 

108.  Variation  of  density  of  alcohol  with  temperature 98 

109.  Velocity  of  sound  in  air,  principal  determinations  of 99 

no.          "         "       "      "    solids 100 

in.  "       "      "    liquids  and  gases 101 

112.  Force  of  gravity  at  sea  level  and  different  latitudes    ., 102 

113.  Results  of  some  of  the  more  recent  determinations  of  gravity  ....   103 

114.  Value  of  gravity  at  stations  occupied  by  U.  S.  C.  &  G.  Survey  in  1894   .   104 

115.  Length  of  seconds  pendulum  for  sea  level  and  different  latitudes      .     .104 

116.  Determinations  of  the  length  of  the  seconds  pendulum 105 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS.  IX 

117.  .  Miscellaneous  data  as  to  .the  earth  and  planets  .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .  106 

118.  Aerodynamics  :  Data  for  wind  pressure  and  values  of  J*"m  Pa  =  fa  P^  108 
iig.                "                Data  for  the  soaring  of  planes 109 

120.  Terrestrial  magnetism,  total  intensity no 

121.  "                              secular  variation  of  total  intensity no 

122.  "                "             dip in 

123.  "                "             secular  variation  of  dip in 

124.  "                "             horizontal  intensity    .... 112 

125.  "  "  secular  variation  of  horizontal  intensity     .     .     .112 

126.  "  "  formulae  for  value  and  secular  variation  of  dec- 

lination       113 

127..           "                "             secular  variation  of  declination  (eastern  stations)  114 

128.  "               "                  "            "         "          "           (central  stations)  115 

129.  .           "                "                   "            "         "          "            (western  stations)  116 

130.  "  "  position    of    agonic    line    in   1800,   1850,    1875, 

and  1890 117 

131.  "  "  date  of  maximum  east   declination    at   various 

stations 118 

132.  Tables  for  computing  pressure  of  mercury  and  of  water,  British  and 

metric  measures 119 

133.  Reduction  of  barometric  height  to  standard  temperature     .....  120 

134.  Correction  of  barometer  to  standard  gravity,  British  and  metric  mea- 

sures       121 

135.  Reduction  of  barometer  to  latitude  45°,  British  scale 122 

136.  "           "          "          "         "         "      metric  scale 123 

137.  Correction  of  barometer  for  capillarity,  metric  and  British  measures     .  124 

138.  Absorption  of  gases  by  liquids 125 

139.  Vapor  pressures 126 

140.  Capillarity  and  surface  tension,  water  and  alcohol  in  air 128 

141.  miscellaneous  liquids  in  air      .     .     .     .128 

142.  "        aqueous  solutions  of  salts 128 

143.  "  "        liquids   in  contact  with    air,   water,   or 

mercury 129 

144.  liquids  at  solidifying  point 129 

145.  "  "  "        thickness  of  soap  films   .     .     .     .     .     .129 

146.  Colors  of  thin  plates,  Newton's  Rings 130 

147.  Contraction  produced  by  solution  of  salts 131 

148.  "                 "          "    dilution  of  solutions 134 

149.  Coefficients  of  friction 135 

150.  Specific  viscosity  of  water  at  different  temperatures 136 

151.  Coefficients  of  viscosity  for  solutions  of  alcohol  in  water 137 

152.  Specific  viscosity  of  mineral  oils 137 

153.  "             "         "  various    " 137 

154.  "             "         "  various  liquids        138 

155.  "      temperature  variation 139 

156.  "             "         "  solutions,  variation  with  density  and  temperature    .  140 

157.  "             "         "           "         atomic  concentrations 144 


X  TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 

158.  Specific  viscosity  of  gases  and  vapors 145 

159.  "       "     formulae  for  temperature  variation  .     .     .     .146 

160.  Diffusion  of  liquids  and  solutions  of  salts  into  water 147 

161.  "  vapors 148 

162.  "  gases  and  vapors 149 

163.  Isotonic  coefficients  and  lowering  of  the  freezing-point 150 

164.  Osmotic  pressure f$o 

165.  Pressure  of  aqueous  vapor  (Regnault) 13,1 

1 66.  "         "         "           "       (Regnault  and  Broch) 154 

167.  Weight  in  grains  of  aqueous  vapor  in  a  cubic  foot  of  saturated  air   .     .  155 

168.  "        "  grammes  of    "                     "       "      metre  of     "           "     .     .  155 

169.  Pressure  of  aqueous  vapor  at  low  temperatures r<j6 

170.  Hygrometry,  vapor  pressure  in  the  atmosphere 157 

171.  clew-points 158 

172.  Values  of  0.378^  in  atmospheric  pressure  equation  h=B — 0.378^      .     .160 

173.  Relative  humidity 160 

174.  Table  for  facilitating  the  calculation  of  ^760 r62 

175.  Logarithms  of  7^/760  for  values  of  h  between  80  and  800 162 

176.  Values  of  1-^.0036"}?: 

(a)  For  values  of  /between  o°  and  10°  C.  by  tenths 164 

(/;)     "         "       "  /        "    — 90°  and  +1-990°  C.  by  tens 165 

(r)  Logarithms  for  /      "    — 49°  and  +399°  C.  by  units 166 

(ti)    "         "       "  t        "        400°  and  1990°  C.  by  tens 168 

177.  Determination  of  heights  by  barometer 169 

178.  Barometric  pressures  corresponding  to  different  temperatures  of  the 

boiling-point  of  water  : 

(a)  British  measure 170 

(b)  Metric  measure ifi 

179.  Rowland's  standard  wave-lengths  in  arc  and  sun  spectra     .     .     .     .     .172 

180.  Wave-lengths  of  the  Fraunhofer  lines ^,5 

181.  Various  determinations  of  the  velocity  of  light 176 

182.  Photometric  standards 176 

183.  Solar  energy  and  its  absorption  by  the  terrestrial  atmosphere  .     .     .     .177 

184.  The  solar  constant '77 

1-85.    Index  of  refraction  of  glass  : 

(a)  Fraunhofer's  determinations 178 

(b)  Bailie's                      " '7<s 

(c)  Hopkinson's            "                 '7s 

(d)  Mascart's                 "                 •  17^ 

(e)  Langley's                 "                 *79 

(/)  Vogel  on  effect  of  temperature    

Of)  Muller  «     «       «  « 

1 86.  Indices  of  refraction  for  various  alums 180 

187.  "        "         "  "    metals  and  metallic  oxides : 

(a)  Kundt's  experiments 181 

(ft)   Du  Bois  and  Ruben's  experiments 181 

(f)  Drude's  experiments 181 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS.  XI 

188.    Index  of  refraction  of  rock  salt,  various  authorities 182 

jgg.        "       "         "  "  sylvine 182 

igo.        "       "         "  "  fluor-spar  .     .     .     .     .     .    <. 183 

igi.        "       "         "  "  various  monorefringents  ....,..,.  184 

ig2.        "       "         "  "  Iceland  spar 185 

!g3.        "       "         "  "  quartz 186 

ig4.        "       "         "  "  various  uniaxial  crystals 187 

jgg.        "       "         "  "        "        biaxial  crystals 187 

ig6.        "       "         "  "  solutions  of  salts  and  acids : 

(a)  Solutions  in  water 188 

(b)  Solutions  in  alcohol J88 

(f)          "          "  potassium  permanganate 188 

igj.    Index  of  refraction  of  various  liquids 189 

ig8.        "       "         "  "   gases  and  vapors 190 

199.  Rotation  of  plane  of  polarized  light  by  solutions 191 

200.  "         "       "      "         "  "      "    sodium  chlorate  and  by  quartz  .  191 

201.  Lowering  of  freezing-points  by  salts  in  solution 192 

202.  Vapor-pressures  of  solutions  of  salts  in  water 194 

203.  Raising  of  boiling-points  by  salts  in  solution 196 

204.  Thermal  conductivity  of  metals  and  alloys 197 

205.  "  various  substances 198 

206.  "  "  "  water  and  solutions  of  salts 198 

207.  "  organic  liquids 198 

208.  "  "  "  gases 198 

209.  Freezing  mixtures 199 

210.  Critical  temperatures,  pressures,  volumes,  and  densities  of  gases.     .     .  200 

211.  Heat  of  combustion 201 

212.  "      "  combination 202 

213.  Latent  heat  of  vaporization 204 

214.  ''         "      "  fusion 206 

215.  Melting-points  of  chemical  elements 207 

216.  Boiling-points  of  207 

217.  Melting-points  of  various  inorganic  compounds 208 

218.  Boiling-points  of  210 

219.  Melting-points  of  mixtures 211 

220.  Densities,   melting-points,    and    boiling-points   of   some   organic   com- 

pounds : 

(a)  Paraffin  series 212 

(I)}  Olefine  series 212 

(f)    Acetylene  series 212 

(a)  Monatomic  alcohols '  .     .  213 

(<?)   Alcoholic  ethers 213 

(/)  Ethyl  ethers ->     .   •- 213 

221.  Coefficients  of  linear  expansion  of  chemical  elements 214 

222.  "  miscellaneous  substances    .     .     .     .215 

223.  "  cubical  expansion  of  crystalline  and  other  solids  .     .     .216 

224.  «  "        "  "  "  liquids 217 


Xll  TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 

225.  Coefficients  of  cubical  expansion  of  gases .218 

226.  Dynamical  equivalent  of  the  thermal  unit 210 

227.  "  "  "     "         "          «     historical  table .220 

228.  Specific  heat  of  water,  descriptive  introduction 222 

228.  Specific  heat  of  water .  .222 

229.  Ratio  of  specific  heats  of  air,  various  determinations 223 

230.  Specific  heats  of  gases  and  vapors .  224 

231.  Vapor  pressure  of  ethyl  alcohol 22e 

232.  "  "         "  methyl    "        225 

233.  Vapor  pressures  and  temperatures  of  various  liquids : 

(a)  Carbon  disulphide .226 

(£)  Chlorobenzene      .- .226 

(^)    Bromobenzene .        226 

(</)  Aniline 226 

(e)   Methyl  salicylate k      227 

(/)  Bromonaphthaline 227 

(g)  Mercury 22? 

234.  Thermometers,  comparisons  of  mercury  in  glass  and  air  thermometers  228 
235-  comparison  of  various  kinds  with  hydrogen  thermometer  229 

236.  "  "         "          "       "      air  thermometer      .     .  229 

237.  change  of  zero  due  to  heating  (Jena  glass) 230 

238.  "  "         "     "        "     "         "       (various  kinds  of  glass)  .  230 

239.  "  "         "     "       "     "         "       effect  of  composition  of 

glass 231 

240.  slow  change  of  zero  with  time 231 

241.  correction  for  mercury  in  stem 232 

242.  Emissivity  of  polished  and  blackened  surfaces  in  air  at  ordinary  pres- 

sures      234 

243.  Emissivity  of  polished  and  blackened  surfaces  in  air  at  different  pres- 

sures  234 

244.  Constants  of  emissivity  from  various  substances  to  vacuum      ....  235 

245.  Effect  of  absolute  temperature  of  surface  on  the  emissivity,  constants 

of  bright  and  blackened  platinum  wire       235 

246.  Radiation  of  bright  platinum  wire  to  copper  envelope  across  air  of  dif- 

ferent pressures 236 

247.  Effect  of  pressure  on  radiation  at  different  temperatures 236 

248.  Properties  and  constants  of  saturated  steam,  metric  measure   ....  237 

249.  "  "  «          "         "  "        British  measure  ....  238 

250.  Ratio  of  the  electrostatic  to  the  electromagnetic  unit  of  electricity,  dif- 

ferent determinations  of • 243 

251.  Dielectric  strength  : 

(a)  Medium  air  and  terminals  flat  plates    <     . 244 

(b)  "         "     "  "         balls  of  different  diameter      ....  244 

(c)  balls  comparison  of  the  results  of  dif- 

ferent observers 244 

252.  Dielectric  strength  of  gases,  effect  of  pressure  on 245 

253.  "  "          "-  various  substances 245 


TABLE   OF    CONTENTS.  Xlll 

254.  Data  as  to  electric  battery  cells  : 

(a)  Double  fluid  batteries •     •     •  246 

(b)  Single  fluid  batteries .     .     .  '   '.  247 

(c)  Standard  cells 247 

(d)  Secondary  cells ...  247 

255.  Thermoelectric  power  of  various  metals  and  alloys     .     .  .     .     .248 

256.  "  "        "        "       alloys 249 

257.  Thermoelectric  neutral  point  of  various  metals  relative  to  lead     .  .     .  249 

258.  Specific  heat  of  electricity  for  metals '  .  249 

259.  Thermoelectric  power  of  metals  and  solutions -250 

260.  Peltier  effect,  Jahn's  experiments .     .  250 

261.  "          "      Le  Roux's    "  250 

262.  Conductivity  of  three-metal  and  miscellaneous  alloys      ......  251 

263.  "  "  alloys 252 

264.  Specific  resistance  of  metallic  wires,  various  dimension  units  .     .     .     .254 

265.  "  "  "  metals,  various  authorities 255 

266.  "  "  "      "      and  alloys  at  low  temperatures 256 

267.  Effect  of  elastic  and  permanent  elongation  on  resistance  of  metallic 

wires 258 

268.  Resistance  of  wires  of  different  diameter  to  alternating  currents  .     .     .  258 

269.  Conductivity  of  dilute  solutions  proportional  to  amount  of  dissolved  salt  259 

270.  Electrochemical  equivalent  numbers  and  densities  of  approximately  nor- 

mal solutions 259 

271.  Specific  molecular  conductivities  of  solutions 260 

272.  Limiting  values  of  specific  molecular  conductivities 261 

273.  Temperature  coefficients  of  dilute  solutions 261 

274.  Various  determinations  of  the  ohm,  the  electrochemical   equivalent  of 

silver  and  the  electromotive  force  of  the  Clark  cell . 262 

275.  Specific  inductive  capacity  of  gases 263 

276.  "  "  "         "  solids 264 

277.  "  "  "         "  liquids 265 

278.  Contact  difference  of  potential,   solids  with  liquids  and  liquids  with 

liquids  in  air 266 

279.  Contact  difference  of  potential,  solids  with  solids  in  air 268 

280.  Potential  difference  between  metals  in  various  solutions      .....  269 

281.  Resistance  of  glass  and  porcelain  at  different  temperatures      ....  270 

282.  Relation  between  thermal  and  electrical  conductivities  : 

(a)  Arbitrary  units 271 

(b)  Values  in  c.  g.  s.  units        .     .     . 271 

(c)  Berget's  experiments 271 

(</)  Kohlrausch's  results 271 

283.  Electrochemical  equivalents  and  atomic  weights  of  the  chemical  ele- 

ments            .  272 

284.  Permeability  of  iron  for  various  inductions 274 

285.  Permeability  of  transformer  iron  : 

(a)   Specimen  of  Westinghouse  No.  8  transformer 274 

(*)  "  "  "6  "  .......  275 


XIV  TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 

(c)   Specimen  of  Westinghouse  No.  4  transformer  275 

(ft}  "    Thomson-Houston 'i 5oo-watt  transformer  .     .     .     .  275 

286.  Composition  and  magnetic  properties  of  iron  and  steel 276 

287.  Permeability  of  some  specimens  in  Table  286 278 

288.  Magnetic  properties  of  soft  iron  at  o°  and  100°  C .  278 

289.  "  "         "  steel  at  o°  and  100°  C.  . 278 

290.  "  "         "  cobalt  at  100°  C 279 

291.  "  "         "  nickel  at  100°  C 279 

292.  "         "  magnetite 279 

293.  "  Lowmoor  wrought  iron  in  intense  fields    .     .     .279 

294.  "         "  Vicker's  tool  steel  in  intense  fields 279 

295-  "  Hadfield's  manganese  steel  in  intense  fields  .     .  279 

296.  Saturation  values  for  different  steels 279 

297.  Magnetic  properties  of  very  weak  fields 280 

298.  Dissipation  of  energy  in  the  cyclic  magnetization  of  magnetic  substances  280 
299-  "      £"       "     "        "             "                  "  cable  transformers  .  280 

300.  "       "       "     "        "  "  «  various  substances  .  281 

301.  "  "  transformer  cores     .  282 

302.  "  "  various  specimens  of 

soft  iron       .     .     .  283 
Magneto-optic  rotation,  Verdet's  constant 284 

303.  "          in  solids 285 

304.  "  "  "  liquids 286 

305.  "  "  solutions  of  acids  and  salts  in  water     .     .     .  288 

306.  "  "  "         "          "  salts  in  alcohol 290 

307.  "     in  hydrochloric  acid 290 

308.  "  "  "gases       291 

309.  Miscellaneous  values  of  Verdet's  and  Kundt's  constants 291 

310.  "        "  susceptibility  for  liquids  and  gases      ....  292 

311.  Kerr's  constants  for  iron,  nickel,  cobalt,  and  magnetite 292 

312.  Effect  of  magnetic  field  on  the  electric  resistance  of  bismuth  (initial 

resistance  of  one  ohm  for  zero  field  and  various  temperatures)     .     .  293 

313.  Effect  of  magnetic  field  on  the  electric  resistance  of  bismuth  (initial 

resistance  one  ohm  for  zero  field  and  temperature  zero  Centigrade)  293 

314.  Specific  heat  of  various  solids  and  liquids 294 

315.  Specific  heat  of  metals 296 


INTRODUCTION. 


UNITS    OF    MEASUREMENT   AND    CONVERSION    FORMULAE. 

Units.  —  The  quantitative  measure  of  anything  is  a  number  which  expresses  the 
ratio  of  the  magnitude  of  the  thing  to  the  magnitude  of  some  other  thing  of  the 
same  kind.  In  order  that  the  number  expressing  the  measure  may  be  intelligi- 
ble, the  magnitude  of  the  thing  used  for  comparison  must  be  known.  This  leads 
to  the  conventional  choice  of  certain  magnitudes  as  units  of  measurement,  and 
any  other  magnitude  is  then  simply  expressed  by  a  number  which  tells  how  many 
magnitudes  equal  to  the  unit  of  the  same  kind  of  magnitude  it  contains.  For 
example,  the  distance  between  two  places  may  be  stated  as  a  certain  number  of 
miles  or  of  yards  or  of  feet.  In  the  first  case,  the  mile  is  assumed  as  a  known 
distance ;  in  the  second,  the  yard,  and  in  the  third,  the  foot.  What  is  sought  for 
in  the  statement  is  to  convey  an  idea  of  the  distance  by  describing  it  in  terms  of 
distances  which  are  either  familiar  or  easily  referred  to  for  comparison.  Similarly 
quantities  of  matter  are  referred  to  as  so  many  tons  or  pounds  or  grains  and  so 
forth,  and  intervals  of  time  as  a  number  of  hours  or  minutes  or  seconds.  Gen- 
erally in  ordinary  affairs  such  statements  appeal  to  experience ;  but,  whether  this 
be  so  or  not,  the  statement  must  involve  some  magnitude  as  a  fundamental  quan- 
tity, and  this  must  be  of  such  a  character  that,  if  it  is  not  known,  it  can  be  readily 
referred  to.  We  become  familiar  with  the  length  of  a  mile  by  walking  over  dis- 
tances expressed  in  miles,  with  the  length  of  a  yard  or  a  foot  by  examining  a  yard 
or  a  foot  measure  and  comparing  it  with  something  easily  referred  to,  —  say  our 
own  height,  the  length  of  our  foot  or  step,  —  and  similarly  for  quantities  of  other 
kinds.  This  leads  us  to  be  able  to  form  a  mental  picture  of  such  magnitudes 
when  the  numbers  expressing  them  are  stated,  and  hence  to  follow  intelligently 
descriptions  of  the  results  of  scientific  work.  The  possession  of  copies  of  the 
units  enables  us  by  proper  comparisons  to  find  the  magnitude-numbers  express- 
ing physical  quantities  for  ourselves.  The  numbers  descriptive  of  any  quan- 
tity must  depend  on  the  intrinsic  magnitude  of  the  unit  in  terms  of  which  it  is 
described.  Thus  a  mile  is  1760  yards,  or  5280  feet,  and  hence  when  a  mile  is 
taken  as  the  unit  the  magnitude-number  for  the  distance  is  i,  when  a  yard  is  taken 
as  the  unit  the  magnitude-number  is  1760,  and  when  afoot  is  taken  it  is  5280. 
Thus,  to  obtain  the  magnitude-number  for  a  quantity  in  terms  of  a  new  unit  when 
it  is  already  known  in  terms  of  another  we  have  to  multiply  the  old  magnitude- 
number  by  the  ratio  of  the  intrinsic  values  of  the  old  and  new  units ;  that  is,  by 
the  number  of  the  new  units  required  to  make  one  of  the  old. 


XVI  INTRODUCTION. 

Fundamental  Units  of  Length  and  Mass.  —  It  is  desirable  that  as  few  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  unit  quantities  as  possible  should  be  introduced  into  our  measure- 
ments, and  since  it  has  been  found  possible  and  convenient  to  express  a  large 
number  of  physical  quantities  in  terms  of  length  or  mass  or  time  units  and  com- 
binations of  these  they  have  been  very  generally  adopted  as  fundamental  units. 
Two  systems  of  such  units  are  used  in  this  country  for  scientific  measurements, 
namely,  the  British  and  the  French,  or  metric,  systems.  Tables  of  conversion 
factors  are  given  in  the  book  for  facilitating  comparisons  between  quantities  ex- 
pressed in  terms  of  one  system  with  similar  quantities  expressed  in  the  other.  In 
the  British  system  the  standard  unit  of  length  is  the  yard,  and  it  is  defined  as  fol- 
lows :  "The  straight  line  or  distance  between  the  transverse  lines  in  the  two  gold 
plugs  in  the  bronze  bar  deposited  in  the  Office  of  the  Exchequer  shall  be  the  gen- 
uine Standard  of  Length  at  62°  F.,  and  if  lost  it  shall  be  replaced  by  means  of  its 
copies."  [The  authorized  copies  here  referred  to  are  preserved  at  the  Royal 
Mint,  the  Royal  Society  of  London,  the  Royal  Observatory  at  Greenwich,  and  the 
New  Palace  at  Westminster.] 

The  British  standard  unit  of  mass  is  the  pound  avoirdupois,  and  is  the  mass  of 
a  piece  of  platinum  marked  "  P.  S.  1844,  i  lb.,"  which  is  preserved  in  the  Exchequer 
Office.  Authorized  copies  of  this  standard  are  kept  at  the  same  places  as  those 
of  the  standard  of  length. 

In  the  metric  system  the  standard  of  length  is  defined  as  the  distance  between 
the  ends  of  a  certain  platinum  bar  (the  metre  des  Archives]  when  the  whole  bar  is 
at  the  temperature  o°  Centigrade.  The  bar  was  made  by  Borda,  and  is  preserved 
in  the  national  archives  of  France.  A  line-standard  metre  has  been  constructed 
by  the  International  Bureau  of  Weights  and  Measures,  and  is  known  as  the  Inter- 
national Prototype  Metre.  This  standard  is  of  the  same  length  as  the  Borda  stand- 
ard. A  number  of  standard-metre  bars  which  have  been  carefully  compared  with 
the  International  Prototype  have  lately  been  made  by  the  International  Bureau  of 
Weights  and  Measures  and  furnished  to  the  various  governments  who  have  con- 
tributed to  the  support  of  that  bureau.  These  copies  are  called  National  Proto- 
types. 

Borda,  Delambre,  Laplace,  and  others,  acting  as  a  committee  cf  the  French 
Academy,  recommended  that  the  standard  unit  of  length  should  be  the  ten  mil- 
lionth part  of  the  length,  from  the  equator  to  the  pole,  of  the  meridian  passing 
through  Paris.  In  1795  the  French  Republic  passed  a  decree  making  this  the 
legal  standard  of  length,  and  an  arc  of  the  meridian  extending  from  Dunkirk  to 
Barcelona  was  measured  by  Delambre  and  Mechain  for  the  purpose  of  realizing 
the  standard.  From  the  results  of  that  measurement  the  metre  bar  was  made 
by  Borda.  The  metre  is  not  now  defined  as  stated  above,  but  as  the  length  of 
Borda's  rod,  and  hence  subsequent  measurements  of  the  length  of  the  meridian 
have  not  affected  the  length  of  the  metre.  ^ 

The  French,  or  metric,  standard  of  mass,  the  kilogramme,  is  the  mass  of  a 
piece  of  platinum  also  made  by  Borda  in  accordance  with  the  same  decree  of  the 
Republic.  It  was  connected  with  the  standard  of  length  by  being  made  as  nearly 
as  possible  of  the  same  mass  as  that  of  a  cubic  decimetre  of  distilled  water  at 
the  temperature  of  4°  C.,  or  nearly  the  temperature  of  maximum  density. 

As  in  the  case  of  the  metre,  the  International  Bureau  of  Weights  and  Measures 


INTRODUCTION.  XV11 

has  made  copies  of  the  kilogramme.  One  of  these  is  taken  as  standard,  and  is 
called  the  International  Prototype  Kilogramme.  The  others  were  distributed  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  metre  standards,  and  are  called  National  Prototypes. 

Comparisons  of  the  French  and  British  standards  are  given  in  tabular  form 
in  Table  2  ;  and  similarly  Table  3,  differing  slightly  from  the  British,  gives  the 
legal  ratios  in  the  United  States.  In  the  metric  system  the  decimal  subdivi- 
sion is  used,  and  thus  we  have  the  decimetre,  the  centimetre,  and  the  millimetre  as 
subdivisions,  and  the  dekametre,  hektometre,  and  kilometre  as  multiples.  The 
centimetre  is  most  commonly  used  in  scientific  work. 

Time.  —  The  unit  of  time  in  both  the  systems  here  referred  to  is  the  mean 
solar  second,  or  the  86,4ooth  part  of  the  mean  solar  day.  The  unit  of  time  is 
thus  founded  on  the  average  time  required  for  the  earth  to  make  one  revolution 
on  its  axis  relatively  to  the  sun  as  a  fixed  point  of  reference. 

Derived  Units.  — Units  of  quantities  depending  on  powers  greater  than  unity 
of  the  fundamental  length,  mass,  and  time  units,  or  on  combinations  of  different 
powers  of  these  units,  are  called  "derived  units."  Thus,  the  unit  of  area  and  of 
volume  are  respectively  the  area  of  a  square  whose  side  is  the  unit  of  length  and 
the  volume  of  a  cube  whose  edge  is  the  unit  of  length.  Suppose  that  the  area  of 
a  surface  is  expressed  in  terms  of  the  foot  as  fundamental  unit,  and  we  wish  to 
find  the  area-number  when  the  yard  is  taken  as  fundamental  unit.  The  yard  is 
3  times  as  long  as  the  foot,  and  therefore  the  area  of  a  square  whose  side  is  a 
yard  is  3  X  3  times  as  great  as  that  whose  side  is  a  foot.  Thus,  the  surface  will 
only  make  one  ninth  as  many  units  of  area  when  the  yard  is  the  unit  of  length  as 
it  will  make  when  the  foot  is  that  unit.  To  transform,  then,  from  the  foot  as  old 
unit  to  the  yard  as  new  unit,  we  have  to  multiply  the  old  area-number  by  1/9,  or  by 
the  ratio  of  the  magnitude  of  the  old  to  that  of  the  new  unit  of  area.  This  is  the 
same  rule  as  that  given  above,  but  it  is  usually  more  convenient  to  express  the 
transformations  in  terms  of  the  fundamental  units  directly.  In  the  above  case, 
since  on  the  method  of  measurement  here  adopted  an  area-number  is  the  product 
of  a  length-number  by  a  length-number  the  ratio  of  two  units  is  the  square  of  the 
ratio  of  the  intrinsic  values  of  the  two  units  of  length.  Hence,  if  /  be  the  ratio 
of  the  magnitude  of  the  old  to  that  of  the  new  unit  of  length,  the  ratio  of  the  cor- 
responding units  of  area  is  P.  Similarly  the  ratio  of  two  units  of  volume  will  be 
T3,  and  so  on  for  other  quantities. 

Dimensional  Formulae.  —  It  is  convenient  to  adopt  symbols  for  the  ratios 
of  length  units,  mass  units,  and  time  units,  and  adhere  to  their  use  throughout ; 
and  in  what  follows,  the  small  letters,  /,  tn,  /,  will  be  used  for  these  ratios.  These 
letters  will  always  represent  simple  numbers,  but  the  magnitude  of  the  number 
will  depend  on  the  relative  magnitudes  of  the  units  the  ratios  of  which  they  repre- 
sent. When  the  values  of  the  numbers  represented  by  /,  #/,  /  are  known,  and  the 
powers  of  /,  m,  and  /  involved  in  any  particular  unit  are  also  known,  the  factor  for 
transformation  is. at  once  obtained.  Thus,  in  the  above  example,  the  value  of/ 
was  1/3  and  the  power  of  /involved  in  the  expression  for  area  is  /2;  hence,  the 
factor  for  transforming  from  square  feet  to  square  yards  is  1/9.  These  factors 


XV111  INTRODUCTION. 

have  been  called  by  Prof.  James  Thomson  "change  ratios,"  which  seems  an 
appropriate  term.  The  term  "  conversion  factor  "  is  perhaps  more  generally 
known,  and  has  been  used  throughout  this  book. 

Conversion  Factor.  —  In  order  to  determine  the  symbolic  expression  for  the 
conversion  factor  for  any  physical  quantity,  it  is  sufficient  to  determine  the  degree 
to  which  the  quantities  length,  mass,  and  time  are  involved  in  the  quantity.  Thus, 
a  velocity  is  expressed  by  the  ratio  of  the  number  representing  a  length  to  that 
representing  an  interval  of  time,  or  L/T,  an  acceleration  by  a  velocity-number 
divided  by  an  interval  of  time-number,  or  L/T2,  and  so  On,  and  the  correspond- 
ing ratios  of  units  must  therefore  enter  to  precisely  the  same  degree.  The  fac- 
tors would  thus  be  for  the  above  cases,  ///and  ///2.  Equations  of  the  form  above 
given  for  velocity  and  acceleration  which  show  the  dimensions  of  the  quantity  in 
terms  of  the  fundamental  units  are  called  "dimensional  equations."  Thus 


is  the  dimensional  equation  for  energy,  and  ML"T~2  is  the  dimensional  formula 
for  energy. 

In  general,  if  we  have  an  equation  for  a  physical  quantity 

Q  =  CL"M"T, 

where  C  is  a  constant  and  LMT  represents  length,  mass,  and  time  in  terms  of  one 
set  of  units,  and  we  wish  to  transform  to  another  set  of  units  in  terms  of  which 

the  length,  mass,  and  time  are  LyM/T1,,  we  have  to  find  the  value  of     '  ''     '  which 

L  M.   i 

in  accordance  with  the  convention  adopted  above  will  be  ltmft,  or  the  ratios  of 
the  magnitudes  of  the  old  to  those  of  the  new  units. 

Thus  Ly  =  L/,  Mt  =  Mm,  Ty  =  T/,  and  if  Qy  be  the  new  quantity-number 

Qy^CL/'MyTy* 


or  the  conversion  factor  is  /WT,  a  quantity  of  precisely  the  same  form  as  the 
dimension  formula  LaM*Tc. 

We  now  proceed  to  form  the  dimensional  and  conversion  factor  formulas  for 
the  more  commonly  occurring  derived  units. 

1.  Area.  —  The  unit  of  area  is  the  square  the  side  of  which  is  measured  by 
the  unit  of  length.     The  area  of  a  surface  is  therefore  expressed  as 

S  =  CLa, 

where  C  is  a  constant  depending  on  the  shape  of  the  boundary  of  the  surface 
and  L  a  linear  dimension.  For  example,  if  the  surface  be  square  and  L  be  the 
length  of  a  side  C  is  unity.  If  the  boundary  be  a  circle  and  L  be  a  diameter 
C  =  7r/4,  and  so  on.  The  dimensional  formula  is  thus  L2,  and  the  conversion 
factor  72. 

2.  Volume.  —  The  unit  of  volume  is  the  volume  of  a  cube  the  edge  of  which 
is  measured  by  the  unit  of  length.    The  volume  of  a  body  is  therefore  expressed  as 


INTRODUCTION.  XIX 

V  =  CL3, 

where  as  before  C  is  a  constant  depending  on  the  shape  of  the  boundary.     The 
dimensional  formula  is  L3  and  the  conversion  factor  /*. 

3.  Density.  —  The  density  of  a  substance  is  the  quantity  of  matter  in  the  unit 
of  volume.     The  dimension   formula  is  therefore  M/V  or  ML~8,  and  conversion 
factor  w/~3. 

Example.  —  The  density  of  a  body  is  150  in  pounds  per  cubic  foot:  required 
the  density  in  grains  per  cubic  inch. 

Here  m  is  the  number  of  grains  in  a  pound  =  7000,  and  /  is  the  number  of 
inches  in  a  foot=  12  ;  .'.  w/~3  =  7ooo/i23  =  4.051.  Hence  the  density  is  150  X 
4.051  =607.6  in  grains  per  cubic  inch. 

NOTE.  —  The  specific  gravity  of  a  body  is  the  ratio  of  its  density  to  the  density  of  a  standard 
substance.  The  dimension  formula  and  conversion  factor  are  therefore  both  unity. 

4.  Velocity.  —  The  velocity  of  a  body  at  any  instant  is  given  by  the  equation 

7'  =  Si  or  velocity  is  the  ratio  of  a  length-number  to  a  time-number.     The  di- 
aT 

mension  formula  is  LT"1,  and  the  conversion  factor  lt~l. 

Example.  —  A  train  has  a  velocity  of  60  miles  an  hour  :  what  is  its  velocity  in 
feet  per  second  ? 


Here  /=  =5280  and  ^  =  3600  ;  .-.  /t~l  —  =       —  r  .467.     Hence  the  velo- 

3600      30 

city  =  60  X  1-467  =  88.0  in  feet  per  second. 

5.  Angle.  —  An  angle  is  measured  by  the  ratio  of  the  length  of  an  arc  to  the 
length  of  the  radius  of  the  arc.     The  dimension  formula  and  the  conversion 
factor  are  therefore  both  unity. 

6.  Angular  Velocity.  —  Angular  velocity  is  the  ratio  of  the  magnitude  of  the 
angle  described  in  an  interval  of  time  to  the  length  of  the  interval.     The  dimen- 
sion formula  is  therefore  T"1,  and  the  conversion  factor  is  t~*. 

7.  Linear  Acceleration.  —  Acceleration  is  the  rate  of  change  of  velocity  or 

j  =  —  •     The  dimension  formula  is  therefore  VT"1  or  LT~8,  and  the  conversion 
dt 

factor  is  //~2. 

Example.'  —  A  body  acquires  velocity  at  a  uniform  rate,  and  at  the  end  of  one 
minute  is  moving  at  the  rate  of  20  kilometres  per  hour  :  what  is  the  acceleration 
in  centimetres  per  second  per  second  ? 

Since  the  velocity  gained  was  20  kilometres  per  hour  in  one  minute,  the  accel- 
eration was  1  200  kilometres  per  hour  per  hour. 

Here/=iooooo  and  /  =  36oo;  /.  //~'2=  100  ooo/36oo2  =  .  00771,  and  there- 
fore acceleration  r=.  007  7  1  X  1200  =  9.26  centimetres  per  second. 

8.  Angular  Acceleration.  —  Angular  acceleration  is  rate  of  change  of  angu 


XX  INTRODUCTION. 

lar  velocity.     The  dimensional  formula  13  thus  angular  velocity  Qr  ^  and  thg 
conversion  factor  /~2. 

9.  Solid  Angle.  —  A  solid  angle  is  measured  by  the  ratio  of  the  surface  of 
the  portion  of  a  sphere  enclosed  by  the  conical  surface  forming  the  angle  to  the 
square  of  radius  of  the  spherical  surface,  the  centre  of  the  sphere  being  at  the 


vertex  of  the  cone.     The  dimensional  formula  is  therefore  or  i,  and   hence 

it 

the  conversion  factor  is  also  i. 

10.  Curvature.  —  Curvature  is  measured  by  the  rate  of  change  of  direction  of 
the  curve  with  reference  to  distance  measured  along  the  curve  as  independent 

variable.     The  dimension  formula  is  therefore    an^  e  or  Lr1,  and  the  conversion 

length 

factor  is  7"1. 

n.  Tortuosity.  —  Tortuosity  is  measured  by  the  rate  of  rotation  of  the  tan- 
gent plane  round  the  tangent  to  the  curve  of  reference  when  length  along  the 

curve  is  independent  variable.     The  dimension  formula  is  therefore    ,an^  e  or 

length 

L"1,  and  the  conversion  I  actor  is  l~l. 

12.  Specific  Curvature  of  a  Surface.  —  This  was  defined  by  Gauss  to  ber 
at  any  point  of  the  surface,  the  ratio  of  the  solid  angle  enclosed  by  a  surface 
formed  by  moving  a  normal  to  the  surface  round  the  periphery  of  a  small  area 
containing  the  point,  to  the  magnitude  of  the  area.     The  dimensional  formula  is 

therefore  -  —  or  L~2,  and  the  conversion  factor  is  thus  /~2. 
surface 

13.  Momentum.  —  This  is  quantity  of  motion  in  the  Newtonian  sense,  and  is, 
at  any  instant,  measured  by  the   product  of  the  mass-number  and  the  velocity- 
number  for  the  body. 

Thus  the  dimension  formula  is  MV  or  MLT"1,  and  the  conversion  factor  mll~l. 

Example.  —  A  mass  of  10  pounds  is  moving  with  a  velocity  of  30  feet  per  sec- 
ond :  what  is  its  momentum  when  the  centimetre,  the  gramme,  and  the  second  are 
fundamental  units  ? 

Here  tn  =  453-59*  /=3°-48,  and  /  =  i  ;  .-.  mlt'1  —  453.  59  X  3°-48  =  13825. 
The  momentum  is  thus  13825  X  10  X  30  =  4147500. 

14.  Moment  of  Momentum.  —  The  moment  of  momentum  of  a  body  with 
reference  to  a  point  is  the  product  of  its  momentum-number  and  the  number 
expressing  the  distance  of  its  line  of  motion  from  the  point.     The  dimensional 
formula  is  thus  MI/T"1,  and  hence  the  conversion  factor  is  ni?*t~l. 

15.  Moment  of  Inertia.  —  The  moment  of  inertia  of  a  body  round  any  axis 
is  expressed  by  the  formula  2/wr2,  where  m  is  the  mass  of  any  particle  of  the  body 


INTRODUCTION.  XXI 

and  r  its  distance  from  the  axis.  The  dimension  formula  for  the  sum  is  clearly 
the  same  as  for  each  element,  and  hence  is  ML2.  The  conversion  factor  is  there- 
fore ml1. 

16.  Angular  Momentum.  —  The  angular  momentum  of  a  body  round  any 
axis  is  the  product  of  the  numbers  expressing  the  moment  of  inertia  and  the 
angular  velocity  of  the  body.     The  dimensional  formula  and  the  conversion  fac- 
tor are  therefore  the  same  as  for  moment  of  momentum  given  above. 

17.  Force.  —  A  force  is  measured  by  the  rate  of  change  of  momentum  it  is 
capable  of  producing.      The  dimension  formulae  for  force   and   "  time  rate  of 
change  of  momentum  "  are  therefore  the  same,  and  are  expressed  by  the  ratio 
of  momentum-number  to  time-number  or  MLT~2.     The  conversion  factor  is  thus 


NOTE.  —  When  mass  is  expressed  in  pounds,  length  in  feet,  and  time  in  seconds,  the  unit  force 
is  called  the  poundal.  When  grammes,  centimetres,  and  seconds  are  the  corresponding  units  the 
unit  of  force  is  called  the  dyne. 

Example.     Find  the  number  of  dynes  in  25  poundals. 

Here  m  =  453-59»  l  =  3°-48,  and  /=  i  ;  .'.  m/r*=  453.59  X  30.48=  13825 
nearly.  The  number  of  dynes  is  thus  13825  X  25  =  345625  approximately. 

18.  Moment  of  a  Couple,  Torque,  or  Twisting  Motive.  —  These  are  dif- 
ferent names  for  a  quantity  which  can  be  expressed  as  the  product  of  two  numbers 
representing  a  force  and  a  length.  The  dimension  formula  is  therefore  FL  or 
ML2T~2,  and  the  conversion  factor  is 


19.  Intensity  of  a  Stress.  —  The  intensity  of  a  stress  is  the  ratio  of  the  num- 
ber expressing  the  total  stress  to  the  number  expressing  the  area  over  which  the 
stress  is  distributed.  The  dimensional  formula  is  thus  FL~2  or  ML^T"2,  and  the 
conversion  factor  is 


20.  Intensity  of  Attraction,  or  "  Force  at  a  Point."  —  This  is  the  force  of 
attraction  per  unit  mass  on  a  body  placed  at  the  point,  and  the  dimensional  for- 
mula is  therefore  FM~*  or  LT~2,  the  same  as  acceleration.     The  conversion  fac- 
tors for  acceleration  therefore  apply. 

21.  Absolute  Force  of  a  Centre  of  Attraction,  or  "  Strength  of  a  Cen- 
tre." —  This  is  the  intensity  of  force  at  unit  distance  from  the  centre,  and  is  there- 
fore the  force  per  unit  mass  at  any  point  multiplied  by  the  square  of  the  distance 
from  the  centre.    The  dimensional  formula  thus  becomes  FL2M-1  or  L8T~2.    The 
conversion  factor  is  therefore  /3/~2. 

22.  Modulus  of  Elasticity.  —  A  modulus  of  elasticity  is  the  ratio  of  stress 
intensity  to  percentage  strain.     The  dimension  of  percentage  strain  is  a  length 
divided  by  a  length,  and  is  therefore  unity.     Hence,  the  dimensional  formula  of  a 
modulus  of  elasticity  is  the  same  as  that  of  stress  intensity,  or  ML~JT~2,  and  the 
conversion  factor  is  thus  also 


XX11  INTRODUCTION. 

23.  Work  and  Energy.  —  When  the  point  of  application  of  a  force,  acting  on 
a  body,  moves  in  the  direction  of  the  force,  work  is  done  by  the  force,  and  the 
amount  is  measured  by  the  product  of  the  force  and  displacement  numbers.    The 
dimensional  formula  is  therefore  FL  or  ML2T~2. 

.  The  work  done  by  the  force  either  produces  a  change  in  the  velocity  of  the  body 
or  a  change  of  shape  or  configuration  of  the  body,  or  both.  In  the  first  case  it 
produces  a  change  of  kinetic  energy,  in  the  second  a  change  of  potential  energy. 
The  dimension  formulae  of  energy  and  work,  representing  quantities  of  the  same 
kind,  are  identical,  and  the  conversion  factor  for  both  is  m/'2t~*. 

24.  Resilience.  —  This  is  the  work  done  per  unit  volume  of  a  body  in  distort- 
ing it  to  the  elastic  limit  or  in  producing  rupture.    The  dimension  formula  is  there- 
fore ML2T~2L~3  01  ML~lrr~2,  and  the  conversion  factor  mt~lr2. 

25.  Power,  or  Activity.  —  Power  —  or,  as  it  is  now  very  commonly  called,  ac- 
tivity —  is  defined  as  the  time  rate  of  doing  work,  or  if  VV  represent  work  and  P  power 

P  =  -— - .     The  dimensional  formula  is  therefore  WT"1  or  ML2T~8,  and  the  con- 
at 

version  factor  *w/2/~3,  or  for  problems  in  gravitation  units  more  conveniently  flt~l, 
where  f  stands  for  the  force  factor. 

Examples,     (a)  Find  the  number  of  gramme  centimetres  in  one  foot  pound. 

Here  the  units  of  force  are  the  attraction  of  the  earth  on  the  pound  *  and 
the  gramme  of  matter,  and  the  conversion  factor  is./?,  where/" is  453.59  and  /is 
30.48. 

Hence  the  number  is  453-59  X  30.48  =  13825. 

(b}  Find  the  number  of  foot  poundals  in  i  oooooo  centimetre  dynes. 
Here  m  =  i/453-59»  /=  I/3°-48,  and  t=  i  ;  .'.  w/V~2  =  1/453-59  X  3Q-482, 
and  io*ml*r*  =  107453.59  X  30.48*=  2.373. 

(c)  If  gravity  produces  an  acceleration  of  32.2  feet  per  second  per  second,  how 
many  watts  are  required  to  make  one  horse-power  ? 

One  horse-power  is  550  foot  pounds  per  second,  or  550  X  32.2  =  17710  foot 
poundals  per  second.  One  watt  is  io7  ergs  per  second,  that  is,  io7  dyne  centi- 
metres per  second.  The  conversion  factor  is  /w/2/"8,  where  m  =  453.59,  /=  30.48, 
and  /=  i,  and  the  result  has  to  be  divided  by  io7;  the  number  of  dyne  centime- 
tres per  second  in  the  watt. 

Hence,  17710 *»/V78/io7=  17710  X  453-59  X  3o.482/io7=  746.3. 

(//)  How  many  gramme  centimetres  per  second  correspond  to  33000  foot 
pounds  per  minute  ? 

The  conversion  factor  suitable  for  this  case  is/7/"1,  where/" is  453-59,  /  is  30.48, 
and  /  is  60. 

Hence,  33000  lf~l=  33000  X  453-59  X  30.48/60=  7604000  nearly. 

*  It  is  important  to  remember  that  in  problems  like  that  here  given  the  term  "pound"  or 
"  gramme  "  refers  to  force  and  not  to  mass. 


INTRODUCTION.  XX111 

HEAT    UNITS. 

1.  If  heat  be  measured  in  dynamical  units  its  dimensions  are  the  same  as  those 
of  energy,  namely   ML'2T~2.      The  most  common   measurements,   however,  are 
made  in  thermal  units,  that  is,  in  terms  of  the  amount  of  heat  required  to  raise 
the  temperature  of  unit  mass  of  water  one  degree  of  temperature  at  some  stated 
temperature.     This  method  of  measurement  involves  the  unit  of  mass  and  some 
unit  of  temperature,  and  hence  if  we  denote  temperature-numbers  by  ®  and  their 
conversion  factors  by  6  the  dimensional  formula  and  conversion  factor  for  quan- 
tity of  heat  will  be  M0  and  mO  respectively.     The  relative  amount  of  heat  com- 
pared with  water  as  standard  substance  required  to  raise  unit  mass  of  different 
substances  one  degree  in  temperature  is  called  their  specific  heat,  and  is  a  simple 
number. 

Unit  volume  is  sometimes  used  instead  of  unit  mass  in  the  measurement  of 
heat,  the  units  being  then  called  thermometric  units.  The  dimensional  formula 
is  in  that  case  changed  by  the  substitution  of  volume  for  mass,  and  becomes  L3®, 
and  hence  the  conversion  factor  is  to  be  calculated  from  the  formula  /80. 

For  other  physical  quantities  involving  heat  we  have  :  — 

2.  Coefficient  of  Expansion.  —  The  coefficient  of  expansion  of  a  substance 
is  equal  to  the  ratio  of  the  change  of  length  per  unit  length  (linear),  or  change 
of  volume  per  unit  volume  (voluminal)  to  the  change  of  temperature.     These 
ratios  are  simple  numbers,  and  the  change  of  temperature  is  inversely  as  the  mag- 
nitude of  the  unit  of  temperature.     Hence  the  dimensional  and  conversion-factor 
formula;  are  ®-1  and  0"1. 

3.  Conductivity,  or  Specific  Conductance.  —  This  is  the  quantity  of  heat 
transmitted  per  unit  of  time  per  unit  of  surface  per  unit  of  temperature  gradient. 
The  equation  for  conductivity  is  therefore,  with  H  as  quantity  of  heat, 


_L2T 
L 

and  the  dimensional  formula  —  —  =  -—  ,  which  gives  mt~lt~l  for  conversion  factor. 

Li  1 


In  thermometric  units  the  formula  becomes  L/'T"1,  which  properly  represents 
diffusivity.  In  dynamical  units  H  becomes  ML'2T~2,  and  the  formula  changes  to 
MLT"8®"1.  The  conversion  factors  obtained  from  these  are  t*t~l  and  mlt~*Q~l 
respectively. 

Similarly  for  emission  and  absorption  we  have  — 

4.  Emissivity  and  Immissivity.  —  These  are  the  quantities  of  heat  given 
off  by  or  taken  in  by  the  body  per  unit  of  time  per  unit  of  surface  per  unit  dif- 
ference of  temperature  between  the  surface  and  the  surrounding  medium.  We 
thus  get  the  equation 

EL2®T  =  H  =  M®. 

The  dimensional  formula  for  E  is  therefore  ML"2!'"1,  and  the  conversion  factor 


XXIV  INTRODUCTION. 

mf"2t~l.  In  thermometric  units  by  substituting  /8  for  m  the  factor  becomes  //""*,. 
and  in  dynamical  units  int~a&~1. 

5.  Thermal  Capacity.  —  This  is  the  product  of  the  number  for  mass  and 
the   specific  heat,  and  hence  the  dimensional  formula  and  conversion   factor  are 
simply  M  and  m. 

6.  Latent  Heat.  —  Latent  heat  is  the  ratio  of  the  number  representing  the 
quantity  of  heat  required  to  change  the  state  of  a  body  to  the  number  represent- 
ing the  quantity  of  matter  in   the  body.     The  dimensional  formula  is  therefore 
MG/M  or  ®,  and  hence  the  conversion  factor  is  simply  the  ratio  of  the  tempera- 
ture units  or  H.     In  dynamical  units  the  factor  is  T2/"2.* 

7.  Joule's    Equivalent.  —  Joule's  dynamical  equivalent  is  connected  with 
quantity  of  heat  by  the  equation 

ML2T-2=JH  or  JM®. 

This  gives  for  the  dimensional  formula  of  J  the  expression  L'^T"2®"1.  The  conver- 
sion factor  is  thus  represented  by  f*t~26~l.  When  heat  is  measured  in  dynamical 
units  J  is  a  simple  number. 

8.  Entropy.  —  The  entropy  of  a  body  is  directly  proportional  to  the  quantity 
of  heat  it  contains  and  inversely  proportional  to  its   temperature.     The  dimen- 
sional formula  is  thus  M®/®  or  M,  and  the  conversion  factor  is  m.    When  heat  is 
measured  in  dynamical  units  the  factor  is  w/2/"2^"1. 

Examples,  (a)  Find  the  relation  between  the  British  thermal  unit,  the  calorie,, 
and  the  therm. 

Neglecting  the  variation  of  the  specific  heat  of  water  with  temperature,  or  de- 
fining all  the  units  for  the  same  temperature  of  the  standard  substance,  we  have 
the  following  definitions.  The  British  thermal  unit  is  the  quantity  of  heat  required 
to  raise  the  temperature  of  one  pound  of  water  i°  F.  The  calorie  is  the  quan- 
tity of  heat  required  to  raise  the  temperature  of  one  kilogramme  of  water  i°  C. 
The  therm  is  the  quantity  of  heat  required  to  raise  the  temperature  of  one  gramme 
of  water  i°  C.  Hence  :  — 

(1)  To  find  the  number  of   calories    in    one    British   thermal   unit,   we  have 

^  =  •45399  and  0  =  $  J  •'•  *»0= -45399  X  5/9  =  -25199- 

(2)  To   find    the    number   of   therms   in   one   calorie,  w— 1000    and    0=i; 

/.  m6  •=•  1000. 

It  follows  at  once  that  the  number  of  therms  in  one  British  thermal  unit  is 
1000  X  .25199  =  251.99. 

(b)  What  is  the  relation  between  the  foot  grain  second  Fahrenheit-degree  and 
the  centimetre  gramme  second  Centigrade-degree  units  of  conductivity  ? 

The  number  of  the    latter  units  in   one  of  the  former  is  given  by  the  for- 

*  It  will  be  noticed  that  when  0  is  given  the  dimension  formula  L2T-'2  the  formulae  in  thermal 
and  dynamical  units  are  always  identical.  The  thermometric  units  practically  suppress  mass. 


1 NTRODUCTION.  XXV 

mula  ml~lrlb°,  where  m  =  . 064799,  /=  30.48,  and  /=  i,  and  is  therefore^: 
.064799/30.48  =  2.126  X  io~8. 

(f)  Find  the  relation  between  the  units  stated  in  (#)  for  emissivity. 

In  this  case  the  conversion  formula  is  ml~*t~l,  where  ml  and  /  have  the 
same  value  as  before.  Hence  the  number  of  the  latter  units  in  the  former  is 
0.064 799/3°-48a  =  6.975  X  io~5. 

(d)  Find  the  number  of  centimetre  gramme  second  units  in  the  inch  grain 
hour  unit  of  emissivity. 

Here  the  formula  is  w/"2/"1,  where  m  =  0.064  799>  /=2-54,  ar>d  ^  =  3600. 
Therefore  the  required  number  is  0.064  799/2-542  X  3600  =  2.790  X  io~b. 

(e)  If  Joule's  equivalent  be  776  foot  pounds  per  pound  of  water  per  degree 
Fahrenheit,  what  will  be  its  value  in  gravitation  units  when  the  metre,  the 
kilogramme,  and  the  degree  Centigrade  are  units  ? 

The  conversion  factor  in  this  case  is  .,_,  or  I0~~l,  where  /  —  .3048  and 
0-1  =  1.8  ;  .'.  776  X  .3048  X  1.8  =425.7. 

(/)  If  Joule's  equivalent  be  24832  foot  poundals  when  the  degree  Fahren- 
heit is  unit  of  temperature,  what  will  be  its  value  when  kilogramme  metre 
second  and  degree-Centigrade  units  are  used  ? 

The  conversion  factor  is  /7~20~',  where  /=  .3048,  t  =  i,  and  0~l  =  1.8  ; 

.-.  24832  x  pr*ff-l  =  24832  x  .3048'  x  1.8  =  4152.5.  ^ 

In  gravitation  units  this  would  give  4152.5/9.81  =423.3. 


ELECTRIC    AND    MAGNETIC   UNITS. 

There  are  two  systems  of  these  units,  the  electrostatic  and  the  electromagnetic 
systems,  which  differ  from  each  other  because  of  the  different  fundamental  suppo- 
sitions on  which  they  are  based.  In  the  electrostatic  system  the  repulsive  force 
between  two  quantities  of  static  electricity  is  made  the  basis.  This  connects  force, 

quantity  of  electricity,  and  length  by  the  equation  f=a  ^ft, where  f  is  force,  a  a 

quantity  depending  on  the  units  employed  and  on  the  nature  of  the  medium,  g  and 
qt  quantities  of  electricity,  and  /  the  distance  between  q  and  qt.  The  magnitude  of 
the  force  f  for  any  particular  values  of  ^,  qt  and  /  depends  on  a  property  of  the 
medium  across  which  the  force  takes  place  called  its  inductive  capacity.  The  in- 
ductive capacity  of  air  has  generally  been  assumed  as  unity,  and  the  inductive 
capacity  of  other  media  expressed  as  a  number  representing  the  ratio  of  the  induc- 
tive capacity  of  the  medium  to  that  of  air.  These  numbers  are  known  as  the  spe- 
cific inductive  capacities  of  the  media.  According  to  the  ordinary  assumption, 
then,  of  air  as  the  standard  medium,  we  obtain  unit  quantity  of  electricity  when 
in  the  above  equation  q-=.qt,  and/,  a,  and  /  are  each  unity.  A  formal  definition 
is  given  below. 

In  the  electromagnetic  system  the  repulsion  between  two  magnetic  poles  or 


XXVI  INTRODUCTION. 


quantities  of  magnetism  is  taken  as  the  basis.     In  this  system  the  quantities  force, 
quantity  of  magnetism,  and  length  are  connected  by  an  equation  of  the  form 


where  m  and  mt  are  in  this  case  quantities  of  magnetism,  and  the  other  symbols 
have  the  same  meaning  as  before.  In  this  case  it  has  been  usual  to  assume  the 
magnetic  inductive  capacity  of  air  to  be  unity,  and  to  express  the  magnetic  induc- 
tive capacity  of  other  media  as  a  simple  number  representing  the  ratio  of  the  in- 
ductive capacity  of  the  medium  to  that  of  air.  These  numbers,  by  analogy  with 
specific  inductive  capacity  for  electricity,  might  be  called  specific  inductive  capac- 
ities for  magnetism.  They  are  usually  called  permeabilities.  (  Vide  Thomson, 
"  Papers  on  Electrostatics  and  Magnetism,"  p.  484.)  In  this  case,  also,  like  that 
for  electricity,  the  unit  quantity  of  magnetism  is  obtained  by  making  m  =  mt,  and 
f,  a,  and  /  each  unity. 

In  both  these  cases  the  intrinsic  inductive  capacity  of  the  standard  medium  is 
suppressed,  and  hence  also  that  of  all  other  media.  Whether  this  be  done  or  not, 
direct  experiment  has  to  be  resorted  to  for  the  determination  of  the  absolute  val- 
ues of  the  units  and  the  relations  of  the  units  in  the  one  system  to  those  in  the 
other.  The  character  of  this  relation  can  be  directly  inferred  from  the  dimen- 
sional formula:;  of  the  different  quantities,  but  these  can  give  no  information  as  to 
the  relative  absolute  values  of  the  units  in  the  two  systems.  Prof.  Riicker  has 
suggested  (Phil.  Mag.  vol.  27)  the  advisability  of  at  least  indicating  the  exist- 
ence of  the  suppressed  properties  by  putting  symbols  for  them  in  the  dimensional 
formulae.  This  has  the  advantage  of  showing  how  the  magnitudes  of  the  different 
units  would  be  affected  by  a  change  in  the  standard  medium,  or  by  making  the 
standard  medium  different  for  the  two  systems.  In  accordance  with  this  idea,  the 
symbols  K  and  P  have  been  introduced  into  the  formulae  given  below  to  represent 
inductive  capacity  in  the  electrostatic  and  the  electromagnetic  systems  respectively. 
In  the  conversion  formulae  k  and/  are  the  ordinary  specific  inductive  capacities 
and  permeabilities  of  the  media  when  air  is  taken  as  the  standard,  or  generally 
those  with  reference  to  the  first  medium  taken  as  standard.  The  ordinary  for- 
mulae may  be  obtained  by  putting  K  and  P  equal  to  unity. 


ELECTROSTATIC    UNITS. 

i.  Quantity  of  Electricity. — The  unit  quantity  of  electricity  is  defined  as 
that  quantity  which  if  concentrated  at  a  point  and  placed  at  unit  distance  from  an 
equal  and  similarly  concentrated  quantity  repels  it,  or  is  repelled  by  it,  with  unit 
force.  The  medium  or  dielectric  is  usually  taken  as  air,  and  the  other  units  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  centimetre  gramme  second  system. 

In  this  case  we  have  the  force  of  repulsion  proportional  directly  to  the  square 
of  the  quantity  of  electricity  and  inversely  to  the  square  of  the  distance  between 
the  quantities  and  to  the  inductive  capacity.  The  dimensional  formula  is  there- 
fore the  same  as  that  for  [force  X  length2  X  inductive  capacity]1  or 
and  the  conversion  factor  is 


INTRODUCTION.  XXV11 

2.  Electric  Surface  Density  and  Electric  Displacement.  —  The  density 
of  an  electric  distribution  at  any  point  on  a  surface  is  measured  by  the  quantity 
per  unit  of  area,  and  the  electric  displacement  at  any  point  in  a  dielectric  is  mea- 
sured by  the  quantity  displaced  per  unit  of  area.    These  quantities  have  therefore 
the  same  dimensional  formula,  namely,  the  ratio  of  the  formulae  for  quantity  of 
electricity  and  for  area  or  MiL~JT~1K4,  and  the  conversion  factor  »/-/~-/~U'5. 

3.  Electric  Force  at  a  Point,  or  Intensity  of  Electric  Field.  —  This  is 
measured  by  the  ratio  of  the  magnitude  of  the  force  on  a  quantity  of  electricity  at 
a  point  to  the  magnitude  of  the  quantity  of  electricity.     The  dimensional  formula 
is  therefore  the  ratio  of  the  formulae  for  force  and  electric  quantity,  or 

'' 


which  gives  the  conversion  factor  //r/"5/"1^"*. 

4.  Electric  Potential  and  Electromotive  Force.  —  Change  of  potential 
is  proportional  to  the  work  done  per  unit  of  electricity  in  producing  the  change. 
The  dimensional  formula  is  therefore  the  ratio  of  the  formulae  for  work  and  elec- 
tric quantity,  or 

M  L'21  -     M1J    jrj^j—        J 

M'UT-'K*  ~ 
which  gives  the  conversion  factor  m*Pf~lk~-. 

5.  Capacity  of  a  Conductor.  —  The  capacity  of  an  insulated  conductor  is 
proportional  to  the  ratio  of  the  numbers  representing  the  quantity  of  electricity  in 
a  charge  and  the  potential  of  the  charge.     The  dimensional  formula  is  thus  the 
ratio  of  the  two  formulae  for  electric  quantity  and  potential,  or 


_  T  v 
'-'-'  ~ 


which  gives  tk  for  conversion  factor.    When  K  is  taken  as  unity,  as  in  the  ordinary 
units,  the  capacity  of  an  insulated  conductor  is  simply  a  length. 

6.  Specific  Inductive  Capacity.  —  This  is  the  ratio  of  the  inductive  cap?c- 
ity  of  the  substance  to  that  of  a  standard  substance,  and  hence  the  dimensional 
formula  is  K/K  or  i.* 

7.  Electric  Current.  —  Current  is  quantity  flowing  past  a  point  per  unit  of 
time.     The  dimensional  formula  is  thus  the  ratio  of  the  formulae  for  electric  quan- 
tity and  for  time,  or 


and  the  conversion  factor  m*l*t~zk*. 

*  According  to  the  'ordinary  definition  referred  to  air  as  standard  medium,  the  specific  inductive 
capacity  of  a  substance  is  K,  or  is  identical  in  dimensions  with  what  is  here  taken  as  inductive  ca- 
pacity. Hence  in  that  case  the  conversion  factor  must  be  taken  as  I  on  the  electrostatic  and  as 
/"V2  on  the  electromagnetic  system. 


XXV111  INTRODUCTION. 

8.  Conductivity,  or  Specific*  Conductance.  —  This,  like  the  corresponding 
term  for  heat,  is  quantity  per  unit  area  per  unit  potential  gradient  per  unit  of  time. 
The  dimensional  formula  is  therefore 

__  y-iK  or  _  electric  quantity 


•,.,  area  X  potential  gradient  X  time 


The  conversion  factor  is  t~lk. 

9.  Specific*  Resistance.  —  This  is  the  reciprocal  of  conductivity  as  above 
defined,  and  hence  the  dimensional  formula  and  conversion  factor  are  respec- 
tively TK"1  and  tk~l. 

10.  Conductance.  —  The  conductance  of  any  part  of  an  electric  circuit,  not 
containing  a  source  of  electromotive  force,  is  the  ratio  of  the  numbers  represent- 
ing the  current  flowing  through  it  and  the  difference  of  potential  between  its  ends. 
The  dimensional  formula  is  thus  the  ratio  of  the  formulae  for  current  and  poten- 
tial, or 


from  which  we  get  the  conversion  factor  lt~lk. 

1  1  .   Resistance.  —  This  is  the  reciprocal  of  conductance,  and  therefore  the 
dimensional  formula  and  the  conversion  factor  are  respectively  L/^TKT1  and 


EXAMPLES   OF    CONVERSION    IN    ELECTROSTATIC    UNITS. 

(a)  Find  the  factor  for  converting  quantity  of  electricity  expressed  in  foot  grain 
second  units  to  the  same  expressed  in  c.  g.  s.  units. 

By  (i)  the  formula  is  m*flt~lfc,  in  which  in  this  case  ;//  =  0.0648,  /==  30.48,  /  = 
i,  and  k=  \  ;  .'.  the  factor  is  o.o6485  X  30.48*  =  4.2836. 


(b)  Find  the  factor  required  to  convert  electric  potential  from  millimetre  milli- 
gramme second  units  to  c.  g.  s.  units. 

By  (4)  the  formula  is  ///W"1^"-,  and  in  this  case  m  —  o.ooi,  /=  o.  :,  /=  i,  and 
k-=.\\  .'.  the  factor  =»o.ooii  X  o.  i5  =  o.  01. 

(e)  Find  the  factor  required  to  convert  from  foot  grain  second  and  specific  in- 
ductive capacity  6  units  to  c.  g.  s.  units. 

By  (5)  the  formula  is  Ik,  and  in  this  case  /—  30.48  and  k  =  6  •  .*.  the  factor 
=  30.48  X  6=  182.88. 

*  The  term  "specific.,"  as  used  here  and  in  9.  refers  conductance  and  resistance  to  that  between 
the  ends  of  a  bar  of  unit  section  and  unit  length,  and  hence  is  different  from  the  same  term  in 
specific  heat,  specific  inductivity,  capacity,  etc.,  which  refer  to  a  standard  substance. 


INTRODUCTION.  XXIX 


ELECTROMAGNETIC   UNITS. 

As  stated  above,  these  units  bear  the  same  relation  to  unit  quantity  of  magne- 
tism that  the  electric  units  do  to  quantity  of  electricity.  Thus,  when  inductive 
capacity  is  suppressed,  the  dimensional  formula  for  magnetic  quantity  on  this  sys- 
tem is  the  same  as  that  for  electric  quantity  on  the  electrostatic  system.  All  quan- 
tities in  this  system  which  only  differ  from  corresponding  quantities  defined  above 
by  the  substitution  of  magnetic  for  electric  quantity  may  have  their  dimensional 
formulae  derived  from  those  of  the  corresponding  quantity  by  substituting  P 
for  K. 

i.  Magnetic  Pole,  or  Quantity  of  Magnetism.  —  Two  unit  quantities  of 
magnetism  concentrated  at  points  unit  distance  apart  repel  each  other  with  unit 
force.  The  dimensional  formula  is  thus  the  same  as  for  [force  X  length2  X  in- 
ductive capacity]  or  M^IJT"1?-,  and  the  conversion  factor  is 


2.  Density  of  Surface  Distribution  of  Magnetism.  —  This  is  measured 
by  quantity  of  magnetism  per  unit  area,  and  the  dimension  formula  is  therefore 
the  ratio  of  the  expressions  for  magnetic  quantity  and  for  area,  or  MiL~JT~1Pi, 
which  gives  the  conversion  factor 


3.  Magnetic  Force  at  a  Point,  or  Intensity  of  Magnetic  Field.  —  The 
number  for  this  is  the  ratio  of  the  numbers  representing  the  magnitudes  of  the 
force  on  a  magnetic  pole  placed  at  the  point  and  the  magnitude  of  the  magnetic 
pole. 

The  dimensional  formula  is  therefore  the  ratio  of  the  expressions  for  force  and 
magnetic  quantity,  or 


and  the  conversion  factor  m^l~^t~lp~^. 

4.  Magnetic  Potential.  —  The  magnetic  potential  at  a  point  is  measured  by 
the  work  which  is  required  to  bring  unit  quantity  of  positive  magnetism  from  zero 
potential  to  the  point.  The  dimensional  formula  is  thus  the  ratio  of  the  formula 
for  work  and  magnetic  quantity,  or 

1UT  2^-2 

—  M4LJT 


which  gives  the  conversion  factor 

5.  Magnetic    Moment.  —  This    is   the    product   of   the   numbers  for   pole 
strength  and  length  of  a  magnet.     The  dimensional  formula  is  therefore  the  pro- 
duct of  the  formulae  for  magnetic  quantity  and  length,  or  M^UT"1?',  and  the  con- 
version factor  nfil*-t~lp1-. 

6.  Intensity  of  Magnetization.  —  The  intensity  of  magnetization  of  any  por- 
tion of  a  magnetized  body  is  the  ratio  of  the  numbers  representing  the  magni- 


XXX  INTRODUCTION. 


tude  of  the  magnetic  moment  of  that  portion  and  its  volume.     The  dimensional 
formula  is  therefore  the  ratio  of  the  formula;  for  magnetic  moment  and  volume,  or 


L8 
The  conversion  factor  is  therefore  i 

7.  Magnetic  Permeability,*  or  Specific  Magnetic  Inductive  Capacity. 
—  This  is  the  analogue  in  magnetism  to  specific  inductive  capacity  in  electricity. 
It  is  the  ratio  of  the  magnetic  induction  in  the  substance  to  the  magnetic  induc- 
tion in  the  field  which  produces  the  magnetization,  and  therefore  its  dimensional 
formula  and  conversion  factor  are  unity. 

8.  Magnetic  Susceptibility.  —  This  is  the  ratio  of  the  numbers  which  repre- 
sent the  values  of  the  intensity  of  magnetization  produced  and  the  intensity  of  the 
magnetic  field  producing  it.     The  dimensional  formula  is  therefore  the  ratio  of 
the  formulae  for  intensity  of  magnetization  and  magnetic  field  or 

or  P. 

The  conversion  factor  is  therefore/,  and  both  the  dimensional  formula  and  con- 
version factor  are  unity  in  the  ordinary  system. 

9.  Current  Strength.  —  A  current  of  strength  c  flowing  round  a  circle  of 
radius  r  produces  a  magnetic  field  at  the  centre  of  intensity  2-^cjr.     The  dimen- 
sional formula  is  therefore  the  product  of  the  formulae  for  magnetic  field  intensity 
and  length,  or  M-L-T-1P~-,  which  gives  the  conversion  factor  m*l't~lp~*. 

10.  Current  Density,  or  Strength  of  Current  at  a  Point.  —  This  is  the 
ratio  of  the  numbers  for  current  strength  and  area.     The  dimensional  formula 
and  the  conversion  factor  are  therefore  M*JLr*T~1P~~l  and 


11.  Quantity  of  Electricity.  —  This  is  the  product  of  the  numbers  for  cur- 
rent and  time.    The  dimensional  formula  is  therefore  M^L-T"1?"5  X  T=  M-L*P~^ 
and  the  conversion  factor  w1/4/"*. 

12.  Electric  Potential,  or  Electromotive  Force.  —  As  in  the  electrostatic 
system,  this  is  the  ratio  of  the  numbers  for  work  and  quantity  of  electricity.     The 
dimensional  formula  is  therefore 

ML2T~2 
M*L»P-» 

and  the  conversion  factor 


*  Permeability,  as  ordinarily  taken  with  the  standard  medium  as  unity,  has  the  same  dimension 
formula  and  conversion  factor  as  that  which  is  here  taken  as  magnetic  inductive  capacity.  Hence 
for  ordinary  transformations  the  conversion  factor  should  be  taken  as  i  in  the  electromagnetic  and 
in  the  electrostatic  systems. 


INTRODUCTION.  XXXI 


13.  Electrostatic  Capacity.  —  This  is  the  ratio  of  the  numbers  for  quantity 
of  electricity  and  difference  of  potential.     The  dimensional  formula  is  therefore 


± —  I/-*!??-1. 

s   i  c— '' ni  — 

and  the  conversion  factor  /  V2/"1. 

14.  Resistance  of  a  Conductor.  —  The  resistance  of  a  conductor  or  elec- 
trode is  the  ratio  of  the  numbers  for  difference  of  potential  between  its  ends  and 
the  constant  current  it  is  capable  of  producing.     The  dimensional  formula  is 
therefore  the  ratio  of  those  for  potential  and  current  or 

=  LT-aP. 

The  conversion  factor  thus  becomes  //"*/,  and  in  the  ordinary  system  resistance 
has  the  same  conversion  factor  as  velocity. 

15.  Conductance.  —  This  is  the  reciprocal  of  resistance,  and  hence  the  dimen- 
sional formula  and  conversion  factor  are  respectively  L^TP"1  and  l~ltp~l. 

16.  Conductivity,  or  Specific  Conductance.  —  This  is  quantity  of  electric- 
ity transmitted  per  unit  of  area  per  unit  of  potential  gradient  per  unit  of  time. 
The  dimensional  formula  is  therefore  derived  from  those  of  the  quantities  men- 
tioned as  follows  :  — 


L 

The  conversion  factor  is  therefore  l~'ltp~\ 

17.  Specific  Resistance.  —  This  is  the  reciprocal  of  conductivity  as  defined 
in  15,  and  hence  the  dimensional  formula  and  conversion  factor  are  respectively 
L2T-'P  and  Prlp. 

18.  Coefficient  of  Self-induction,  or  Inductance,  or  Electro-kinetic  In- 
ertia. —  These  are  for  any  circuit  the  electromotive  force  produced  in  it  by  unit 
rate  of  variation  of  the  current  through  it.     The  dimensional  formula  is  therefore 
the  product  of  the  formulae  for  electromotive  force  and  time  divided  by  that  for 
current  or 

,,   _   X  T  =  LP. 

The  conversion  factor  is  therefore  Ip,  and  in  the  ordinary  system  is  the  same  as 
that  for  length. 

19.  Coefficient  of  Mutual  Induction.  —  The  mutual  induction  of  two  cir- 
cuits is  the  electromotive  force  produced  in  one  per  unit  rate  of  variation  of  the 
current  in  the  other.     The  dimensional  formula  and  the  conversion  factor  are 
therefore  the  same  as  those  for  self-induction. 


XXxii  INTRODUCTION. 

20.  Electro-kinetic  Momentum.  —  The  number  for  this  is  the  product  of 
the  numbers  for  current  and  for  electro-kinetic  inertia.    The  dimensional  formula 
is  therefore  the  product  of  the  formulae  for  these  quantities,  or  M^UT"1?^  X  LP 
=  MJL!T-1PJ,  and  the  conversion  factor  is  w5/1/"1/-. 

21.  Electromotive  Force  at  a  Point.  —  The  number  for  this  quantity  is 
the  ratio  of  the  numbers  for  electric  potential  or  electromotive  force  as  given  in 
12,  and  for  length.     The  dimensional  formula  is  therefore  M^UT"2?*,  and  the 
conversion  factor  wW~^J. 

22.  Vector  Potential.  —  This  is  time  integral  of  electromotive  force  at  a 
point,  or  the  electro-kinetic  momentum  at  a  point.     The  dimensional  formula 
may  therefore  be  derived  from  21  by  multiplying  by  T,  or  from  20  by  dividing 
by  L.     It  is  therefore  M^T"1?*,  and  the  conversion  factor  m*fit~lfi. 

23.  Thermoelectric  Height.  —  This  is  measured  by  the  ratio  of  the  num- 
bers for  electromotive  force  and  for  temperature.     The  dimensional  formula  is 
therefore  the  ratio  of  the  formulae  for  these  two  quantities,  or  M-lJT"2?4®""1,  and 
the  conversion  factor  *&flf~*jP$~l. 

24.  Specific  Heat  of  Electricity.  —  This  quantity  is  measured  in  the  same^ 
way  as  23,  and  hence  has  the  same  formulae. 

25.  Coefficient  of  Peltier  Effect.  —  This  is  measured  by  the  ratio  of  the 
numbers  for  quantity  of  heat  and  for  quantity  of  electricity.     The  dimensional 
formula  is  therefore 


and  the  conversion  factor 


EXAMPLES    OF    CONVERSION    IN    ELECTROMAGNETIC    UNITS. 

(a)  Find  the  factor  required  to  convert  intensity  of  magnetic  field  from  foot 
grain  minute  units  to  c.  g.  s.  units. 

By  (3)  the  formula  is  m^l~^~l/>~\  and  in  this  case  m  =  0.0648,  /=  30.48,  /  = 
60,  and/  =  i  ;  .'.  the  factors  =  0.0648*  X  30.48^  X  6o~l  =  0.00076847. 

Similarly  to  convert  from  foot  grain  second  units  to  c.  g.  s.  units  the  factor  is 
0.0648-  X  30-48"-'  =  0.046  108. 

(£)  How  many  c.  g.  s.  units  of  magnetic  moment  make  one  foot  grain  second 
unit  of  the  same  quantity  ? 

By  (5)  the  formula  is  7/r/*/"1/*,  and  the  values  for  this  problem  are  m  —  0.0648, 
/  =  30.48,  /  =  i,  and/  =  i  ;  .'.  the  number  =  0.0648*  X  $o-4&*  =  i3°5-6- 

(f)  If  the  intensity  of  magnetization  of  a  steel  bar  be  700  in  c.  g.  s.  units,  what 
will  it  be  in  millimetre  milligramme  second  units  ? 


INTRODUCTION.  XXX111 


By  (6)  the  formula  is  wV*/"1/4,  and  in  this  case  m  =  1000,  /=  10,  /=  i,  and 
p  =  i  •  .*.  the  intensity  =  700  X  1000-  X  i°-  =  70000. 

(//)  Find  the  factor  required  to  convert  current  strength  from  c.  g.  s.  units  to 
earth  quadrant  io~n  gramme  and  second  units. 

By  (9)  the  formula  is  wV5/"1/"4,  and  the  values  of  these  quantities  are  here  m  = 
ion,  /=  io~9,  /—i,  and/  =  i  ;  .'.  the  factor  =  io*i  X  io~§=  10. 

(<?)  Find  the  factor  required  to  convert  resistance  expressed  in  c.  g.  s.  units  into 
the  same  expressed  in  earth-quadrant  io~u  grammes  and  second  units. 

By  (14)  the  formula  is  lt~lp,  and  for  this  case  /=  io~9,  /=  i,  and  /  =  i  ; 
.'.  the  factor  =  io~9. 

(/)  Find  the  factor  required  to  convert  electromotive  force  from  earth-quadrant 
io~n  gramme  and  second  units  to  c.  g.  s.  units. 

By  (12)  the  formula  is  #zV§/~^%  and  for  this  case  m  =  io~n,  /=  io9,  t=  i, 
and/  —  i  ;  .'.  the  factor  =  io8. 


PRACTICAL   UNITS. 

In  practical  electrical  measurements  the  units  adopted  are  either  multiples  or 
submultiples  of  the  units  founded  on  the  centimetre,  the  gramme,  and  the  second 
as  fundamental  units,  and  air  is  taken  as  the  standard  medium,  for  which  K  and  P 
are  assumed  unity.  The  following,  quoted  from  the  report  to  the  Honorable  the 
Secretary  of  State,  under  date  of  November  6th,  1893,  by  the  delegates  repre- 
senting the  United  States,  gives  the  ordinary  units  with  their  names  and  values 
as  defined  by  the  International  Congress  at  Chicago  in  1893  :  — 

"  Resolved,  That  the  several  governments  represented  by  the  delegates  of  this 
International  Congress  of  Electricians  be,  and  they  are  hereby,  recommended  to 
formally  adopt  as  legal  units  of  electrical  measure  the  following :  As  a  unit  of  re- 
sistance, the  international  ohm,  which  is  based  upon  the  ohm  equal  to  io9  units  of 
resistance  of  the  C.  G.  S.  system  of  electro-magnetic  units,  and  is  represented 
by  the  resistance  offered  to  an  unvarying  electric  current  by  a  column  of  mercury 
at  the  temperature  of  melting  ice  14.4521  grammes  in  mass,  of  a  constant  cross- 
sectional  area  and  of  the  length  of  106.3  centimetres. 

"  As  a  unit  of  current,  the  international  ampere,  which  is  one  tenth  of  the  unit  of 
current  of  the  C.  G.  S.  system  of  electro-magnetic  units,  and  which  is  represented 
sufficiently  well  for  practical  use  by  the  unvarying  current  which,  when  passed 
through  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  silver  in  water,  and  in  accordance  with  accom- 
panying specifications,*  deposits  silver  at  the  rate  of  0.001118  of  a  gramme  per 
second. 

*  "  In  the  following  specification  the  term  '  silver  voltameter '  means  the  arrangement  of  appara- 
tus by  means  of  which  an  electric  current  is  passed  through  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  silver  in  water. 
The  silver  voltameter  measures  the  total  electrical  quantity  which  has  passed  during  the  time  of 
the  experiment,  and  by  noting  this  time  the  time  average  of  the  current,  or,  if  the  current  has  been 
kept  constant,  the  current  itself  can  be  deduced. 

"  In  employing  the  silver  voltameter  to  measure  currents  of  about  one  ampere,  the  following 
arrangements  should  be  adopted  :  — 


XXXIV  INTRODUCTION. 

"  As  a  unit  of  electromotive  force,  the  international  -volt,  which  is  the  electro- 
motive force  that,  steadily  applied  to  a  conductor  whose  resistance  is  one  interna- 
tional ohm,  will  produce  a  current  of  one  international  ampere,  and  which  is  rep- 
resented sufficiently  well  for  practical  use  by  ISSf  °f  tne  electromotive  force 
between  the  poles  or  electrodes  of  the  voltaic  cell  known  as  Clark's  cell,  at  a  tem- 
perature of  15°  C.,  and  prepared  in  the  manner  described  in  the  accompanying 
specification.* 

"  As  a  unit  of  quantity,  the  international  coulomb,  which  is  the  quantity  of  elec- 
tricity transferred  by  a  current  of  one  international  ampere  in  one  second. 

"As  a  unit  of  capacity,  the  international  farad,  which  is  the  capacity  of  a  con- 
denser charged  to  a  potential  of  one  international  volt  by  one  international  cou- 
lomb of  electricity. t 

"  As  a  unit  of  work,  the  joule,  which  is  equal  to  io7  units  of  work  in  the  c.  g.  s. 
system,  and  which  is  represented  sufficiently  well  for  practical  use  by  the  energy 
expended  in  one  second  by  an  international  ampere  in  an  international  ohm. 

"  As  a  unit  of  power,  the  watt,  which  is  equal  to  io7  units  of  power  in  the  c.  g.  s. 
system,  and  which  is  represented  sufficiently  well  for  practical  use  by  the  work 
done  at  the  rate  of  one  joule  per  second. 

"  As  the  unit  of  induction,  the  henry,  which  is  the  induction  in  a  circuit  when 
the  electromotive  force  induced  in  this  circuit  is  one  international  volt,  while  the 
inducing  current  varies  at  the  rate  of  one  ampere  per  second. 

"The  Chamber  also  voted  that  it  was  not  wise  to  adopt  or  recommend  a  stand- 
ard of  light  at  the  present  time." 

By  an  Act  of  Congress  approved  July  i2th,  1894,  the  units  recommended  by 
the  Chicago  Congress  were  adopted  in  this  country  with  only  some  unimportant 
verbal  changes  in  the  definitions. 

By  an  Order  in  Council  of  date  August  23d,  1894,  the  British  Board  of  Trade 
adopted  the  ohm,  the  ampere,  and  the  volt,  substantially  as  recommended  by 
the  Chicago  Congress.  The  other  units  were  not  legalized  in  Great  Britain. 
They  are,  however,  in  general  use  in  that  country  and  all  over  the  world. 

"The  kathode  on  which  the  silver  is  to  be  deposited  should  take  the  form  of  a  platinum  bowl 
not  less  than  io  centimetres  in  diameter  and  from  4  to  5  centimetres  in  depth. 

"The  anode  should  be  a  plate  of  pure  silver  some  30  square  centimetres  in  area  and  2  or  3, 
millimetres  in  thickness. 

"  This  is  supported  horizontally  in  the  liquid  near  the  top  of  the  solution  by  a  platinum  wire 
passed  through  holes  in  the  plate  at  opposite  corners.  To  prevent  the  disintegrated  silver  which 
is  formed  on  the  anode  from  falling  on  to  the  kathode,  the  anode  should  be  wrapped  round  with 
pure  filter  paper,  secured  at  the  back  with  sealing  wax. 

"The  liquid  should  consist  of  a  neutral  solution  of  pure  silver  nitrate,  containing  about  15  parts 
by  weight  of  the  nitrate  to  85  parts  of  water. 

"  The  resistance  of  the  voltameter  changes  somewhat  as  the  current  passes.  To  prevent  these 
changes  having  too  great  an  efftct  on  the  current,  some  resistance  besides  that  of  the  voltameter 
should  be  inserted  in  the  circuit.  The  total  metallic  resistance  of  the  circuit  should  not  be  less 
than  io  ohms." 

*  "  A  committee,  consisting  of  Messrs.  Helmholtz,  Ayrton,  and  Carhart,  was  appointed  to  pre- 
pare specifications  for  the  Clark's  cell.  Their  report  has  not  yet  been  received." 

•f  The  one  millionth  part  of  the  farad  is  more  commonly  used  in  practical  measurements,  and  is 
called  the  microfarad. 


PHYSICAL   TABLES 


TABLE  1 . 


FUNDAMENTAL   AND   DERIVED   UNITS. 


(a)  FUNDAMENTAL  UNITS. 

Name  of  Unit. 

Symbol. 

Conversion  Factor. 

Length. 
Mass. 

L 
M 

/ 
m 

Time. 

T 

t 

Temperature. 
Electric  Inductive  Capacity. 
Magnetic  Inductive  Capacity. 

(H) 

K 
P 

6 
k 
/ 

(fr)  DERIVED  UNITS. 

/.    Geometric 

and  Dynamic  Units. 

Name  of  Unit. 

Conversion  Factor. 

Area. 
Volume. 

:    ,      /2 
/8 

Angle. 
Solid  Angle. 
Curvature. 

\ 

I 

I 
/-1 

Tortuosity. 
Specific  curvature  of  a  surface. 
Angular  velocity. 
Angular  acceleration. 
Linear  velocity. 
Linear  acceleration. 

l~l 

!-* 

r1 
/r2 
irl 
ir'2 

Density. 
Moment  of  inertia. 

m  /-» 

mr 

Intensity  of  attraction,  or  "  force  at  a  point." 
Absolute  force  of  a  centre  of  attraction,  or  "  strength  \ 
of  a  centre."                                                                      ) 
Momentum. 

/r2 
/8/-2 

m  I  r1 

Moment  of  momentum,  or  angular  momentum. 
Force. 

m  r2  r1 

m  /  r2 

Moment  of  a  couple,  or  torque. 
Intensity  of  stress. 
Modulus  of  elasticity. 
Work  and  energy. 
Resilience. 

m  /2  r2 
m  l~l  r'2 
m  1-*  t  - 
m  /2  ra 
mf-lt  '2 

Power  or  activity. 

m  r2  r3 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


FUNDAMENTAL   AND   DERIVED   UNITS. 


TABLE  1 


//.    Heat  Units. 


Name  of  Unit. 


Conversion  Factor. 


Quantity  of  heat  (thermal  units). 

"  "     (thermometric  units). 

"  "     (dynamical  units). 

Coefficient  of  thermal  expansion. 
Conductivity  (thermal  units). 

"  (thermometric  units),  or  diffusivity, 

"  (dynamical  units). 

Emissivity  and  imissivity  (thermal  units). 

"  "  (thermometric  units). 

"  "  (dynamical  units). 

Thermal  capacity. 
Latent  heat  (thermal  units). 

"         "     (dynamical  units). 
Joule's  equivalent. 

Entropy  (heat  measured  in  thermal  units). 
"  (  "  "  dynamical  units). 


m  l~l  r1 

m  /r3  b~l 
m  /~2  t~l 


6~l 


m 
m 

e 


I2 
m 


r  r2  e-1 


///.    Magnetic  and  Electric  Units. 


Name  of  Unit. 


Conversion  factor 
for  electrostatic 
system. 


Conversion  factor 
for  electromag- 
netic system. 


Magnetic  pole,  or  quantity  of  mag- ) 

netism.  > 

Density  of   surface   distribution  of  (^ 

magnetism.  j 

Intensity  of  magnetic  field. 
Magnetic  potential. 
Magnetic  moment. 
Intensity  of  magnetisation. 
Magnetic  permeability. 
Magnetic   susceptibility   and    mag-) 

netic  inductive  capacity.  | 

Quantity  of  electricity. 
Electric  surface  density  and  electric  ) 

displacement.  ) 

Intensity  of  electric  field. 
Electric  potential  and  e.  m.  f. 
Capacity  of  a  condenser. 
Inductive  capacity. 
Specific  inductive  capacity. 
Electric  current. 


I*  r2  # 


?*/* 


w*  /-»  r1 
m*  /» r1  K 
ik 
k 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  1 . 


FUNDAMENTAL   AND   DERIVED  UNITS. 


///.    Magnetic  and  Electric  Units. 

Conversion  factor 

Conversion  factor 

Name  of  Unit. 

for  electrostatic 

for  electromag- 

system. 

netic  system. 

Conductivity. 

f—\  fa 

/-//-> 

Specific  resistance. 

t  k~l 

/a  t~l  p 

Conductance. 

I  t~l  k 

l~l  t  p~l 

Resistance. 

/->  tk~l 

I  t~l  p 

Coefficient   of   self    induction    and  ) 
coefficient  of  mutual  induction.      j 

l~l  /2  k~l 

IP 

Electrokinetic  momentum. 

td>  /J  k~* 

m^  /»  t~l  p^ 

Electromotive  force  at  a  point. 

JI  1       .       I       7  1 
t            t            k 

nr>  /5  /~2/} 

Vector  potential. 

m-  t~*  k~^ 

WJ  /''  t~l'jffr 

Thermoelectric  height  and  specific  ) 

i  /5  /-I  /,-!  fi-l 

j    .,         2      j    .     j 

heat  of  electricity.                            ) 

m 

m  /   /    / 

Coefficient  of  Peltier  effect. 

nt  r*  t  fc+  0 

•w* 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  2. 


EQUIVALENTS    OF   METRIC    AND    BRITISH    IMPERIAL    WEIGHTS 
AND    MEASURES.* 

(I)    METRIC  TO   IMPERIAL 


LINEAR   MEASURE. 

MEASURE   OF   CAPACITY. 

i  millimetre  (mm.)  I            0.03937  in. 
(.001  m.)               ) 

I  millilitre  (ml.)  (.001  J                               i     • 
«•      ,                         /  =    0.00103  cub.  in. 

i  centimetre  (.01  m.)  =      0.39371    " 
i  decimetre  (.1  m.)   =      3-93708   " 

i  centilitre  (.01  litre)      =  ?  ~  070.,    -n 

(39-37079   " 

I   METRE  (m.)        .       .  =  <     3.28089917  ft. 

(    i-093633°6yds- 

( 

i  decilitre  (.1  litre)  .     .  =    0.17608  pint, 
i   LITRE  (1,000  cub.  ) 

1  ^oTiT6  1     '     '  =     I0'936;53         " 

centimetres  or  i  >  =     1.76077  pints, 
cub.  decimetre)     ) 

i  hectometre  J                                            ,< 

i  dekalitre  (10  litres)   .  --=     2.20097  gallons. 

(100  m.)     |  -'     '  ~ 

;  i  hectolitre  (100  "    )    .=     2.75121  bushels. 

i  kilometre     i           =       0.62138  mUe. 

i  kilolitre  (i,ooo  "    )    .=     3.43901  quarters. 

i  myriametre   /                    x  «,,»o~     M 
\  t  .    .  =        0.21302  miles. 
(10,000  m.)  ) 

i  microlitre    .     .     .     .  =     o.ooi  ml. 

i  micron    .    .     .     .=       o.ooi  mm. 

APOTHECARIES'   MEASURE. 

i    cubic     centi-  )       C    0.03527  fluid  ounce, 
metre       ('i—  ^    0.28219  fluid  drachm, 
gramme  w't)  )       f  I5-43235  grains  weight. 

SQUARE   MEASURE. 

i  cub.  millimetre  =      0.01693  minim. 

i  sq.  centimetre    .     .  =       0.15501  sq.  in. 

AVOIRDUPOIS  WEIGHT. 

i   sq.  decimetre        1                                . 
(100  sq.  centm.)  )            -*  •>     Dy 

i  milligramme  (mgr.)      .  =     0.01543  grain. 

i  sq.  metre  or  centi-  /  )  10.76430  sq.  ft. 
are  (loosq.  dcm.)  J        J     1.19603  sq.  yd. 

i  centigramme  (.01  gram  )=     0.15432      " 
i  decigramme  (.1       "     )=     1.54324  grains. 

i  ARE  (100  sq.  m.)       =  119.60333  sq.  yds. 

I   GRAMME       —    IS-43235        " 

i  hectare  (100  ares  ) 
or  10,000  sq.  m.)  \  =       2-47"5  acres. 

I  dekagramme  (logram.)  =     5.64383  drams, 
i  hectogramme  (  i  oo    "   )  =     3.5273907. 

(  2.20462125  Ib. 

I  KILOGRAMME  (l,000"  )  =  <  15432.34874 

(      grains. 

CUBIC    MEASURE. 

i  myriagramme(iokilog.)=  22.04621  Ib. 

i  quintal             (loo  "     )=     1.96841  cwt. 

i  cub.   centimetre      ) 

I  millier  or  tonne  I            __    0.^420591  ton. 

(c.c.)  (1,000  cubic  £  =   0.06103  cub.  in. 

millimetres)            ) 

i  cub.  decimetre        ) 

TROY  WEIGHT. 

(c.d.)  (  i,  ooo  cubic  >  =  61.02705      "    " 

centimetres)           ; 

(    0.03215073  oz.  Troy. 

I    CUB.    METRE  )                  j  35.31658074  Cub.  ft. 

I  GRAMME   .     .   =     1    0.64301  pennyweight. 

f  '  5-43235  grains. 

APOTHECARIES'   WEIGHT. 

!    0.25721  drachm. 

o  77162  scruple. 

i  S-43235  grains. 

NOTE.  —  The  METRE  is  the  length,  at  the  temperature  of  o°  C.,  of  the  platinum-indium  bar  deposited  with  the 
Board  of  Trade. 

The  present  legal  equivalent  of  the  metre  is  39'37079  inches,  as  above  stated.  If  a  brass  metre  is,  however, 
compared,  not  at  its  legal  temperature  (o°  C.  or  32°  F^),  but  at  the  temperature  of  62°  F.,  with  a  brass  yard  at  the 
temperature  also  of  62°  F.,  then  the  apparent  equivalent  of  the  metre  would  be  nearly  39 '382  inches. 

The  KILOGRAMME  is  the  weight  in  vacuo  at  o°  C.  of  the  platinum-indium  weight  deposited  with  the  Board  of 

T^^Ja 


Trade 


e. 

The  LITRE  contains  one  kilogramme  weight  of  distilled  water  at  its  maximum  density  (4°  C.),  the  barometer  being 
at  760  millimetres. 

*  Quoted  from  sheets  issued  in  1890  by  the  Standard  Office  of  the  British  Board  of  Trade. 
SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


TABLE  2. 

EQUIVALENTS   OF    METRIC    AND    BRITISH    IMPERIAL    WEIGHTS 
AND    MEASURES. 

(2)    METRIC  TO    IMPERIAL 


LINEAR   MEASURE. 

MEASURE  OF  CAPACITY. 

I 

2 

3 
;4 

Is 

\6 

8 
9 

Millimetres 
to 
inches. 

Metres 
to 
feet. 

Metres 
to 
yards. 

Kilo- 
!  metres  to 
miles. 

Litres 
to 
pints. 

Dekalitres 
to 
gallons. 

Hectolitres 
to 
bushels. 

Kilolitres 
to 
quarters. 

0-03937079 
0.07874158 
0.11811237 
O.I57483I6 
6.19685395 

0.23622474 

0.27559553 
0.31496632 

0-354337" 

3.28090 
6.56180 
9.84270 
13.12360 
16.40450 

19.68540 
22.96629 
26.24719 
29.52809 

1.09363 
2.18727 
3.28090 

4-37453 
5-46817 

6.56180 

7-65543 
8.74906 
9.84270 

0.62138 
1.24276 
1.86415 

248553 
3.10691 

3.72829  ; 
4.34968 
4.97106 

5-59244    ! 

I 

2 

3 

!   4 
5 
6 

8 
9 

1.76077 

3-52I54 
5.28231 
7.04308 
8.80385 

10.56462 

12.32539 
14.08616 
15.84693 

2.20097 
4.40193 
6.60290 
8.80386 
11.00483 

13.20580 
1  5.40676 
17.60773 
19.80870 

2.75121 
5.50242 
8.25362 
11.00483 

1  3-7  5604 

16.50725 
19.25846 
22.00966 
24.76087 

3-43901 
6.87802 
10.31703 
13.75604 
I7-I9505 

20.63406 
24.07307 
27.51208 
30.95110 

SQUARE  MEASURE. 

WEIGHT  (AVOIRDUPOIS). 

I 

2 

'  3 
4 

:  s 

6 

8 
!  9 

Square 
centimetres 

Square 
metres  to 

Square 
metres  to 

Hectares 

Milli- 
grammes 
to 
grains. 

Kilogrammes 
to  grains. 

Kilo- 
grammes 
to 
pounds. 

Quintals 
to 
hundred- 
weights. 

inches. 

feet. 

yards. 

0.15501 
0.31001 
0.46502 
0.62002 
0-77503 

0.93004 
1.08504 
1.24005 

1  -39  505 

10.76430 
21.52860 
32.29290 
43.05720 
53-82I50 

64.58580 
75-35010 
86.11439 
96.87869 

1.19603 
2.39207 
3.58810 
4.78413 
5.98017 

7.17620 
8.37223 
9.56827 
10.76430 

2.47114   I 
4.94229 
7-4I343 
9.88457 

12.35572 

14.82686 
17.29800 
19.76914 
22.24029 

I 

2 

3 
4 
5 
6 

8 
9 

0.01543 
0.03086 
0.04630 
0.06173 
0.07716 

0.09259 

o.  1  0803 

0.12346 
0.13889 

15432.34874 
30864.69748 
46297.04622 
61729.39496 
77161.74370 

92594.09244 
108026.44118 
123458.78992 
138891.13866 

2.20462 
4.40924 
6.61386 
8.81849 
II.O23H 

I3-22773 
I5-43235 
17.63697 
19.84159 

1.96841 
3.93682 

5-90523 
7.87364 
9.84206 

11.81047 
13.77888 

I5-74729 
17.71570 

CUBIC 

MEASURE. 

APOTHB- 
CARIKS'    ; 
MEASURE. 

AVOIRDUPOIS 
(cont.) 

TROY  WEIGHT. 

APOTHE- 
CARIES' 
WEIGHT. 

Cubic 
decimetres 
to  cubic 
inches. 

Cubic 
metres  to 
cubic 
feet. 

Cubic 
metres  to 
cubic 
yards. 

Cub.  cen- 
timetres 
to  fluid 
drachms. 

\ 
2 

3 
4 
5 
6 

8 
9 

Milliers  or 
tonnes  to 
tons. 

Grammes 
to  ounces 
Troy. 

Grammes 
to  penny- 
weights. 

Grammes 
to 

scruples. 

1 

2 

3 
4 
.5 
6 

J 

9 

61.02705 
122.05410 
183.08115 
244.10821 
305-  I  3526 

366.16231 
427.18936 
488.21641 
549.24346 

35-3I658 
70.63316 
105.94974 
141.26632 
176.58290 

211.89948 
247.21607 
282.53265 
317.84923 

1.30802 
2.61604 
3.92406 
5.23209 
6.54011 

7.84813 

9-  1561  5 
10.46417 
11.77219 

0.28219 
0.56438 
0.84657    i 
1.12877    I 
1.41096   ! 

I-693I5 

1-97534 
2-25753 
2-53972 

0.98421 
1.96841 
2.95262 
3.93682 
4.92103 

5-90524 
6.88944 

7.87365 
8.85785 

0.032  1  5 

0.06430 
0.09645 
0.12860 
0.16075 

0.19290 
0.22506 
0.25721 
0.28936 

0.64301 
1.28603 
1.92904 
2.57206 
3.21507 

3.85809 
4.50110 
5.14412 
S-787I3 

0.77162 

I-54323 
2.31485 
3.08647 
3.85809 

4.62970 
5.40131 
6.17294 
6-94455 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  2. 

EQUIVALENTS   OF    BRITISH    IMPERIAL   AND    METRIC   WEIGHTS 
AND    MEASURES. 

(3)    IMPERIAL  TO    METRIC. 


LINEAR   MEASURE. 

MEASURE   OF  CAPACITY. 

,                                 (  25.39954113  milli- 

gill    —  1.41983  decilitres. 

pint  (k  gills)  .  J  .     .  =  9.56793  litre. 

i  inch    .....       ^          metres. 

i  foot  ((2  in.)     .     .  =      0.30479449  metre. 

quart  j(  2  pints)'  .     .  =  ^.13586  litres. 

i  YARD  (3  ft.)     .    L=      0.91438348      " 

GALLON  (4  quarts)  =  4-54345797  " 

i  pole  (5!  yd.)    .     .  =      5.02911  metres. 

peck  (2  galls.)    .     .  =  9.08692        " 

i  chain  (22  yd.  or  ) 
100  links)         \=      2°'Il644 

bushel  (8  galls.)      .  =  3.63477  dekalitres, 
quarter  (8  bushels)  =  2.90781  hectolitres. 

i  furlong  (220  yd.)  —  201.16437         " 

1                                              : 

.,,,,,             (  1.60931493  kilo- 
i  mile  (1,760  yd.)   .  =           metres. 

AVOIRDUPOIS    WEIGHT. 

SQUARE   MEASURE. 

•                            I  64.79895036  milli- 

-     ,                          {  6.41:137  sq.  cen- 
i  square  inch      .     .     =         j     *&£„£. 

t.    i                                \  9.28997  sq.  deci-  ! 
I  sq.ft.  (I44sq..n.)    =        j  V  m^/es. 

(       grammes, 
dram  —       i  77185  grammes. 

ounce  (16  dr.)  .     .  =     28.34954        " 
POUND  (16  oz  or  »  =       0.4535926s  kil 
7,000  grains)      J 

I  SQ.  YARD  (9  Sq.  ft.)  =       j  °'  metre';1"'  SC*' 

stone  (  14  Ib.)   .     .  =:       6.35030 

i  perch  (30*  sq.  yd.)  =    j  '5-  Wsq.  me- 

i  rood  (40  perches)    —    i  10.11678  ares, 
i  ACRE  (4840  sq.  yd.)  =        0.40467  hectare. 

quarter  (28  Ib.)     .=     12.70059 
hundredweight  t     j  50.80238           " 
(ii2lb.)          1)       ~(    0.50802  quintal. 
iton(2ocwt.)    .'    .=     J  1-01604754  millier 
j      or  tonne. 

i  sq.  mile  (640  acres)  =  \2^^^12  heC" 

••-I        i          i              ; 

TROY   WEIGHT. 

CUBIC   MEASURE. 

,  :--  -   i          ! 

i  cub.  inch=  16.38617589  cub.  centimetres. 

,     ,         /       01        i  0.02832  cub.  metre, 
.  cub.  foot  (  1728  }       \          *i                 b 

cub-'"-)            f       \     decimetres. 

grains  avoir-l  °  \  =  3I-IO35°  grammes, 
i  penny  weight  .(  |4  (   _           , 
grains)                 j 

i  CUB.  YARD  (27  I  —07641:1342  cub.  metre. 

NOTE,  -j-  The  Troy  grain  is  of  the  same  weight  as 

cub.  ft.)             J 

the  Avoirdupois  grain. 

,',   j            ..,  ..                             | 

1                                    ... 

APOTHECARIES'   MEASURE. 

i                        : 

APOTHEC'ARIES'   WEIGHT. 

i  gallon  (8  pints  ;or  j              .           fi  .. 
1  60  fluid  ounces)  }  ~         4-5434O 
I  fluid  ounce,  f  3  i            j  28.39661  cubic 
(8  drachms)        )       ~   \    '.  centimetres. 

!             '    i 

i  ounce  (8  drachms)   =  31.10350  grammes, 
i  drachii,  3  i  (  3  scfu-  j             cc 
pies)                      J^    3-86794 

i   fluid  drachm,  f  3  1   j  3-5495^  cubic 

pie.  y                ^                      j 

(60  minims)          \           \     centimetres. 

i    scrupje,    91    (20  /     __       'jQcnR       " 
crrains)                 \ 

i  minim,  ni  (0.91146  i  _       \  0.05916  cubic 

grain  weight)       |  •  .       }     centimetres. 

NOTE.  —  The  Apothecaries'  ounce  is  of  the  same 

weight  as  the  Troy  ounce.      The   Apothecaries' 

NOTE.  —  The   Apothecaries'  gallon   is  of  the  same 

jrrain  is  also  of  the'  same  weight  as  the  Avoirdupois 

capacity  as  the  Imperial  gallon. 

grain. 

NOTE.  —  The  YARD  is  the  length  at  62°  Fahr.,  marked  on  a  bronze  bar  deposited  with  the  Board  of  Trade. 

The  POUND  is  the  weight  of  a  piece  of  platinum  weighed  in  vacuo  at  the  temperature  of  o°  C.,  and  which  is  also 
deposited  with  <he  Board  of  Trade. 

The  GALLON  contains  10  Ib.  weight  of  distilled  water  at  the  temperature  of  62°  Fahr.,  the  barometer  being  at 
30  inches.  The  weight  of  a  cubic  inch  of  water  is  252.286  grains. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  2. 

EQUIVALENTS   OF    BRITISH    IMPERIAL    AND    METRIC    WEIGHTS 
AND    MEASURES. 

(4)    IMPERIAL  TO    METRIC. 


r 

LINEAR   MEASURE. 

MEASURE  OF  CAPACITY. 

Inches 
to 
millimetres. 

Feet 
to 
metres. 

Yards 
to 
metres. 

Miles 
to  kilo- 
metres. 

Quarts 
to 
litres. 

Gallons 
to 
litres. 

Bushels 
to 
dekalitres. 

Quarters 
to 
hectolitres. 

I 

2 

3 

4 
5 
6 

8 
9 

25-39954II3 
50.79908226 
76.19862340 
101.59816453 
126.99770566 

I52-39724679 
177.79678792 
203.19632906 
228.59587019 

0.30479 
0.60959 
0.91438 
1.21918 
1  -52397 
1.82876 
2-I3356 
2-43835 

2-743I5 

0.91438 
1.82877 

2-743'S 
3.65753 
4-57I92 

5-48630 
6.40068 

7  -3  r  5°7 
8.22945 

1.60931 
3.21863 
4.82794 
6.43726 
8.04657 

9-65589 
11.26520 
12.87452 
14.48383 

I 

2 

3 
4 
5 
6 

8 
9 

1.13586 
2.27173 
3-40759 
4-54346 
5-67932 
6.81519 

7-95'°5 
9.08692 
10.22278 

4-54346 
9.08692 

I3-63037 
18.17383 
22.71729 

27.26075 
31.80421 
36.34766 
40.89112 

3-63477 
7-26953 
10.90430 
I4-53907 
18.17383 

21.80860 

25-44336 
29.07813 
32-7I290 

2.90781 

5-8I563 
8.72344 
11.63125 
I4-53907 

17.44688 
20.35469 
23.26250 
26.17032 

SQUARE  MEASURE. 

WEIGHT  (AVOIRDUPOIS). 

Square 
inches 
to  square 
centimetres. 

Square 
feet 
to  square 
decimetres. 

Square 
yards  to 
square 
metres. 

Acres  to 
hectares. 

Grains  to 
milligrammes. 

Ounces  to 
grammes. 

Pounds     Hundred- 
tp  kilo-     weights  to 
grammes,    quintals. 

I 

3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 

9 

6-45I37 
12.90273 
19.35410 
25.80547 
32-25683 

38.70820 

45-  !  5957 
51.61094 
58.06230 

9.28997 

18.57994 
27.86990 

37-I5987 
46.44984 

55-7398I 
65.02978 

74-3  !  974 
83.60971 

0.83610 
1.67219 
2.50829 

3-34439 
4.18049 

5.01658 
5.85268 
6.68878 
7-52487 

0.40467 
0.80934 
1.21401 
1.  61868 
2.02336 

2.42803 
2.83270 

3-23737 
3-64204 

I 

3 

4 
5 
6 

8 
9 

64-  79895036 
129.59790072 
194.39685109 
259.19580145 

323-99475l8' 
388.79370218 
453-59265255 
518.39160291 
583-I9055327 

28.34954 
56.69908 
85.04862 
113.39816 
141.74770 

170.09724 
198.44679 
226.79633 
255-I4587 

0.45359    0.50802 
0.90719     1.01605 
1.36078     1.52407 
1.81437     2.03209 
2.26796     2.54012 

2.72156    3.04814 

3-I75,l5     3-556I7 
3.62874     4.06419 
4.08233    4.57221 

CUBIC  MEASURE. 

APOTHE- 
CARIES' 
MEASURE. 

AVOIRDUPOIS 
(cont.). 

TROY  WEIGHT. 

APOTHE- 
CARIES' 

WEIGHT. 

Cubic 
inches 
to  cubic 
centimetres. 

Cubic  feet 
to 
cubic 
metres. 

Cubic 
yards 
to  cubic 
metres. 

Fluid 
drachms 
to  cubic 
centi- 
metres. 

Tons  to 
milliers  or 
tonnes. 

Ounces  to 
grammes. 

Penny- 
weights to 
grammes. 

Scruples 
to 
grammes. 

I 

2 

3 
4 
5 
6 

8 
9 

16.38618 

32-77235 

49-  !  S8  53 
65-54470 
81.93088 

98.31706 

"4-70323 
I3[.o8o4i 

I47-47558 

0.02832 
0.05663 
0.08495 
0.11326 
0.14158 

0.16989 
0.19821 
0.22652 
0.25484 

0.76451 
1.52903 
2.29354 
3.05805 
3.82257 

4.58708 

5-35I59 
6.1l6ll 

6.88062 

3-54958 
7.09915 
10.64873 
14.19831 
17.74788 

21.29746 
24.84704 
28.39661 
31.94619 

I 

2 

3 
4 
5 
6 

8 
9 

1.01605 
2.03210 
304814 
4.06419 
5.08024 

6.09629 

7-II233 
8.12838 

9-  '4443 

31.10350 
62.20699 

93-  3  '049 
124.41398 

i55-5I748 

186.62098 
217.72447 
248.82797 
279-93  '47 

I-555I7 

3-''035 
4.66552 
6.22070 
7-77587 

9-33  '  °5 
10.88622 
12.44140 
13-99657 

1.29598 
2.59196 
3.88794 
5.18391 
6.47989 

777587 
9.07185 
10.36783 
11.66381 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  3. 
TABLES   FOR  CONVERTING   U.  S.  WEIGHTS  AND   MEASURES." 

(I)    CUSTOMARY  TO    METRIC. 


LINEAR. 

CAPACITY. 

Inches 
to 

Feet  to 

Yards  to 

Miles 

Fluid 
drams  to 

Fluid 
ounces 

Quarts  to 

Gallons  to 

millimetres. 

metres. 

metres. 

kilometres. 

or  cubic 

to 

litres. 

litres. 

centimetres. 

I 

25.4001 

0.304801  ; 

0.914402 

1-60935 

I 

3-70 

29-57 

0.94636 

3-78543 

2 

50.8001 

0.609601       1.828804 

3.21869  i 

2 

7-39 

59-15 

1.89272 

7.57087 

3 

76.2002 

0.914402   ,   2.743205 

4.82804 

3 

11.09 

88.72 

2.83908 

11.35630 

4 

IOI.6OO2 

I.2I92O2    ;    3.657607 

6-43739 

4 

14.79 

Il8.29 

3-78543 

15.14174 

5 

127.0003 

1.524003       4-572009 

8.04674  i 

5 

18.48 

147.87 

4-73E79 

18.92717 

6 

152.4003 

1.828804        5.486411 

9.65608  I 

6 

22.18 

177-44 

S-M'  5 

22.71261 

8 

177.3004 
203.2004 

2.133604       6.400813 

2-43^405     7-3  '52  1  5 

11.26543  ; 
12.87478 

8 

25.88 
29-57 

2O7.O2 
236.59 

6.62451 
7.57087 

26.49804 
30.28348 

9 

228.6005 

2.743205     8.229616 

14.48412 

9 

33-27 

266.16 

8-51723 

34.06891 

SQUARE. 

WEIGHT. 

Square 
inches  to 
square  cen- 
timetres. 

Square  feet 
to  square 
decimetres. 

Square 
yards  to 
square 
metres. 

Acres  to 
hectares. 

Grains  to 
milli- 
grammes. 

Avoirdu- 
pois ounces 
to 
grammes. 

Avoirdu- 
pois pounds 
to  kilo- 
grammes. 

Troy 
ounces  to 
grammes. 

I 

6.452 

9.290 

0.836 

0.4047  ! 

I 

64.7989 

28.3495 

0-45359 

31.10348 

2 

12.903 

18.581 

1.672 

0.8094 

2 

129.5978 

56.6991 

0.90719 

62.20696 

3 

!9-355 

27.871 

2.508 

1.2141   , 

3 

194.3968 

85.0486 

1.36078 

93-3I044 

4 

25.807 

37-  161 

3-344 

1.6187 

4 

259-I957 

113.3981 

1.81437 

124.41392 

5 

32.258 

46.452 

4.181 

2.0234  , 

5 

323-9946 

141.7476 

2.26796 

I55.5I740 

6 

38.710 

55-742 

5-oi7 

2.4281 

6 

388.7935 

170.0972 

2.7-2156 

186.62088 

7 

45.161 

65.032 

5.853 

2.8328 

7 

453-5924 

198.4467 

3-I75'5 

217-72437 

8 

51.613 

74-323 

6.689 

3-2375 

8 

5l8-39I4 

226.7962 

3-62874 

248.82785 

9 

58.065 

83-613 

7-525 

3.6422 

9 

583-1903 

255-H57 

4.08233 

279-93  '33 

CUBIC. 

Cubic 

Cubic 

inches  to 

yards  to 

Bushels  to 

i  Gunter's  chain  =      20.1168         metres. 

cubic  cen- 

cubic 

hectolitres. 

timetres. 

metres. 

i  sq.  statute  mile  =    259.000  .      hectares. 

i  fathom               —        1.829            metres. 

I 

2 

16.387 

32-774 

0.02832 
0.05663 

0.765 
1.529 

0.35239    ! 
0.70479 

i  nautical  mile      =  1853.25              metres. 

3 

49.161 

0.08495 

2.294 

1.05718 

i  foot                     =        0.304801        metre. 

4 
5 
6 

65.549 
81.936 

98.323 

0.11327 
0.14158 

0.16990 

3.058 
3-823 
4.587 

1.40957    | 
1.76196 

2.11436  ! 

i  avoir,  pound     =    453.5924277  gramme. 
1  5432-35639  grains  =        i.ooo  kilogramme. 

7 

114.710 

0.19822 

5-352 

2.46675 

S 

131.097 

0.22654 

6.II6 

2.81914 

i    9 

147.484          0.25485 

6.881       3.17154  ; 

The  only  authorized  material  standard  of  customary  length  i«s  the  Troughton  scale  belonging  to  the  United  States 
Office  of  Standard  Weights  and  Measures,  whose  length  at  59°.62  Fahr.  conforms  to  the  British  standard.  The  yard 
in  use  in  the  United  States  is  therefore  equal  to  the  British  yard. 

The  only  authorized  material  standard  of  customary  weight  is  the  Troy  pound  of  the  Mint.  It  is  of  brass  of  un- 
Jinown  density,  and  therefore  not  suitable  for  a  standard  of  mass.  It  was  derived  from  the  British  standard  Troy 
pound  of  1758  by  direct  comparison.  The  British  Avoirdupois  pound  was  also  derived  from  the  latter,  and  contains 
7,000  grains  Troy. 

The  grain  Troy  is  therefore  the  same  as  the  grain  Avoirdupois,  and  the  pound  Avoirdupois  in  use  in  the  United 
States  is  equal  to  the  British  pound  Avoirdupois. 

The  British  gallon  =    4.54346  litres. 

The  British  bushel  =  36.3477    litres. 

The  length  of  the  nautical  mile  given  above  and  adopted  by  the  U.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  many  years 
ago,  is  defined  as  that  of  a  minute  of  arc  of  a  great  circle  of  a  sphere  whose  surface  equals  that  of  the  earth  (Clarke's 
Spheroid  of  1866). 

*  Quoted  from  sheets  issued  by  the  United  States  Office  of  Standard  Weights  and  Measures. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

9 


TABLE  3. 

TABLES   FOR  CONVERTING   U.  S.  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

(2)    METRIC   TO  CUSTOMARY. 


LINEAR. 

CAPACITY. 

Millilitres 

or  cubic 

Centi- 

. 

Deca- 

Hecto- 

Metres to 

Metres  to 

Metres  to 

Kilometres 

centi- 

litres to 

litres 

litres 

inches 

feet. 

yards. 

to  miles,    j 

metres 

fluid 

to 

to 

to  fluid 

ounces. 

gallons. 

bushels. 

drams. 

I 

39-3700 

3.28083 

1.093611 

0.62137 

I 

0.27 

0-338 

1.0567 

2.6417 

2.8377 

2 

78.7400 

6.56167 

2.187222 

1.24274  i 

2 

0-51 

0.676 

2.1134 

5.2834 

5-6755 

3 

118.1100 

9.84250 

3.280833 

1.86411 

3 

0.8  1 

I.OI4 

3.1700 

7.9251 

8-5I32 

4 

157.4800 

13-  I  2333 

4-374444 

2.48548 

•1 

1.  08 

1-353 

4.2267 

10.5668 

I  1.8510 

5 

196.8500 

16.40417 

5.468056 

3.10685  | 

5 

'•35 

1.691 

5-2834 

13.2085 

14.1887 

6 

236.2200 

19.68500 

6.561667 

3.72822 

6 

1.62 

2.029 

6.3401 

I  5.8502 

17.0265 

8 

275.5900 
314.9600 

22.96583 
26.24667 

7-655278 
8.748889 

4-34959 
4.97096  1 

8 

1.89 

2.16 

2.367 
2.705 

7.3968 
8-4535 

18.4919 
21.1336 

1  9.8642 
22.7019 

9 

354-3300 

29.52750 

9.842500 

5-59233 

9 

2.43 

3-043 

9.5101 

23-7753 

25-5397 

SQUARE. 

WEIGHT. 

Square 

Square 

Square 

Milli- 

Kilo- 

Hecto- 

Kilo- 

centimetres 

metres  to 

metres  to 

Hectares   i 

grammes 

grammes 

gra 

mines 

grammes 

to  square 

square 

square 

to  acres. 

to 

to 

to  < 

unces 

o  pounds 

inches. 

feet. 

yards. 

grains. 

grains. 

avoirdupois. 

avoirdupois. 

I 

0.1550 

10.764 

1.196 

2-47'    : 

i 

0.01543 

I5432-36 

3 

•S274 

2.20462 

2 

0.3100 

21.528 

2.392 

4-942    | 

!      2 

0.03086 

30864.71 

7.0548 

4.40924 

3 

0.4650 

32.292 

3-588 

7-4I3 

3 

0.04630 

46297.07 

10.5822 

6.61387 

4 

O.62OO 

43-055 

4.784 

9.884 

4 

0.06173 

61729.43 

14 

.1096 

8.81849 

5 

0.7750 

53-8'9 

5.980 

'2-355    i 

5 

0.07716 

77161.78 

'7 

6370 

11.02311 

6 

0.9300 

64.583 

7.176 

14.826    1 

6 

0.09259 

92594.14 

21 

1644 

'3-22773 

7 

1.0850 

75-347 

8.372 

17.297    I 

7 

o.  1  0803 

1  08026.49 

24.6918 

8 

1.2400 

86.  1  1  1 

9-568 

19.768    i 

8 

0.12346 

123458.85 

28 

2192 

17.63698 

9 

1-3950 

96.875 

10.764 

22.239 

9 

o.  1  3889 

138891.21 

3' 

7466 

19.84160 

CUBIC. 

WEIGHT. 

Cubic 

Cubic 

Cubic 

Cubic 
metres  to    i 
cubic 

Quintals  to 
pounds  av. 

Milliers  or 
onnes  to  pounds 

Kilogrammes 
to  ounces 

to  cubic 

to  cubic 

cubic 

inches. 

inches. 

feet. 

yards. 

I 

0.06  1  o 

61.023 

35-3'4 

1.308 

I                 220.46 

2204.6 

32.1507 

2 

O.I22O 

122.047 

70.629 

2.616 

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160.7537 

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211.887 

7.848 

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192.9044 

7 

0.4272 

427.164 

247.201 

9-156 

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225.0552 

8 

0.4882 

488.187 

282.516 

10.464 

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17637.0 

257.2059 

9 

0.5492 

549-210 

3I7-830 

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289.3567 

By  the  concurrent  action  of  the  principal  governments  of  the  world  an  International  Bureau  of  Weights  and 
Measures  has  been  established  near  Paris.  Under  the  direction  of  the  International  Committee,  two  ingots  were  cast 
of  pure  platinum-iridium  in  the  proportion  of  q  parts  of  the  former  to  i  of  the  latter  metal.  From  one  of  these  a  cer- 
tain number  of  kilogrammes  were  prepared,  from  the  other  a  definite  number  of  metre  bars.  These  standards  of 
weight  and  length  were  intercompared,  without  preference,  and  certain  ones  were  selected  as  International  prototype 
standards.  The  others  were  distributed  by  lot,  in  September,  1880,  to  the  different  governments,  and  are  called 
National  prototype  standards.  Those  apportioned  to  the  United  States  were  received  in  1890,  and  are  kept  in  the 
Office  of  Standard  Weights  and  Measures  in  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  metric  system  was  legalized  in  the  United  States  in  1866. 

The  International  Standard  Metre  is  derived  from  the  Metre  des  Archives,  and  its  length  is  defined  bv  the  dis- 
tance between  two  lines  at  o°  Centigrade,  on  a  platinum-iridium  bar  deposited  at  the  International  Bureau  of  Weights 
and  Measures. 

The  International  Standard  Kilogramme  is  a  mass  of  platinum-iridium  deposited  at  the  same  place,  and  its 
weight  in  vacuo  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  Kilogramme  des  Archives. 

The  litre  is  equal  to  a  cubic  decimetre,  and  it  is  measured  by  the  quantity  of  distilled  water  which,  at  its  maximum 
density,  will  counterpoise  the  standard  kilogramme  in  a  vacuum,  the  volume  of  such  a  quantity  of  water  being,  as 


nearly  as  has  been  ascertained,  equal  to  a  cubic  decimetre. 
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10 


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TABLES  32,  33, 


CONVERSION    FACTORS. 


TABLE  32.  —  Conversion  Factors  for  Expression  of  Temperatures. 


Dimension  = 


Centigrade. 

Fahrenheit.* 

Reaumur. 

No. 

| 

Log. 

No. 

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No. 

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*  The  zero  of  the  Fahrenheit  scale  is  32°  below  the  freezing  point  of  water. 


In  many  of  the  derived  units  for  the  measurement  of  physical  quantities,  the 
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TABLE  33.  —  Electric  Displacement,  etc. 


Dimensions  =  M^L   -T™. 


Foot  Grain 
Second  Units. 

Metre  Gramme 
Second  Units. 

Centimetre  Gramme  or  )  Second 
Millimetre  Milligramme  )  Units. 

No. 

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No. 

Log. 

No. 

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1 
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0 

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1 

3.179760 

3.000000 
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SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLES  34,  35. 


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TABLES  36,  37. 


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SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  38. 


HYPERBOLIC  FUNCTIONS.* 

Hyperbolic  sines.  Values  of 


1 

X 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0.0 

o.oooo 

O.OIOO 

O.O2OO 

0.0300 

0.0400 

0.0500 

0.0600 

0.0701 

0.080 

0.0901 

O.I 

.1002 

.1  IO2 

.120^ 

.1304 

.1405 

.1506 

.1607 

.170^ 

.1810 

.1911 

0.2 

.ZOf 

.21  15 

.22l£ 

.2320 

.2423 

.2526 

.2629 

•2733 

•2837 

.2941 

°-3 

•3045 

•3  '5° 

•3255 

-336o 

.3466 

,•3572 

.3678 

•3785 

.3892 

.4000 

0.4 

,.4108 

.4216 

•4325 

•4434 

•4543 

•4653 

•4764 

•4875 

.4986 

.5098 

0.5 

0.5211 

o-5324 

0.5438 

o-SSS2 

0.5666 

0-5782 

0.5897 

O.J6OK 

0.6131 

0.6248  ' 

0.6 

.6367 

.6485 

.6605 

.6725 

.6846 

.6967 

.7090 

^7213 

•7336 

.7461  i 

0.7 

.7586 

.7712 

.7838 

.7966 

.8094 

.8223 

•8353 

.8484 

.8615 

.8748 

0.8 

.8881 

.9015 

.9150 

19286 

•9423 

.9561 

-9700 

^9840 

.9981 

/.OI22 

0.9 

1.0265 

i  .0409 

1-0554 

1.0700 

1.0847 

1.0995 

1.1144 

1,1294 

1.1446 

I.I598 

1.0 

1.1752 

1.1907 

I.2O6j 

I.222O 

1-2379 

1-2539 

1.2700 

I.2862 

1.3025 

I.3I90 

i.i 

•3356 

•3524 

•3693 

•3863 

•4035 

.4208 

.4382 

•455s 

•4735 

•49H 

1.2 

•5095 

.5276 

.5460 

•5645 

•5831 

.6019 

.6209 

.6400 

•6593 

.6788 

!-3 

.6984 

.7182 

-7381 

•7583 

.7786 

.7991 

.8198 

.8406 

.8617 

.8829 

1.4 

•9043 

•9259 

•9477 

.9697 

.9919 

2.0143 

2.0369 

2.0597 

2.0827 

2.1059 

1.5 

2.1293 

2.1529 

2.1768 

2.2008 

2.2251 

2.2496 

2-2743 

2-2993 

2.3245 

2.3499 

1.6 

•3756 

.4015 

.4276 

•4540 

.4806 

•5075 

•5346 

•5620 

.5896 

.6175 

i-7 

.6456 

.6740 

.7027 

•73'7 

.7609 

•79°4 

.8202 

•8503 

.8806 

.9112 

1.8 

.9422 

•9734 

3.0049 

3-0367 

3.0689 

3-1013 

3-  '340 

3.1671 

3.2005 

3-234I 

1.9 

3.2682 

3-3025 

•3372 

.3722 

.4075 

•4432 

.4792 

•5'56 

•5523 

•5894 

2.0 

3.6269 

3.6647 

3.7028 

3-74M 

3-7803 

3.8196 

3-8593 

3-8993 

3-9398 

3.9806 

2.1 

4.0219 

4.0635 

4.1056 

4.1480 

4.1909 

4-2342 

4-2779 

4-3221 

4.3666 

4.4117 

2.2 

4-4571 

4-503° 

4-5494 

4.5962 

4.6434 

4.6912 

4-7394 

4.7880 

4-8372 

4.8868 

2-3 

4-9370 

4.9876 

5-0387 

5-0903 

5-1425 

5-*95l 

5-2483 

5.3020 

5-3562 

5.4109 

2.4 

5.4662 

5.5221 

5-5785 

5-6354 

5.6929 

5-75JO 

5-8097 

5.8689 

5.9288 

5.9892 

2.5 

6.0502 

6.1118 

6.1741 

6.2369 

6.3004 

6-3645 

6.4293 

6.4946 

6.5607 

6.6274 

2.6 

6.6947 

6.7628 

6-8315 

6.9009 

6.9709 

7.0417 

7.1132 

7-1854 

7-2583 

7-33!9 

2.7 

7.4063 

7.4814 

7-5572 

7-6338 

7.7112 

7-7894 

7.8683 

7.9480 

8.0285 

8.1098! 

2.8 

8.1919 

8.2749 

8.3586 

8.4432 

8.5287 

8.6150 

8.7021 

8.7902 

8.8791 

8.9689 

2-9 

9.0596 

9.1512 

9-2437 

9-3371 

9-43  1  5 

9-5268 

9.6231 

9.7203 

9.8185 

9-9I77 

3.0 

10.018 

10.119 

IO.22I 

10.324 

11.429 

"•534 

11.640 

11.748 

11.856 

1  1  .966 

*i 

11.076 

11.188 

11.301 

11.415 

11  -530 

12.647 

12.764 

12.883 

12.003 

12.124 

3-2 

12.246 

12.369 

12.494 

12.620 

12.747 

12.876 

1  3.006 

I3-I37 

13.269 

J3-403 

3-3 

13-538 

I3-674 

13.812 

r3-95i 

14.092 

14-234 

14-377 

14.522 

14.668 

14.816 

3-4 

14.965 

15.116 

15.268 

15.422 

15-577 

1  5-734 

I5-893 

16.053 

16.214 

16.378 

3.5 

16.543 

16.709 

16.877 

17.047 

17.219 

I7-392 

i7-567 

17-744 

17-923 

18.103 

3-6 

18.285 

18.470 

18.655 

18.843 

1  9-033 

9.224 

19.418 

19.613 

19.811 

2O.OIO 

3-7 

20.  2  II 

20.415 

20.620 

20.828 

21.037 

21.249 

21.463 

21.679 

21.897 

22.117 

3-8 

22-339 

22.564 

22.791 

23.020 

23.252 

23.486 

23.722 

23.961 

24.202 

24.445 

3-9 

24.691 

24.939 

25.190 

25.444 

25.700 

25.958 

26.219 

26.483 

26.749 

27.018 

4.0 

27.290 

27.564 

27.842 

28.122 

28.404 

28.690 

28.979 

29.270 

29.564 

29.862 

4-i 

30.162 

30-465 

30-772 

31.081 

3J-393 

3I-709 

32.028 

32-350 

32-675 

33-004 

4.2 

33-336 

33-67I 

34.009 

34-351 

34-697 

35.046 

35-398 

35-754 

36-113 

36.476 

4-3 

36-843 

37-214 

37-588 

37.966 

38.347 

38.733 

39.122 

39-5'5 

39-9  1  3 

40.314 

4-4 

40.719 

41.129 

41.542 

41.960 

42.382 

42.808 

43-238 

43-673 

.4.  1  I  2 

44-555 

4.5 

45.003 

45-455 

45.912 

46.374 

46.840 

47-3" 

47.787 

48.267 

48-752 

49.242 

4.6 

49-737 

50-237 

50.742 

5r-252 

5'  -767 

2.288 

52.813 

53-344 

53.880 

54.422 

4-7 

54.969 

55.522 

56.080 

56-643 

57-213 

7.788 

58-369 

58-955 

59.548 

60.147 

4.8 

60.751 

61.362 

61.979 

62.601 

63-231 

63.i-66 

64.508 

65-  '57 

65.812 

66.473 

4-9 

67.141 

67.816 

68.498 

69.186 

69.882 

0.584 

7I-293 

72.010 

72-734 

3-465 

*  Tables  38-41  are  quoted  from  "  Des  Ingenieurs  Taschenbuch,"  herausgegeben  vom  Akademischen  Verein  (Htitte). 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

28 


HYPERBOLIC   FUNCTIONS. 

Hyperbolic  cosines.  Values  of 


TABLE  39. 


• 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0.0 

I.OOOO 

1.  000  1 

I.OOO2 

1.0005 

i.  0008 

1.0013 

1.0018 

1.0025 

1.0032 

1.0041 

O.I 

.0050 

.0061 

.0072 

.0085 

.0098 

.0113 

.0128 

.0145 

.0162 

.0181 

0.2 

.0201 

.0221 

.0243 

.0266 

.0289 

.0314 

.0340 

.0367 

•0395 

•0423 

o-3 

•0453 

.0484 

.0516 

•0549 

.0584 

.0619 

.0655 

.0692 

.0731 

,0770 

0.4 

.Obi  I 

.0852 

.0895 

•0939 

.0984 

.1030 

.1077 

.1125 

•"74 

.1225 

0.5 

I.I276 

1.1329 

i  1-1383 

1.1438 

1.1494 

I.I551 

1.1609 

1.1669 

1.1730 

1.1792 

0.6 

•1855 

.1919 

.1984 

.2051 

.2119 

.2188 

.2258 

•2330 

.2402 

.2476 

o-7 

•2552 

.2628 

.2706 

.2785 

.2865 

.2947 

•3030 

•3"4 

•3  '99 

.3286 

q.8 

•3374 

•3464 

•3555 

•3647 

•3740 

•3835 

•3932 

.4029 

.4128 

.4229 

0.9 

•4331 

^4434 

•4539 

.4645 

•4753 

.4862 

•4973 

.5085 

.5199 

•53H 

1.0 

1.5431 

!-5549 

1.5669 

1-5790 

I-59I3 

1.6038 

.6164 

1.6292 

i  6421 

1-6552 

i.i 

.6685 

.6820 

.6956 

•7093 

•7233 

•7374 

•75'7 

.7662 

.7808 

•7956 

1.2 

.8107 

.8258 

.8412 

.8568 

•8725 

.8884 

•9045 

.9208 

•9373 

•9540 

'•3 

.9709 

.9880 

2.0053 

2.0228 

2.0404 

2-0583 

2.0764 

2.0947 

2.1132 

2.1320 

1.4 

2.1509 

.1700 

.1894 

.2090 

.2288 

.2488 

.2691 

.2896 

•3103 

•33'2 

1.5 

2.3524 

2-3738 

2-3955 

2.4174 

2-4395 

2.4619 

2.4845 

2-5073 

2-5305 

2-5538 

1.6 

•5775 

.6013 

•6255 

.6499 

.6746 

•6995 

•7247 

.7502 

.7760 

.8020 

i-7 

.8283 

•8549 

.8818 

.9090 

•9364 

.9642 

.9922 

3.0206 

3.0492 

3.0782 

1.8 

3-I075 

3-'37J 

3.1669 

3.1972 

3.2277 

3-2585 

3.2897 

.3212 

•3530 

.3852 

1.9 

•4177 

.4506 

.4838 

•5'73 

•55^ 

•5855 

.6201 

•6551 

.6904 

.7261 

2.0 

3.7622 

3-7987 

3-8355 

3-8727 

3-9103 

3-9483 

3.9867 

4.0255 

4.0647 

4.1043 

2.1 

4-1443 

4.1847 

4.2256 

4.2668 

4-3085 

4.3507 

4-3932 

4.4362 

4-4797 

4-5236 

2.2 

4-5679 

4.6127 

4.6580 

4-7037 

4-7499 

4.7966 

4-8437 

4.8914 

4-9395 

4.9881 

2-3 

5-0372 

5.0868 

5-  '370 

5.1876 

5.2388 

5-2905 

5-3427 

5-3954 

5-4487 

5.5026 

2-4 

5-5569 

5.6119 

5.6674 

5-7235 

5.7801 

5-8373 

5-8951 

5-9535 

6.0125 

6.0721 

2.5 

6.1323 

6.1931 

6-2545 

6.3166 

6-3793 

6.4426 

6.;o66 

6.5712 

6-6365 

6.7024 

2.6 

6.7690 

6.8363 

6.9043 

6.9729 

7-0423 

7.1123 

7.l83i 

7.2546 

7.3268 

7-3998 

2.7 

7-4735 

7-5479 

7.6231 

7.6990 

7.7758 

7-8533 

7-9136 

7.0106 

8.0905 

8.1712 

2.8 

8.2527 

8-3351 

8.4182 

8.5022 

8.5871 

8.6728 

8-7594 

8.8469 

8-9352 

9.0244 

2.9 

9.  1  1  46 

9.2056 

9.2976 

9-3905 

9.4844 

9-5791 

9.6749 

9.7716 

9.8693 

9.9680 

3.0 

10.068 

10.168 

10.270 

10-373 

10.476 

10.581 

10.687 

10.794 

10.902 

1  1.  Oil 

3-1 

II.  121 

12-233 

"•345 

"•459 

"•574 

11.689 

1  1.  806 

11.925 

12.044 

12.165 

3-2 

I2.2S; 

13.410 

1  2-534 

12.660 

12.786 

12.915 

13.044 

I3-I75 

I3-307 

13.440 

3-3 

'3-575 

14.711 

13.848 

I3-987 

14.127 

14.269 

14.412 

14.556 

14.702 

14.850 

3-4 

14.999 

15.149 

15.301 

1  5-455 

15.610 

15.766 

15-924 

16.084 

16.245 

16.408 

3.5 

16-573 

i6.739 

16.907 

17.077 

17.248 

17.421 

I7-596 

17.772 

I7-95I 

18.131 

3-6 

18-313 

18.497 

18.682 

18.870 

19.059 

19.250 

19.444 

19.639 

19.836 

20.035 

3-7 

20.236 

20.439 

20.644 

20.852 

21.061 

21.272 

21.486 

21.702 

21.919 

22.139 

3-8 

22.362 

22.586 

22.813 

23.042 

23-273 

23-507 

23-743 

23.982 

24.222 

24.466 

3-9 

24.711 

24-959 

25.210 

25-463 

25.719 

25-977 

26.238 

26.502 

26.768 

27.037 

4.0 

27.308 

27.582 

27.860 

28.139 

28.422 

28.707 

28.996 

29.287 

29.581 

29.878 

4.1 

30.178 

30.482 

30.788 

31.097 

31.409 

3I-725 

32.044 

32-365 

32.691 

33019 

4.2 

33-351 

33-686 

34.024 

34-366 

34-7" 

35.060 

35-412 

35-768 

36.127 

36.490 

4-3 

36.857 

37-227 

37.601 

37-979 

38.360 

38.746 

39-  '35 

39-528 

39-925 

40.326 

4-4 

40-732 

41.141 

41-554 

41.972 

42-393 

42.819 

43-250 

43.684 

44-123 

44.566 

4.5 

45.014 

45.466 

45-923 

46-385 

46.851 

47-321 

47-797 

48.277 

48.762 

49-252 

4.6 

49-747 

50.247 

50-752 

51.262 

5r-777 

52.297 

52-823 

53-354 

53-890 

54-43  ! 

4-7 

54-978 

55-531 

56.089 

56.652 

57.221 

S7-796 

58.377 

58-964 

59-556 

60.155 

4.8 

60.759 

61.370 

61.987 

62.609 

63-239 

63.874 

64.516 

65.164 

65.819 

66.481 

4.9 

67.149 

67.823 

68.505 

69.193 

69.889 

7.9-591 

71.300 

72.017 

72.741 

73-472 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


29 


TABLE  40. 


HYPERBOLIC    FUNCTIONS. 

Common  logarithms  -j-  10  of  the  hyperbolic  sines. 


X 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0.0 

8.  

oooo 

3011 

4772 

6022 

6992 

7784 

8455 

9036 

9548 

O.I 

•^0007 

0423 

0802 

1152 

1475 

1777 

2060 

2325 

2576 

2814 

0.2 

3°39 

3254. 

3459 

3656 

3844 

4025 

4199 

4366 

4528 

4685 

o-3 

4836 

4983 

S'25 

5264 

5398 

5529 

5656 

5781 

5902 

6020 

0.4 

9.6136 

6?49 

635s) 

6468 

6574 

6678 

6780 

6880 

6978 

7074 

0.5 

9.7169 

7262 

7354 

7444 

7533 

7620 

7707 

7791 

7875 

7958 

0.6 

8039 

8119 

8199 

8277 

8354 

843  l 

8506 

8581 

8655 

8728 

0.7 

8800 

8872 

8942 

9012 

9082 

9150 

9218 

9286 

9353 

94ig 

0.8 

9485 

9550 

9614 

9678 

9742 

9805 

9868 

993° 

9992 

0053 

0.9 

10.0114 

0174 

0234 

0294 

°353 

0412 

0470 

0529 

0586 

0644 

1.0 

10.0701 

0758 

0815 

0871 

0927 

0982 

1038 

i°93 

1148 

1203 

i.i 

1257 

1311 

J365 

1419 

1472 

J525 

1578 

1631 

1684 

1736 

1.2 

1788 

1840 

1892 

1944 

1995 

2046 

2098 

2148 

2199 

2250 

'•3 

2300 

2351 

2401 

2451 

2501 

2551 

2600 

2650 

2699 

2748 

1.4 

2797 

2846 

2895 

2944 

2993 

3041 

3090 

3138 

3186 

3234 

1.5 

10.3282 

3330 

3378 

3426 

3474 

352i 

3569 

3616 

3663 

37" 

1.6 

3758 

3805 

3852 

3899 

3946 

3992 

4039 

4086 

4132 

4'79 

i-7 

4225 

4272 

43i8 

4364 

4411 

4457 

45°3 

4549 

4595 

4641 

1.8 

4687 

4733 

4778 

4824 

4870 

4915 

4961 

5007 

5052 

5098 

1.9 

SM3 

5188 

5234 

5279 

5324 

5370 

5415 

5460 

55°5 

555° 

2.0 

iQ-5595 

5640 

5685 

573° 

5775 

5820 

5865 

5910 

5955 

5999 

2.1 

6044 

6089 

6i34 

6178 

6223 

6268 

6312 

6357 

6401 

6446 

2.2 

6491 

6535 

6580 

6624 

6663 

6713 

6757 

6802 

6846 

6890 

2-3 

6935 

6979 

7023 

7067 

7112 

7156 

7200 

7244 

7289 

7333 

2.4 

7377 

7421 

7465 

7509 

7553 

7597 

7642 

7686 

773° 

7774 

2.5 

10.7818 

7862 

7906 

795° 

7994 

8038 

8082 

8126 

8169 

8213 

2.6 

8257 

8301 

8345 

8389 

8433 

8477 

8521 

8564 

8608 

8652 

2.7 

8696 

8740 

8784 

8827 

8871 

8915 

8959 

9C°3 

9046 

9090 

2.8 

9i34 

9178 

9221 

9265 

9309 

9353 

9396 

9440 

9484 

9527 

2.9 

9571 

96i5 

9658 

9702 

9746 

9789 

9833 

9877 

9920 

9964 

3.0 

11.0008 

0051 

0095 

0139 

0182 

0226 

0270 

0313 

°357 

0400 

3-1 

0444 

0488 

°53  i 

°575 

0618 

0662 

0706 

0749 

0793 

0836 

3-2 

0880 

0923 

0967 

IOII 

1054 

1098 

1141 

1185 

1228 

1272 

3-3 

1316 

1359 

1403 

1446 

1490 

1533 

1577 

1620 

1664 

1707 

3-4 

1751 

1794 

1838 

1881 

1925 

1968 

2OI2 

2056 

2099 

2143 

3.5 

11.2186 

2230 

2273 

2317 

2360 

2404 

2447 

2491 

2534 

2578 

3-6 

2621 

2665 

2708 

2752 

2795 

2839 

2882 

2925 

2969 

3012 

3-7 

3056 

3°99 

3H3 

3186 

323° 

3273 

3317 

336o 

3404 

3447 

3-8 

349i 

3534 

3578 

3621 

3665 

3708 

3752 

3795 

3838 

3882 

3-9 

3925 

3969 

4012 

4056 

4099 

4H3 

4186 

4230 

4273 

4317 

4.0 

11.4360 

4403 

4447 

449° 

4534 

4577 

4621 

4664 

4708 

4751 

4.1 

4795 

4838 

4881 

4925 

4968 

5012 

5°55 

5°99 

5M2 

5186 

4.2 

5229 

5273 

53l6 

5359 

5403 

5446 

5490 

5533 

5577 

^620 

4-3 

5664 

5707 

575° 

5794 

5837 

5881 

5924 

5968 

6011 

So55 

4.4 

6098 

6141 

6185 

6228 

6272 

6315 

6359 

6402 

6446 

6489 

4.5 

11.6532 

6576 

6619 

6663 

6706 

675° 

6793 

6836 

6880 

6923 

4.6 

6967 

7010 

7°54 

7097 

7141 

7184 

7227 

7271 

73M 

7358 

4-7 

7401 

7445 

7488 

7531 

7575 

7618 

7662 

7705 

7749 

7792 

4.8 

7836 

7879 

7922 

7966 

8009 

8053 

8096 

8140 

8183 

8226 

4.9 

8270 

83U 

8357 

8400 

8444 

8487 

8530 

8574 

8617 

8661 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


UNIVERSITY 
or 

HYPERBOLIC    FUNCTIONS. 

Common  logarithms  of  the  hyperbolic  cosines. 


TABLE  41 


X 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0.0 

o.oooo 

oooo 

0001 

OOO2 

0003 

0005 

0008 

001  1 

0014 

0018 

O.I 

OO22 

0026 

0031 

0037 

0042 

0049 

0055 

•_  0062 

0070 

0078 

O.2 

0086 

0095 

0104 

OII4 

0124 

0134 

0145 

•  0156 

0168 

0180 

o-3 

0193 

0205 

0219 

0232 

0246 

0261 

0276 

0291 

0306 

0322 

0.4 

°339 

0355 

0372 

0390 

0407 

0426 

0444 

0463 

0482 

0502 

0.5 

O.O522 

0542 

0562 

0583 

0605 

0626 

0648 

0670 

0693 

0716 

0.6 

0/39 

0762 

0786 

0810 

0835 

0859 

0884 

0910 

0935 

0961 

0.7 

0987 

1013 

1040 

1067 

1094 

1122 

"49 

"77 

1206 

1234 

0.8 

1263 

1292 

1321 

1350 

1380 

I4IO 

1440 

1470 

1501 

J532 

0.9 

1563 

1594 

1625 

1657 

1689 

1721 

J753 

1785 

1818 

1851 

l.O 

0.1884 

1917 

1950 

1984 

2018 

2051 

2086 

21  2O 

2154 

2189 

i.i 

2223 

2258 

2293 

2328 

2364 

2399 

2435 

2470 

2506 

2542 

1.2 

2578 

2615 

2651 

2688 

2724 

276l 

2798 

2835 

2872 

2909 

i-3 

2947 

2984 

3022 

3059 

3097 

3'35 

3'73 

3211 

3249 

3288 

1.4 

3326 

3-365 

3403 

3442 

348i 

352o 

3559 

3598 

3637 

3676 

1.5 

0-37i5 

3754 

3794 

3833 

3873 

3913 

3952 

3992 

4032 

4072 

r.6 

4112 

4i52 

4192 

4232 

4273 

43'3 

4353 

4394 

4434 

4475 

i-7 

4515 

4556 

4597 

4637 

4678 

4719 

4760 

4801 

4842 

4883 

1.8 

4924 

4965 

5006 

5048 

5089 

5f30 

5172 

5213 

5254 

^ 

5296 

1.9 

5337 

5379 

542i 

5462 

5504 

5545 

5587 

5629 

5671 

5713 

2.0 

0-5754 

5796 

rS->Q 

5°3° 

5880 

5922 

5964 

6006 

6048 

6090 

6132 

2.1 

6i75 

6217 

6259 

6301 

6343 

6386 

6428 

6470 

6512 

6555 

2.2 

6597 

6640 

6682 

6724 

6767 

6809 

6852 

6894 

6937 

6979 

2-3 

7022 

7064 

7107 

7150 

7192 

7235 

7278 

7320 

7363 

7406 

2-4 

7448 

7491 

7534 

7577 

7619 

7662 

7705 

7748 

7791 

7833 

2.5 

0.7876 

7919 

7962 

8005 

8048 

8091 

8i34 

8176 

8219 

8262 

2.6 

8305 

8348 

8391 

8434 

8477 

8520 

8563 

8606 

8649 

8692 

2-7 

8735 

8778 

8821 

8864 

8907 

8951 

8994 

9°37 

9080 

9123 

2.8 

9166 

9209 

9252 

9295 

9338 

9382 

9425 

9468 

95" 

9554 

2.9 

9597 

9641 

9684 

9727 

9770 

9813 

9856 

9900 

9943 

9986 

3.0 

i  .0029 

0073 

0116 

oi59 

O2O2 

0245 

0289 

0332 

°375 

0418 

3-1 

0462 

0505 

0548 

0591 

0635 

0678 

0721 

0764 

0808 

0851 

3-2 

0894 

0938 

0981 

1024 

1067 

MM 

"54 

"97 

1241 

1284 

3-3 

1327 

!37i 

1414 

1457 

I5OI 

1544 

1587 

1631 

1674 

1717 

3-4 

1761 

1804 

1847 

1891 

1934 

1977 

202  1 

2064 

2107 

2151 

3.5 

1.2194 

2237 

2281 

2324 

2367 

2411 

2454 

2497 

2541 

2584 

3-6 

2628 

2671 

2714 

2758 

2801 

2844 

2888 

2931 

2974 

3018 

3-7 

3061 

3105 

3H8 

3^1 

3235 

3278 

3322 

3365 

3408 

3452 

3-8 

3495 

3538 

3582 

3625 

3669 

3712 

3755 

3799 

3842 

3886 

3-9 

3929 

3972 

4016 

4059 

4103 

4146 

4189 

4233 

4278 

4320 

4.0 

1-4363 

4406 

445° 

4493 

4537 

4580 

4623 

4667 

4710 

4754 

4.1 

4797 

4840 

4884 

4927 

497i 

5014 

5057 

5101 

5'44 

5188 

4.2 

5231 

5274 

53i8 

536i 

5405 

5448 

5492 

5535 

5578 

5622 

4-3 

5665 

5709 

5752 

5795 

5839 

5882 

5926 

5969 

6012 

6056 

4-4 

6099 

6143 

6186 

6230 

6273 

63l6 

6360 

6403 

6447 

6490 

4.5 

I-6533 

6577 

6620 

6664 

6707 

^751 

6794 

6837 

6881 

6924 

4-6 

4-7 

6968 
7402 

7011 
7445 

7055 
7489 

7098 
7532 

7141 
7576 

7185 
7619 

7228 
7662 

7272 
7706 

73r5 
7749 

7358 
7793 

4.8 

7836 

7880 

7923 

7966 

8010 

8053 

8097 

8140 

8184 

8227 

4-9 

8270 

8314 

8357 

8401 

8444 

8487 

853i 

8574 

8618 

8661 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


TABLE  42. 


EXPONENTIAL    FUNCTIONS. 


Values  of  <•*  and  ol  e-*  and  their  logarithms. 

Values  of  e*  and  e~x  for  values  of  x  intermediate  to  those  here  given  may  be  found  by  adding  or  subtracting  the 
values  of  the  hyperbolic  cosine  and  sine  given  in  Tables  38-39. 


X 

*•-* 

log^ 

X 

t* 

log  ex 

OB 

e-* 

log  e-x 

0.1 

1.1052 

0-04343 

5.1 

164.03 

2.21490 

0.1 

0.90484 

^•95657 

2 

1.2214 

08686 

2 

181.27 

25833 

2 

81873 

9I3M 

3 

J-3499 

13029 

3 

200.34 

30176 

3 

74082 

86971 

4 

14910 

17372 

4 

221.41 

345'9 

4 

67032 

82628 

5 

1.6487 

21715 

5 

244.69 

38862 

5 

60653 

78285 

0.6 

1.8221 

0.26058 

5.6 

270.43 

2.43205 

0.6 

0.54881 

1.73942 

7 

2.0138 

30401 

7 

298.87 

47548 

7 

49659 

69599 

8 

2-2255 

34744 

8 

330-3o 

51891 

8 

44933 

65256 

9 

2.4596 

39087 

9 

365-04 

56234 

9 

40657 

60913 

I.O 

2.7183 

43429 

6.0 

403-43 

60577 

I.O 

36788 

56570 

1.1 

3.0042 

0.47772 

6.1 

445-86 

2.64920 

1.1 

0-33287 

1.52228 

2 

3.3201 

52II5 

2 

492-75 

69263 

2 

30119 

47885 

3 

4 

3-6693 

4.0552 

56458 
60801 

3 

4 

545-57 
601.85 

73606 
77948 

3 
4 

27253 
24660 

43542 
39199 

5 

4.4817 

65M4 

5 

665.14 

82291 

5 

22313 

34856 

1.6 

4-953° 

0.69487 

6.6 

735-10 

2.86634 

1.6 

0.20190 

T-305!3 

7 

5-4739 

73830 

7 

812.41 

90977 

7 

18268 

26170 

8 

6.0496 

78173 

8 

897-85 

95320 

8 

16530 

21827 

9 

6.6859 

82516 

9 

992.27 

99663 

9 

'4957 

17484 

2.0 

7.3891 

86859 

7-o 

1096.63 

3.04006 

2.O 

13534 

i3Mi 

2.1 

8.1662 

0.91202 

7.1 

I2I2.O 

3-08349 

21 

0.12246 

1.08798 

2 

9.0250 

95545 

2 

1339-4 

12692 

2 

11080 

04455 

3 

9.9742 

99888 

3 

1480.3 

'7035 

3 

10026 

OOII2 

4 

11.0232 

1.04231 

4 

1636.0 

21378 

4 

09073 

2.95769 

5 

12.1825 

08574 

5 

1  808.0 

25721 

5 

08208 

91426 

2.6 

13-463 

1.12917 

7.6 

1998.2 

3.30064 

2.6 

0.074274 

5.87083 

7 

14.880 

17260 

7 

2208.3 

34407 

7 

067205 

82740 

8 

16.445 

21602 

8 

2440.6 

38750 

8 

060810 

78398 

9 

18.174 

25945 

9 

2697.3 

43093 

9 

055023 

74055 

3-o 

20.086 

30288 

8.0 

2981.0 

47436 

3-o 

049787 

69712 

3.1 

22.198 

1-34631 

81 

3294-5 

3-5J779 

3.1 

0.045049 

2.65369 

2 

24-533 

38974 

2 

3641.0 

56121 

2 

040762 

6lO26 

3 

27.113 

43317 

3 

4023.9 

60464 

3 

036883 

56683 

4 

29.964 

47660 

4 

4447-1 

64807 

4 

033373 

52340 

5 

33-"5 

52003 

5 

4914.8 

69150 

5 

030197 

47997 

3.6 

36.598 

i  .  56346 

8.6 

5431-7 

3-73493 

3.6 

0.027324 

2.43654 

7 

40.447 

60689 

7 

6002.9 

77836 

7 

024724 

393'i 

8 

44.701 

65032 

8 

6634.2 

82179 

8 

022371 

34968 

9 

49.402 

69375 

9 

7332-0 

86522 

9 

020242 

30625 

4.0 

54-598 

•  73718 

9.0 

8103.1 

90865 

4.0 

018316 

26282 

4.1 

60.340 

1.78061 

9.1 

8955- 

3.95208 

4.1 

0.016573 

2.21939 

2 

66.686 

82404 

2 

9897- 

995  5  ! 

2 

014996 

'7596 

3 

73.700 

86747 

3 

10938. 

4.03894 

3 

013569 

13253 

4 

81.451 

91090 

4 

12088. 

08237 

4 

012277 

08910 

5 

90.017 

95433 

5 

13360. 

12580 

5 

011109 

04567 

4.6 

99.48 

1-99775 

96 

14765. 

4.16923 

4.6 

0.010052 

2.00225 

7 

109-95 

2.04118 

7 

16318. 

21266 

7 

009095 

3.95882 

8 

121.51 

08461 

8 

18034. 

25609 

8 

008230 

91  539 

9 

I34-29 

12804 

9 

19930. 

29952 

9 

007447 

87196 

5-o 

148.41 

'7147 

IO.O 

22026. 

34295 

S-o 

006738 

82853 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


EXPONENTIAL   FUNCTIONS. 


TABLE  43. 


Value  oi  e*2  and  e- *"  and  their  logarithms. 


The  equation  to  the  probability  curve  is  y  =:  , 
negative,  between  zero  and  infinity. 


',  where  x  may  have  any  value,  positive  or 


ar 

<f-rs 

log  ex* 

e-x"- 

log  e-x* 

0.1 

I.OIOI 

0.00434 

0.99005 

7.99566 

O 

1.0408 

01737 

96079 

98263 

3 

1.0904 

03909 

9  '393 

96091 

4 

I-I735 

06949 

85214 

93051 

5 

1.2840 

10857 

77880 

89143 

0.6 

M333 

0.15635 

0.69768 

1.84365 

7 

1.6323 

21280 

61263 

78720 

8 

1.8965 

27795 

52729 

72205 

9 

2.2479 

35178 

44486 

64822 

I.O 

2.7183 

43429 

36788 

56571 

1.1 

3-3535 

0-52550 

0.29820 

1.47450 

2 

4.2207 

62538 

23693 

37462 

3 

5-4I95 

73396 

18452 

26604 

4 

7-0993 

85122 

14086 

14878 

5 

9.4877 

97716 

10540 

02284 

1.6 

1.2936  X  10 

1.  11179 

0.77306  X  IO"1 

2.88821 

7 

1-7993 

255'i 

55576   " 

74489 

8 

2-5534 

40711 

39l64 

59289 

9 

3.6996   " 

56780 

27052 

43220 

2.0 

5-4598 

73718 

18316   " 

26282 

2.1 

8.2269 

1.91524 

0.12155   " 

2.08476 

2 

1.2647  X  10- 

2.10199 

79070  X  i  or* 

3.89801 

3 

I-9834   " 

29742 

50418   " 

70258 

4 

3-1735   " 

50154 

3I511 

49846 

5 

5.1802 

7M34 

i9304 

28566 

2.6 

8.6264   " 

2-93583 

0.11592   " 

3.06417 

7 

1.4656  X  io3 

3.16601 

68233  X  10-3 

4.83400 

8 

2.5402   " 

40487 

39367 

595!3 

9 

4.4918 

65242 

22263 

3475s 

3-o 

8.1031 

90865 

12341 

09135 

3.1 

1.4913  X  io* 

4-17357 

0.67055  X  io~4 

5-82643 

2 

2.8001   " 

44718 

3^r3 

55283 

3 

5.2960   " 

72947 

18644 

27053 

4 

1.0482  X  io5 

5.02044 

95402  X  io-6 

6.97956 

5 

2.0898 

32011 

47851 

67989 

3.6 

4.2507   « 

5.62846 

0.23526   " 

6-37I54 

7 

8.8205 

94549 

"337 

05451 

8 

1.8673  X  io<5 

6.27121 

53554  X  10-6 

7.72879 

9 

4.0329 

60562 

24796 

39438 

4.0 

8.8861 

94871 

11254 

05129 

4.1 

1.9976  X  io7 

7.30049 

0.50062  X  io-" 

'  5.69951 

2 

4.5809 

66095 

21829   " 

33905 

3 

1.0718  X  io8 

8.0301  1 

933°3  X  ID"8 

9.96989 

4 

2-5583   " 

40796 

39088   " 

59204 

5 

6.2297 

79447 

16052   " 

20553 

4.6 

1.5476  X  io9 

9.18967 

0.64614  X  io~9 

10.81033 

7 

3.9228   " 

59357 

25494 

40643 

8 

1.0143  X  io10 

10.00615 

98595  X  io-*> 

"•99385 

.  9 

2.6755   " 

42741 

37376   " 

57259 

S-o 

7.2005 

85736 

13888 

14264 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


33 


TABLE  44. 


EXPONENTIAL    FUNCTIONS. 

TT  _*ae 

Values  of  0**and£     *    and  their  logarithms. 


0 

IT 

e** 

\o§e** 

e    ** 

ir 

}oge~^z 

1 

2-  '933 

0.34109 

0.45594 

1.65891 

2 

4.8105 

.68219 

.20788 

.31781 

3 

1.0551  X  10 

1.02328 

.94780  X  icr1 

2.97672 

4 

2.3141 

-36438 

.43214 

•63562 

5 

5-Q754 

•70547 

•19703 

•29453 

6 

1.1132  X  iQ2 

2.04656 

0.89833  X  10-2 

3-95344 

7 

2.4415 

.38766 

.40958 

.61  234 

8 

5-3549 

.72875 

.18674 

.27125 

9 

1.1745  X  lo3 

3.06985 

.85144  X  ID"3 

4-93OI5 

10 

2.5760 

.41094 

.38820 

•58906 

11 

5.6498       " 

3.75204 

0.17700       " 

4.24796 

12 

1.2392  X  10* 

4-09313 

.80699  X   TO"4 

5.90687 

'3 

2.7168 

.43422 

•36794 

•56578 

14 

5.9610       " 

•77532 

.16776 

.22468 

15 

1.3074  X  id5 

5.11641 

.76487   X   IO-5 

6.88359 

16 

2.8675       " 

S-45751 

0.34873           " 

6.54249 

17 

6.2893       « 

.79860 

.I59OO 

.20140 

18 

1-3794  X  io« 

6.13969 

.72495  X  io-« 

7.86031 

r9 

3-0254 

.48079 

•33053 

.51921 

20 

6.6356       " 

.82189 

.1  5070 

.17812 

TABLE  45. 


EXPONENTIAL   FUNCTIONS. 

V>r  V»r 

Values  of  &  *  x  and  f-      *     and  their  logarithms. 


X 

v"* 

e  * 

v** 
Iog0* 

V* 

0--T-* 

V; 

\oge  -•* 

1 

1.4429 

0.19244 

0.64203 

1.807  56 

2 

2.4260 

.38488 

.41221 

.61512 

3 

3-7786 

•57733 

.26465 

.42267 

4 

5-8853 

.76977 

.16992 

.23023 

5 

9.1666 

.96221 

.10909 

•03/79 

6 

14.277 

1.15465 

0.070041 

2-84535 

7 

22.238 

•34709 

.044968 

•65291 

8 

34.636 

•53953 

.028871 

.46047 

9 

53-948 

•73I9» 

.018536 

.26802 

10 

84.027 

.92442 

.OI  IQX)! 

•07558 

11 

130.87 

2.11686 

0.0076408 

3.88314 

12 

203.85 

.30930 

.0049057 

.69070 

13 

3I7-5° 

•5OI74 

.0031496 

.49826 

'4 

494.52 

.69418 

.OO2O222 

.30582 

15 

770.24 

.88663 

.0012983 

•11337 

16 

1199.7 

3.07907 

0.00083355 

4.92093 

17 
18 

1868.5 
2910.4 

.27151 
•46395 

.00053517 
.00034360 

.72849 
•53605 

'9 

20 

4533-1 
7060.5 

.65639 
.84883 

.OOO22O6O 
.00014163 

•34361 
.15117 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


34 


EXPONENTIAL    FUNCTIONS. 

Value  of  <••'  and  e~*  and  their  logarithms. 


TABLE  46. 


1 

X 

ex 

log  ex 

«-* 

log  e-* 

1/64 

1.0157 

0.00679 

0.98450 

1.99321 

1/32 

•0317 

•OI357 

.96923 

.98643 

1/16 

.0645 

.02714 

•93941 

.97286 

I/IO 

.1052 

•04343 

.90484 

•95657 

i/9 

•"75 

.04825 

.89484 

•95175 

1/8 
i/7 

I-I33I 
•!536 

0.05429 
.06204 

0.88250 
.86688 

144571 

•93796 

1/6 

.1814 

.07238 

.84648 

.92762 

i/5 

.2214 

.08686 

.81873 

•$*3M 

i/4 

.2840 

.10857 

.77880 

.89143 

i/3 

I-3956 

0.14476 

0-7  i  653 

^•85524 

1/2 

.6487 

.21715 

.60653 

.78285 

3/4 

2.1170 

•32572 

•4/237 

.67428 

i 

•7183 

•43429 

.36788 

•56571 

5/4 

3-4903 

•54287 

.28650 

•45713 

3/2 

4.4817 

0.65144 

0.22313 

1.34856 

7/4 

5-7546 

.76002 

•1/377 

.23998 

2 

7-3^91 

.86859  . 

•13535 

.13141 

9/4 

9.4877 

.97716 

.10540 

.02284 

5/2 

12.1825 

1.08574 

.08208 

2.91426 

TABLE  47. 
LEAST  SQUARES.* 

2    Chae 

Values  of  P  —  -.-          e-('<x*>*d(hx) 

vVo 

This  table  gives  the  value  of  P,  the  probability  of  an  observational  error  having  a  value  positive  or  negative  equal 
to  or  less  than  x  when  h  is  the  measure  of  precision,  P  =  -^  |         e-(itx)1 d(hx) 


cision,P=~=   C' 

Jo 


lur 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

0.0 

.01128 

.02256 

•03384 

.04511 

•05637 

.06762 

.07886 

.09008 

.10128 

.11246 

O.I 

.12362 

•13476 

•MS8? 

•15695 

.16800 

.17901 

.18999 

.20094 

.21184 

.22270 

0.2 

•23352 

.24430 

•25502 

.26570 

•27633 

.28690 

.29742 

.30788 

.31828 

•32863 

o-3 

•3389T 

•34913 

•35928 

.36936 

•37938 

•38933 

•33921 

.40901 

.41874 

.42839 

0.4 

•43797 

•44747 

.45689 

.88623 

.47548 

.48466 

•49375 

•50275 

.51167 

•52050 

0.5 

.52924 

•5379° 

.54646 

•55494 

•56332 

.57162 

•57982 

.58792 

•59594 

.60386 

0.6 

.61168 

.61941 

.62705 

•63459 

.64203 

.64938 

.65663 

.66378 

.67084 

.67780 

o-7 

.68467 

.69143 

.69810 

.70468 

.71116 

•71754 

.72382 

.73001 

.73610 

.74210 

0.8 

.74800 

•75381 

•75952 

•76514 

.77067 

,77610 

.78144 

.78669 

.79184 

.79691 

0.9 

.80188 

.80677 

.81156 

.81627 

.82089 

.82542 

.82987 

•83423 

•83851 

.84270 

1.0 

.84681 

.85084 

.85478 

.85865 

.86244 

.86614 

.86977 

•87333 

.87680 

.88020 

.1 

•88353 

.88679 

.88997 

.8930cS 

.89612 

.89910 

.90200 

.90484 

.90761 

.91031 

.2 

.91296 

•91553 

.91805 

.92051 

.92290 

.92524 

.92751 

•92973 

.93190 

.93401 

•3 

.93606 

.93807 

.94001 

.94191 

•94376 

•94556 

•9473  i 

.94902 

.95067 

.95229 

•4 

•95385 

•95538 

.95686 

.95830 

•95970 

.96105 

.96237 

•96365 

.96490 

.96610 

1.5 

.96728 

.96841 

.96952 

•97059 

.97162 

.97263 

•97360 

•97455 

•97546 

•97635 

.6 

.97721 

.97804 

.97884 

.97962 

.98038 

.981  10 

.98181 

.98249 

•98315 

•98379 

•7 

.98441 

.98500 

•98558 

.98613 

.98667 

.98719 

.98769 

.98817 

.98864 

.98909 

.8 

•989.52 

.98994 

•99035 

.99074 

.99111 

.99147 

.99182 

.99216 

.99248 

.99279 

•9 

.99309 

•99338 

.99366 

•99392 

.99418 

•99443 

.99466 

.99489 

.99511 

•99532 

*  Tables  47-52  are  for  the  most  part  quoted  from  Howe's  "  Formula;  and  Methods  used  in  the  application  of  Least 
Squares." 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

35 


TABLE  48. 


LEAST  SQUARES. 


This  table  gives  the  values  of  the  probability  P,  as  defined  in  last  table,  corresponding  to  different  values  of 
x I  r  where  r  is  the  "  probable  error."    The  probable  error  r  is  equal  to  0.476947  h. 


X 

r 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0.0 

.00000 

.00538 

.01076 

.01614 

.02512 

.02690 

.03228 

.03766 

•04303 

.04840 

O.I 

•05378 

.05914 

.06451 

.06987 

•07523 

.08059 

•08594 

.09129 

.09663 

.10197 

0.2 

.10731 

.  i  i  264 

.11796 

.12328 

.12860 

J339' 

.13921 

.14451 

.14980 

•15508 

o-3 

.16035 

.16562 

.17088 

.17614 

.18138 

.18662 

.19185 

.19707 

.20229 

•20749 

0.4 

.21268 

.21787 

.22304 

.22821 

•23336 

.23851 

.24364 

.24876 

•25388 

.25898 

0.5 

.26407 

.26915 

.27421 

.27927 

.28431 

•28934 

•29436 

.29936 

•30435 

•3°933 

0.6 

•31430 

•31925 

•32419 

.32911 

•33402 

•33892 

•3438o 

.34866 

•35352 

•35835 

0.7 

•363^ 

.36798 

•37277 

•37755 

•38231 

•38705 

•39178 

•39649 

.401  1  8 

.40586 

o.S 

.41052 

.41517 

.41979 

.42440 

.42899 

•43357 

•43813 

•44267 

.44719 

.45169 

0.9 

.45618 

.46064 

.46509 

.46952 

•47393 

•4/832 

.48270 

48605 

•49139 

•49570 

1.0 

.50000 

.50428 

•50853 

•5I277 

.51699 

.52119 

•52537 

•52952 

•53366 

•53778 

.1 

.54188 

•54595 

.55001 

•55404 

.55806 

•56205 

.56602 

.56998 

•57391 

•57782 

.2 

.58171 

•58558 

•58942 

•59325 

•59705 

.60083 

.60460 

.60833 

.61205 

•6i575 

•3 

.61942 

.62308 

.62671 

.63032 

•63391 

•63747 

.64102 

•64554 

.64804 

•651  52 

•4 

.65498 

.65841 

.66182 

.66521 

.66858 

•67193 

.67526 

.67856 

.68184 

.68510 

1.5 

.68833 

•69155 

.69474 

.69791 

.70106 

.70419 

.70729 

.71038 

•71344 

.71648 

.6 

.71949 

.72249 

.72546 

.72841 

•73134 

•73425 

•73714 

.74000 

.74285 

•74567 

•7 

.74847 

•75I24 

.75400 

•75674 

•7-5945 

.76214 

.76481 

.76746 

.77009 

.77270 

.8 

•77528 

•77785 

.78039 

.78291 

•78542 

.78790 

•79036 

.79280 

•79522 

.79761 

•9 

•79999 

.80235 

.80469 

.80700 

.80930 

.81158 

•81383 

.81607 

.81828 

.82048 

2.0 

.82266 

.82481 

.82695 

.82907 

.83117 

•83324 

•83530 

•83734 

•83936 

•84137 

2.1 

•84335 

•84531 

.84726 

.84919 

.85109 

.85298 

.85486 

.85671 

•85854 

.86036 

2.2 

.86216 

.86394 

.86570 

.86745 

.86917 

.87088 

•87258 

.87425 

•87591 

•87755 

2-3 

.87918 

.88078 

•88237 

•88395 

.88550 

•88705 

.88857 

.89008 

•89157 

.89304 

2-4 

.89450 

•89595 

.89738 

.89879 

.90019 

•90157 

.90293 

.90428 

.90562 

.90694 

2.5 

.90825 

.90954 

.91082 

.91208 

•91332 

.91456 

•91578 

.91698 

.91817 

•9!935 

2.6 

.92051 

.92  1  66 

.92280 

•92392 

•92503 

.92613 

.92721 

.92828 

•92934 

•93038 

2.7 

•93i4i 

•93243 

•93344 

•93443 

•93541 

•93638 

•93734 

•93828 

.93922 

.94014 

2.8 

.94105 

.94195 

.94284 

•94371 

.94458 

•94543 

.94627 

.94711 

•94793 

.94874 

2.9 

•94954 

•95033 

.95111 

•95^7 

.95263 

•95338 

•95412 

•95484 

•95557 

.95628 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

3 

.95698 

.96346 

.96910 

•97397 

.97817 

.98176 

.98482 

•98743 

.98962 

.99147 

4 

.99302 

•9943  r 

•99539 

99627 

.99700 

.99760 

.99808 

.99848 

•99879 

•99905 

5 

.99926 

•99943 

.99956 

.99966 

•99974 

.99980 

•99985 

.99988 

.99991 

•99993 

TABLE  49. 


LEAST  SQUARES. 

Values  of  the  factor  0.6745\/-^. 
\n— 1 

This  factor  occurs  in  the  equation  e,  =  o.6745"V/  3-    for  the  probable  error  of  a  single  observation,  and  other 


similar  equations. 


n    = 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

00 

0.6745 

0.4769 

0.3894 

0.3372 

0.3016 

0.2754 

0.2549 

0.2385 

10 

0.2248 

0.2133 

.2029 

.1947 

.1871 

.1803 

.1742 

.1686 

.1636 

.1590 

20 

•1547 

.1508 

..1472 

•1438 

.1406 

•1377 

•1349 

•!323 

.1298 

.1275 

30 

.1252 

.1231 

.1211 

.1192 

.1174 

•1157 

.1140 

.1124 

.1109 

.1094 

40 

.1080 

.1066 

•'053 

.1041 

.1029 

.1017 

.1005 

.0994 

.0984 

.0974 

50 

0.0964 

0.0954 

0.0944 

0.0935 

0.0926 

0.0918 

0.0909 

0.0901 

0.0893 

0.0886 

60 

.  .0878 

.0871 

.0864 

•o857 

.0850 

•0843 

.0837 

.0830 

.0824 

.0818 

70 

.0812 

.0806 

.0800 

•0795 

.0789 

.0784 

•0778 

•0773 

.0768 

.0763 

80 

•0759 

.0754 

.0749 

.0745 

.0940 

.0736 

•0731 

.0727 

.0723 

.0719 

90 

•0715 

.0711 

.0707 

.0703 

.0699 

.0696 

.0692 

.0688 

.0685 

.0681 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


LEAST  SQUARES. 

Values  of  the  factor  0.6745A/     *    , 
\  «(n— 1) 


TABLE  SO. 


/'V    2 
,  — —  for  the  probable  error  of  the  arithmetic  mean. 
,  «(«—  i) 


It   — 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

00 

0.4769 

0.2754 

0.1947 

0.1508 

0.1231 

0.1041 

0.0901 

0.0795 

10 

0.07  1  1 

0.0643 

.0587 

.0540 

.0500 

.0465 

•0435 

.0409 

.0386 

•0365 

,  20 

.0346 

.0329 

.0314 

.0300 

.0287 

.0275 

.0265 

.0255 

.0245 

.0237 

30 

0.0229 

O.O22I 

0.0214 

0.0208 

O.O2OI 

0.0196 

0.0190 

0.0185 

0.0180 

0.0.175 

40 

.0171 

.0167 

.0163 

.0159 

•0155 

.0152 

.0148 

.0145 

.0142 

.0139 

5° 

.0136 

.0134 

.0131 

.0128 

.OI26 

.0124 

.0122 

.0119 

.0117 

.0115 

TABLE  51, 


LEAST  SQUARES. 

Values  of  the  factor  0.8453\/  — ^-=-. . 

\  n(n—l) 

This  factor  occurs  in  the  equation  e.  =  0.8453  r7=          ;  for  the  probable  error  of  a  single  observation. 

»»(« — i) 


n   — 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

00 

o.S9?8 

0.34  5  i 

0.2440 

0.1890 

0.1543 

0.1304 

0.1130 

0.0996 

10 

0.0891 

0.0806 

.0736 

.0677 

.0627 

.0583 

.0546 

•0513 

.0483 

.0457 

20 

,  -0434 

.0412 

•°393 

.0376 

.0360 

•0345 

•0332 

.0319 

.0307 

.0297 

30 

0.0287 

0.0277 

0.0268 

0.0260 

0.0252 

0.0245 

0.0238 

0.0232 

0.0225 

O.O22O 

40 

.0214 

.0209 

.0204 

.or99 

.0194 

.0190 

.0186 

.0182 

.0178 

.0174 

50 

.0171 

.0167 

.0164 

.0161 

.0158 

•oi55 

.0152 

.0150 

.0147 

.0145 

LEAST  SQUARES. 


TABLE  52. 


Values  of  0.8453 


-  . 
—  1 


This  table  gives  the  average  error  of  the  arithmetic  mean  wlien  the  probable  error  is  one. 


»l    = 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

00 

0.4227 

0.1993 

O.I22O 

0.0845 

0.0630 

0.0493 

0.0399 

0.0332 

10 

0.0282 

0.0243 

.0212 

.0188 

.0167 

.0151 

.0136 

.0124 

.0144 

.0105 

20 

.0097 

.0090 

.0084 

.0078 

.0073 

.0069 

.0065 

.0061 

.0058 

•0055 

30 

0.0052 

0.0050 

0.0047 

0.0045 

0.0043 

0.0041 

0.0040 

0.0038 

0.0037 

0.0035 

40 

.0034 

•0033 

.0031 

.0030 

.OO29 

.0028 

.0027 

.0027 

.0026 

.0025 

5° 

.0024 

• 

.0023 

.0023 

.0022 

.0022 

.0021 

.0020 

.0020 

.0019 

.0019 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


37 


TABLE  53. 


GAMMA  FUNCTION.* 


Value  of  log 


/"» 
'.(     e-**-1 

Jo 


tlx  +  10. 


Values  of  the  logarithms  -f  10  of  the  "  Second  Eiilerian  Integral "  (Gamma  f 


c 

unction)    I 

Jo 


or  log  r(«) 


for  values  of  n  between  i  and  2.     When  «  has  values  not  lying  between  i  and  2  the  value  of  the  function  can  be 
readily  calculated  from  the  equation  T(«+i)  rr  «I\«)  =  «(«— i)  .  .  .  (n—r)T(n—r). 


n 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1.00 

9-99  

97497 

95001 

92512 

90030 

87555 

85087 

82627 

80173 

77727 

I.OI 

75287 

72855 

7043° 

68011 

65600 

63196 

60799 

58408 

56025 

53648 

1.02 

51279 

48916 

46561 

44212 

41870 

39535 

37207 

34886 

32572 

30265 

1.03 

27964 

25671 

23384 

21104 

I8§31 

16564 

14305 

12052 

09806 

07^67 

1.04 

°5334 

03108 

00889 

98677 

96471 

94273 

92080 

89895 

87715 

81544 

1.05 

9-9883379 

81220 

79068 

76922 

74783 

72651 

70525 

68406 

66294 

64188 

i.  06 

62089 

59996 

579'o 

55830 

53757 

51690 

49630 

47577 

45530 

43489 

1.07 

41469 

39428 

37407 

35392 

333»4 

31382 

29387 

27398 

25415 

23449 

i.  08 
1.09 

21469 
02123 

19506 
00223 

17542 
98329 

15599 
96442 

13655 
9456i 

11717 
92686 

m 

07860 
89856 

05941 
87100 

04029  ! 
852^0  i 

1.10 

9.9783407 

81570 

79738 

779f4 

76095 

74283 

72476 

70676 

68882 

67095 

i.  ii 

653^ 

63538 

61768 

60005 

58248 

56497 

54753 

53014 

51281 

49555 

1.  12 

47834 

46120 

44411 

42709 

41013 

39323 

3/638 

3596o 

34288 

32622 

I-I3 

30962 

29308 

27659 

26017 

24381 

22751 

21126 

19508 

17896 

16289 

I.I4 

14689 

i3094 

"505 

09922 

08345 

06774 

05209 

03650 

02096 

00549 

1.15 

9.9699007 

9747  i 

95941 

94417 

92898 

91386 

89879 

88378 

86883 

85393 

1.16 

83910 

82432 

80960 

79493 

78033 

76578 

75129 

73686 

72248 

70816 

1.17 

69390 

67969 

66554 

65J45 

63742 

62344 

60952 

59566 

58185 

56810  | 

1.18 

55440 

54076 

52718 

51366 

50019 

48677 

47341 

46011 

44867 

43368 

1.19 

42054 

40746 

39444 

38i47 

36856 

35570 

34290 

33016 

3!747 

30483 

1.20 

9.9629225 

27973 

26725 

25484 

24248 

23017 

21792 

20573 

19358 

18150 

1.  21 

16946 

15748 

'4556 

13369 

12188 

IIOI  I 

09841 

08675 

07515 

06361  | 

1.22 

05212 

04068 

02930 

01796 

00669 

99546 

98430 

973!8 

96212 

95111 

1.23 

594015 

92925 

91840 

90760 

89685 

88616 

87553 

86494 

85441 

84393 

1.24 

83350 

82313 

81280 

80253 

79232 

78215 

77204 

76198 

75197 

74201 

1.25 

9-95732" 

72226 

71246 

70271 

69301 

68337 

67377 

66423 

65474 

6453° 

1.26 

63592 

62658 

61730 

60806 

59888 

58975 

58067 

57i65 

56267 

55374 

1.27 

54487 

53604 

52727 

51855 

50988 

50126 

49268 

48416 

47570 

46728 

1.28 

45891 

45059 

44232 

434io 

42593 

41782 

40975 

40173 

39376 

38585 

1.29 

37798 

37016 

36239 

35467 

34700 

33938 

33i8i 

32439 

31682 

30940 

1.30 

9-9530203 

29470 

28743 

28021 

27303 

26590 

25883 

25180 

24482 

23789 

'•31 

23100 

22417 

21739 

21065 

20396 

19732 

19073 

18419 

17770 

17125 

1.32 

16485 

r585o 

15220 

'4595 

'3975 

J3359 

12748 

12142 

11540 

10944 

'•33 

10353 

09766 

09184 

08606 

08034 

07466 

06903 

06344 

05791 

05242 

i-34 

04698 

04158 

03624 

03094 

02568 

02048 

01532 

OI02I 

00514 

OOOI2 

1.35 

9-94995I5 

99023 

98535 

98052 

97573 

97100 

96630 

96166 

95706 

95251 

1.36 

94800 

94355 

93913 

93477 

93°44 

92617 

92194 

91776 

91362 

90953 

i-37 

90549 

90149 

89754 

89363 

88977 

88595 

88218 

87846 

87478 

87"5 

1.38 

86756 

86402 

86052 

85707 

85366 

85030 

84698 

84371 

84049 

83731 

*-39 

83417 

83108 

82803 

82503 

82208 

81916 

81630 

81348 

81070 

80797 

1.40 

9.9480528 

80263 

80003 

79748 

79497 

79250 

79008 

78770 

78537 

78308 

1.41 

78084 

77864 

77648 

77437 

77230 

77027 

76829 

76636 

76446 

76261   ! 

1.42 

76081 

75905 

75733 

75565 

75402 

75243 

75089 

74939 

74793 

74652  i 

1-43 

745'5 

74382 

74254 

7413° 

74010 

73894 

73783 

73676 

93574 

73746 

1.44 

73382 

73292 

73207 

73^5 

73049 

72976 

72908 

72844 

72784 

72728 

*  Quoted  from  Carr's  "  Synopsis  of  Mathematics,"  and  is  there  quoted  from  Legendre's  "Exercises  de  Calcu) 
Integral,"  tome  ii. 


GAMMA    FUNCTION. 


TABLE  53. 


• 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1.45 

9.9472677 

72630 

72587 

72549 

725M 

72484 

72459 

72437 

72419 

72406 

1.46 

72397 

72393 

72392 

72396 

72404 

72416 

72432 

72452 

72477 

72506 

1.47 

72539 

72576 

72617 

72662 

72712 

72766 

72824 

72886 

72952 

73°22 

1.48 

73097 

73175, 

73258 

73345 

73436 

73531 

73630 

73734 

73841 

73953 

1.49 

74068 

74188 

74312 

74440 

74572 

74708 

74848 

74992 

75Hi 

75293 

1.50 

9-9475449 

75610 

75774 

75943 

76116 

76292 

76473 

76658 

76847 

77040 

1.51 

77237 

77438 

77642 

77851 

78064 

78281 

78502 

78727 

78956 

79189 

1.52 

79426 

79667 

79912 

80161 

80414 

80671 

80932 

81196 

81465 

81738 

x-53 

82015 

82295 

82580 

82868 

83161 

83457 

83758 

84062 

84370 

84682 

1.54 

84998 

853'8 

85642 

85970 

86302 

86638 

86977 

87321 

87668 

88019 

1.55 

9.9488374 

88733 

89096 

89463 

89834 

90208 

90587 

90969 

91355 

9J745 

1.56 
r-57 

92139 
96289 

92537 
96725 

92938 
97165 

93344 
97609 

93753* 
98056 

94166 
98508 

94583 
98963 

95004 
99422 

95429 
99885 

95857 
00351 

1.58 

500822 

01296 

01774 

02255 

02741 

03230 

03723 

04220 

04720 

05225 

i-59 

05733 

06245 

06760 

07280 

07803 

08330 

08860 

09395 

09933 

10475 

1.60 

9.9511020 

11569 

I2I22 

12679 

13240 

13804 

14372 

14943 

*55i9 

16098 

1.61 

16680 

17267 

17857 

18451 

19048 

19650 

20254 

20862 

21475 

22091  | 

1.62 

22710 

23333 

23960 

24591 

25225 

25863 

26504 

27149 

27798 

28451  ! 

1.63 

29107 

29767 

30430 

31097 

31767 

32442 

33J20 

338oi 

34486 

35!75 

1.64 

35867 

36563 

37263 

37966 

38673 

39383 

40097 

40815 

41536 

42260 

1.65 

9.9542989 

43721 

44456 

45T95 

45938 

46684 

47434 

48187 

48944 

49704 

1.66 

50468 

5I236 

52OO7 

52782 

5356o 

54342 

55127 

559l6 

56708 

575°4 

1.67 

58303 

59106 

59913 

60723 

61536 

62353 

63174 

63998 

64826 

65656 

1.68 

66491 

67329 

68170 

69015 

69864 

70716 

7I57I 

7243° 

73293 

74159 

1.69 

75028 

759oi 

76777 

77657 

78540 

79427 

80317 

81211 

82108 

83008 

1.70 

9.9583912 

84820 

85731 

86645 

87536 

88484 

89409 

90337 

91268 

32203 

1.71 

93J4i 

94083 

95O28 

95977 

96929 

97884 

98843 

99805 

00771 

01740 

1.72 

602712 

03688 

04667 

05650 

06636 

.07625 

08618 

09614 

10613 

11616 

i-73 

12622 

13632 

14645 

15661 

16681 

17704 

18730 

19760 

20793 

21830 

i-74 

22869 

23912 

24959 

26009 

27062 

28118 

29178 

30241 

3  '308 

32377 

1.75 

9-963345I 

34527 

35607 

36690 

37776 

38866 

39959 

41055 

42155 

43258 

1.76 

44364 

45473 

46586 

47702 

48821 

49944 

51070 

52200 

53331 

54467 

i-77 

55606 

56749 

57894 

59043 

60195 

61350 

62509 

63671 

64836 

66004 

1.78 

67176 

68351 

69529 

70710 

71895 

73082 

74274 

75468 

76665 

77866 

1.79 

79070 

80277 

81488 

82701 

83198 

85138 

86361 

87588 

88818 

90051 

1.80 

9.9691287 

92526 

93768 

95OI4 

96263 

975!5 

98770 

00029 

01291 

02555 

1.81 

703823 

05095 

06369 

07646 

08927 

IO2II 

11498 

12788 

14082 

15378 

1.82 

16678 

17981 

19287 

20596 

21908 

23224 

24542 

25864 

27189 

28517 

1.83 

29848 

31182 

32520 

3386o 

35204 

36551 

37900 

39254 

40610 

41969 

1.84 

43331 

44697 

46065 

47437 

48812 

50190 

5'57i 

52955 

54342 

55733 

185 

9.9757126 

58522 

59922 

61325 

62730 

64140 

65551 

66966 

68384 

69805 

1.86 

71230 

72657 

74087 

75521 

76957 

78397 

79839 

81285 

82734 

84186 

1.87 

85640 

87098 

88559 

90023 

91490 

92960 

94433 

959JO 

97389 

98871 

1.88 

800356 

01844 

03335 

04830 

06327 

07827 

0933  ! 

10837 

12346 

'3859 

1.89 

!5374 

16893 

18414 

19939 

21466 

22996 

24530 

26066 

27606 

29148 

1.90 

9.9830693 

32242 

33793 

35348 

36905 

38465 

40028 

41595 

43  164 

44736 

1.91 

46311 

47890 

4947  i 

51055 

52642 

54232 

55825 

57421 

59020 

60622 

1.92 

62226 

63834 

65445 

67058 

68675 

70294 

71917 

73542 

75170 

76802 

i-93 

78436 

80073 

8i7'3 

83356 

85002 

86651 

88302 

§295_7 

91614 

93275 

1.94 

94938 

96605 

98274 

99946 

01621 

03299 

04980 

06663 

08350 

10039 

1.95 

9.9911732 

13427 

'5I25 

16826 

18530 

20237 

21947 

23659 

25375 

27093 

1.96 

28815 

30539 

32266 

33995 

35728 

37464 

39202 

40943 

42688 

44435 

1.97 
1.98 

46185 
63840 

47937 
65621 

49693 
67405 

S'451 
69192 

53213 
70982 

54977 
72774 

56744 
7457° 

$& 

60286 
78169 

62062 
79972 

1.99 

81779 

83588 

85401 

87216 

89034 

90854 

92678 

94504 

96333 

98165 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


39 


TABLE  54. 


ZONAL    HARMONICS.* 


The  values  of  the  first  seven  zonal  harmonics  are  here  given  for  every  degree  between  6  =  0°  and  6  =  go°. 


e 

Zl 

Z2 

Z3 

Z4 

Z5 

Z»; 

z- 

0° 

I.OOCO 

I.OOOO 

I.OOOO 

I.OOOO 

I.OOOO 

I.OOOO 

I.OOOO 

1° 

0.9998 

09995  : 

0.9991 

0.9985 

0.9977 

09967 

0.9955 

2 

•9994 

.9982 

•9963 

•9939 

.9909 

.9872 

.9829 

'  3 

.9986 

•9959 

.9918 

•9863 

•9795 

•9713 

.9617 

4 

.9976 

.9927 

•9854 

•9758 

•9638 

•9495 

•9329 

5 

.9962 

.9886 

•9773 

.9623 

•9437 

.9216 

.8961 

6° 

•9945 

.9836 

.9674 

•9459 

.9194 

.8881 

.8522 

7 

•9925 

•9777 

•9557 

.9267 

.8911 

.8476 

.7986 

8 

•99°3 

.9709 

•9423 

.9048 

•8589 

.8053 

.7448 

9 

.9877 

•9633 

•9273 

.8803 

.8232 

•7571 

.6831 

10 

.9848 

•954^ 

.9106 

•8532 

.7840 

•7045 

.6164 

11° 

.9816 

•9454 

•8923 

.8238 

•7417 

.6483 

.5461 

12 

•9/8i 

•9352 

•8724 

.7920 

.6966 

.5892 

•4732 

13 

•9744 

.9241 

.8511 

•7582 

.6489 

•5273 

•394° 

14 

•9703 

.9122 

.8283 

.7224 

•5990 

•4635 

.3219 

15 

•9659 

•8995 

.8042 

.6847 

•5471 

.3982 

•2454 

16° 

.9613 

.8860 

•7787  ' 

.6454 

•4937 

•3322 

.1699 

i7 

•9563 

.8718 

-75*9 

.6046 

•439  r 

.2660 

.0961 

18 

•9511 

.8568 

.7240 

.5624 

•3«36 

.2002 

.0289 

19 

•9455 

.8410 

.6950 

.5192 

.3276 

•1347 

—•0443 

20 

-9397 

.8245 

.6649 

•475° 

.2715 

.0719 

—  .1072 

21° 

•9336 

.8074 

•6338 

.4300 

.2156 

.0107 

—.1662 

22 

.9272 

•7895 

.6019 

•3845 

.1602 

—  .0481 

—  .2201 

23 

•9205 

.7710 

.5692 

•3386 

•1057 

-.1038 

—.2681 

24 

•9135 

.7518 

•5357 

.2926 

•0525 

—•1559 

—•3°95 

25 

.9063 

•7321 

.5016 

.2465 

.0009 

—•2053 

—•3463 

26° 

.8988 

.7117 

.4670 

.2007 

—  .0489 

—.2478 

—•3717 

27 

.8910 

.6908 

•43  i  9 

•r553 

—.0964 

—.2869 

—.3921 

28 

.8829 

.6694 

•3964 

.1105 

—.1415 

—.3211 

—.4052 

29 

.8746 

.6474 

.3607 

.0665 

-.1839 

—  -35°3 

—.4114 

3° 

.8660 

.6250 

•3248 

.0234 

—•2233 

—•3740 

—  .4101 

31° 

.8572 

.6021 

.2887 

—.0185 

—•2595 

—•3924 

—  .4022 

32 

.8480 

.5788 

•2527 

—.0591 

—.2923 

—.4052 

-.3876 

33 

.8387 

•5551 

.2167 

—.0982 

—.3216 

—  .4126 

—•3670 

34 

.8290 

•53!° 

.1809 

—  -!357 

—•3473 

—.4148 

—•3409 

35 

.8192 

.5065 

•1454 

—.1714 

—.3691 

—.4115 

—.3096 

36° 

.8090 

.4818 

.1102 

—.2052 

—•3871 

—.4031 

-.2738 

37 

.7986 

•4567 

•0755 

—.2370 

—  .4011 

-.3898 

—•2343 

38 

.7880 

•43  1  4 

.0413 

—.2666 

—  .4112 

—•3719 

—.1918 

39 

•7771 

•4059 

.0077 

—.2940 

—  .4174 

—•3497 

—.1469 

40 

.7660 

.3802 

—  .0252 

—.3190 

—.4197 

—•3234 

—.1003 

41° 

•7547 

•3544 

—.0574 

—.3416 

—.4181 

-.2938 

—•0534  • 

42 

•7431 

.3284 

—.0887 

-.3616 

—.4128 

—  .2611 

—  .0065 

43 

•73H 

•3°23 

—  .1191 

—•3791 

—.4038 

—•2253 

•°395 

44 

•7193 

.2762 

-.1485 

—•3940 

—•39'4 

—.1878 

.0846 

45 

.7071 

.2500 

—.1768 

—  .4062 

—•3757 

-.1485 

.1270 

*  Calculated  by  Prof.  Perry  (Phil.  Mag.  Dec.  1891).     See  also  A.  Gray,  "Absolute  Measurements  in  Electricity 
and  Magnetism,"  vol.  ii.,  part  2. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

40 


ZONAL    HARMONICS. 


TABLE  54. 


1 

Zl 

Z.j 

Z3 

Z4 

Z5 

Z6 

Z7 

46° 

0.6947 

0.2238 

—  .2040 

-.4158 

-•3568 

—.1079 

0.1666 

47 

.6820 

.1977 

—  .2300 

—.4252 

—•335° 

—.0645 

•2054 

48 

.6691 

.1716 

—•2547 

—.4270 

—  -3105 

—  .0251 

•2349 

49 

.6561 

.1456 

—.2781 

—.4286 

-.2836 

.0161 

.2627 

5° 

.6428 

.1198 

—.3002 

—•4275 

—•2545 

•0563 

.2854 

51° 

.6293 

.0941 

—.3209 

—4239 

—•2235 

.0954 

•3°3! 

52 

•6'57 

.0686 

—.3401 

-.4178 

—  .1910 

.1326 

•3!53 

53 

.6018 

•0433 

—•3578 

—•4093 

—•1571 

.1677 

.3221 

54 

55 

.5878  . 
•5736 

.0182 
—  .0065 

—•3740 
—.3886 

-•3984 
-•3852 

—  .1223 
—.0868 

.2002 
.2297 

•3234 
•3'9i 

56° 

•5592 

—.0310 

—  .4016 

-.3698 

—  .0510 

•2559 

•3°95 

57 

•5446 

—•0551 

—•4I31 

—•3524 

—  .0150 

•2787 

.2949 

58 

.5299 

—.0788 

—.4229 

—  -3331 

.0206 

.2976 

.2752 

£9 

•5'5° 

—  .1021 

—.4310 

—  -3"9 

•°557 

•3125 

.2511 

60 

.5000 

—.1250 

—•4375 

—.2891 

.0898 

•3232 

.2231 

61° 

.4848 

—.1474 

—•4423 

—.2647 

.1229 

.3298 

.1916 

62 

.4695 

—.1694 

—•4455 

—.2390 

•1545 

•3321 

•i57i 

63 

•4540 

—  .1908 

—.4471 

.2121 

.1844 

•3302 

.1203 

64 

•4384 

—.2117 

—.4470 

—.1841 

.2123 

.3240 

.0818 

65 

.4226 

—.2321 

—•4452 

—  -1552 

•2381 

•3138 

.0422 

66° 

.4067 

-.2518 

—.4419 

—  .1256 

.2615 

.2996 

.0021 

67 

•3907 

—  .27IO 

—•4370 

—•0955 

.2824 

.2819 

—  -°37S 

68 

•3746 

—.2896 

—•43°5 

—  .0650 

•3005 

.2605 

—.0763 

69 

•3584' 

—  -3°74 

—.4225 

—•0344 

•3158 

.2361 

—•"35 

70 

.3420 

—•3425 

—.4130 

—.0038 

•3281 

.2089 

—.1485 

71° 

•3256 

—.3410 

—  .4021 

.0267 

•3373 

.1786 

—.1811 

72 

.3090 

-•3568 

-.3898 

.0568 

•3434 

.1472 

—  .2099 

73 

.2924 

-•37i8 

—•376i 

.0864 

•3463 

.1144 

—•2347 

74 

.2756 

-.3860 

—.361  1 

•"53 

•346i 

.0795 

—•2559 

75 

.2588 

—•3995 

—•3449 

•1434 

•3427 

.0431 

—.2730 

76° 

.2419 

—.4112 

—•3275 

•1705 

•3362 

.0076 

—.2848 

77 

.2250 

—.4241 

—.3090 

.1964 

.3267 

—.0284 

—.2919 

78 

.2079 

—•4352 

-.2894 

.2211 

•3*43 

—  .0644 

—•2943 

79 

.1908 

—•4454 

—.2688 

•2443 

.2990 

—.0989 

—.2913 

80 

•1736 

—.4548 

—.2474 

.2659 

.2810 

—.1321 

-•2835 

81° 

.1564 

—•4633 

—.2251 

.2859 

.2606 

—  1635 

—.2709 

82 

.1392 

—.4709 

—  .2020 

.3040 

•2378 

—  .1926 

—•2536 

«3 

.1219 

—•4777 

—  -1783 

•3203 

.2129 

—.2193 

—.2321 

84 

.1045 

-.4836 

—  -'539 

•3345 

.1861 

—.2431 

—  .2067 

85 

.0872 

—.4886 

—.129! 

•3468 

•1577 

-.2638 

—  -J779 

86° 

.0698 

—.4927 

—.1038 

•3569 

.1278 

—.2811 

—  .1460 

87 

•0523 

—•4959 

—.0781 

.3648 

.0969 

—.2947 

—.1117 

88 
89 

•0349 
•0175 

-.4982 
—•4995 

—  .0522 
—  .0262 

•3704 
•3739 

.0651 
.0327 

—•3045 
—  -3I05 

—•0735 
—.0381 

90 

.ocoo 

—  .5000 

—  .0000 

•375° 

.0000 

—•3125 

—  .0000 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  55. 


MUTUAL   INDUCTANCE.* 

M 
Values  of  log  —  -T=- 


M 


Table  of  values  of  log  — y — -  for  facilitating  the  calculation  of  the  mutual  inductance  M  of  two  coaxial  circles  of 

radii  a,  a',  at  distance  apart  b.     The  table  is  calculated  for  intervals  of  &  in  the  value  of  cos—'  {  i  — 

I  \a — a'  )•*  +  o*  > 

from  60°  to  90°. 


1 

0' 

6' 

12' 

18 

24 

30' 

36' 

42' 

48' 

54' 

60° 

^•4994783 

5022651 

5050505 

5078345 

5106173 

5^3989 

5161791 

5189582 

5217361 

5245128 

61 

5272883 

5300628 

5328361 

5356084 

5383796 

5411498 

5439!90  5466872 

5494545 

5522209 

62 

5549864 

5577510 

5605147 

5632776 

5660398 

5688011 

5715618 

5743217 

5770809 

5798394 

63 

5825973 

5853546 

5881113 

590867  5 

5936231 

5963782 

5991322 

6018871 

6046408 

6073942 

64 

6101472 

6128998 

6156522 

6184042 

6211560 

6239076 

6266589 

6294101 

6321612 

6349121 

65° 

1.6376629 

6404137 

6431645 

6459153 

6486660 

6514169 

6541678 

6569189 

6596701 

6624215 

66 

6651732 

6679250 

6706772 

6734296 

6761824 

6789356 

6816891  6844431 

6871976 

6899526 

67 

6927081 

6954642 

6982209 

7009782 

7037362 

7064949 

7092544 

7120146 

7H7756 

7175375 

68 

7203003 

7230640 

7258286 

7285942 

7313609 

7341287 

7368975 

7396675 

7424387 

7452111 

69 

7479848 

7507597 

753536i 

7563^8 

7590929 

7618735 

7646556 

7674392 

7702245 

7730114 

70° 

1.7758000 

7735903 

7813823 

7841762 

7869720 

7897696 

7925692 

7953709 

7981745 

8009803 

7i 

8037882 

8065983 

8094107 

8122253 

8150423 

8178617 

8206836 

8235080 

8263349 

8291645 

72 

8319967 

8348316 

8376693 

8405099 

8433534 

8461998 

8490493 

8519018 

8547575 

8576164 

73 

8604785 

8633440 

8662  i  29 

8690852 

8719611 

8748406 

8777237 

8806106 

8835013 

8863958 

74 

8892943 

8921969 

8951036 

8980144 

9009295 

9038489 

9067728 

9097012 

9126341 

9I557I7 

75° 

1.9185141 

9214613 

9244U5 

9273707 

9303330 

9333005 

9362733 

9392515 

9422352 

9452246 

76 

9482196 

9512205 

9542272 

9572400 

9602590 

9632841 

9663157 

9693537 

9723983 

9754497 

77 

9785079 

98I5731 

9846454 

9877249 

9908118 

9939062 

9970082 

oooi  i8T 

0032359 

006361? 

78 

0.0094959 

0126385 

0157896 

0189494 

0221181 

0252959 

0284830 

0316794 

0348855 

0381014 

79 

0413273 

0445633 

0478098 

0510668 

0543347 

0576136 

0609037 

0642054 

0675187 

0708441 

80° 

0.0741816 

07753'6 

0808944 

0842702 

0876592 

0910619 

0944784 

0979091 

1013542. 

1048142 

81 

1082893 

1117799 

1152863 

1188089 

1223481 

1259043 

1294778 

1330691 

1366786 

1403067 

82 

1439539 

1476207 

I5I3075 

i55OI49 

i  587434 

1624935 

1662658 

1700609 

1738794 

1777219 

83 

1815890 

1854815 

1894001 

'933455 

1973184 

2013197 

2053502 

2094108  2135026 

2176259 

84 

2217823 

2259728 

2301983 

2344600 

2387591 

2430970 

2474748 

2518940 

2563561 

2608626 

85° 

0.2654152 

27001  56 

2746655 

2793670 

2841221 

2889329 

2938018 

2987312 

3037238 

3087823 

86 

3  '39097 

3191092 

3243843 

3297387 

335^62 

3407012 

3463184 

3520327 

3578495 

3637749 

87 

3698153 

3759777 

3822700 

3887006 

3952792 

4020162 

4089234 

4160138 

4233022 

4308053 

88 

4385420 

4465341 

4548064 

4633880 

4723127 

4816206 

4913595 

5015870 

5123738 

5238079 

89 

5360007 

5490969 

5632886 

5788406 

5961320 

6157370 

6385907 

6663883 

7027765 

7586941 

*  Quoted  from  Gray's  "  Absolute  Measurements  in  Electricity  and  Magnetism,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  852. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

42 


ELLIPTIC    INTEGRALS. 

Values  of 


t  HU-! 
Jo 


This  table  gives  the  values  of  the  integrals  between  o  and  ir/2  of  the  function  (i — sin'Osin2^) 
ues  of  the  modulus  corresponding  to  each  degree  of  0  between  o  and  90. 


TABLE  56. 


for  different  val- 


e 

p     d* 

/•IT 
1  *(i  sin^sin^)1^ 

Ja 

e 

X*     ^ 

I  B(i—  sin*0sin*$)J<# 

JQ  (i—  sin20sin2<£$ 

(i—  sin2esin20)* 

Number. 

Log. 

Number. 

Log. 

Number. 

Log. 

Number. 

Log. 

0° 

1.5708 

0.196120 

1.5708 

0.196120 

45° 

1.8541 

0.268127 

I-35°6 

0.130541 

i 

5709 

I96I53 

5707 

196087 

6 

8691 

271644 

3418 

i  27690 

2 

5713 

196252 

5703 

195988 

7 

8848 

275267 

3329 

124788 

3 

5719 

196418 

5697 

195822 

8 

9011 

279001 

3238 

121836 

4 

5727 

196649 

5689 

r9559i 

9 

9180 

282848 

3H7 

118836 

5° 

I-5738 

0.19694? 

1.5678 

0.195293 

50° 

I  -9356 

0.2868  1  1 

1-3055 

0.115790 

6 

5751 

197312 

5665 

194930 

i 

9539 

290805 

2963 

112698 

7 

5/67 

197743 

5649 

194500 

2 

9729 

295101 

2870 

109563 

8 

5785 

197241 

5632 

194004 

3 

9927 

299435 

2776 

106386 

9 

5805 

198806 

5611 

193442 

4 

2-0133 

3°3fpi 

2681 

103169 

10° 

1.5828 

0.199438 

I-5589 

0.192815 

55° 

2-0347 

0.308504 

1.2587 

0.099915 

i 

5!l4 

200137 

5564 

192121 

6 

0571 

313247 

2492 

096626 

2 

5882 

200904 

5537 

191302 

7 

0804 

318138 

2397 

093303 

3 

59'3 

201740 

55°7 

190537 

8 

1047 

323182 

2301 

089950 

4 

5946 

202643 

5476 

189646 

9 

1300 

328384 

2206 

086569 

15° 

1.5981 

0.203615 

1-5442 

0.188690 

60° 

2.1565 

o.333'53 

I.2III 

0.083164 

6 

6020 

204657 

5405 

187668 

i 

1842 

339295 

2015 

079738 

7 

6061 

205768 

5367 

186581 

2 

2132 

345020 

I92O 

076293 

8 

6105 

206948 

5326 

185428 

3 

2435 

350936 

1826 

072834 

9 

6151 

208200 

5283 

184210 

4 

2754 

357053 

1732 

069364 

20° 

1.6200 

0.209522 

1-5238 

0.182928 

65° 

2.3088 

0.363384 

1.1638 

0.065889 

i 

6252 

210916 

5'9i 

181580 

6 

3439 

369940 

*545 

062412 

2 

6307 

212382 

5*41 

180168 

7 

3809 

376736 

1453 

058937 

3 

6365 

213921 

5090 

i  7869  i 

8 

4198 

383787 

1362 

055472 

4 

6426 

215533 

5°37 

177150 

9 

4610 

391112 

1272 

052020 

25° 

1.6490 

0.217219 

1.4981 

0.175545 

70° 

2.5046 

0-398730 

1.1184 

0.048589 

6 

6557 

218981 

4924 

173876 

i 

5507 

406665 

1096 

045183 

7 

6627 

220818 

4864 

172144 

2 

5998 

4M943 

1OII 

041812 

8 

6701 

222732 

4803 

170348 

3 

6521 

423596 

0927 

038481 

9 

6777 

224723 

4740 

168489 

4 

7081 

432660 

0844 

035200 

30° 

1.6858 

0.226793 

1.4675 

0.166567 

75° 

2.7681 

0.442176 

i  .0764 

0.031976 

i 

6941 

228943 

4608 

164583 

6 

8327 

452196 

0686 

028819 

2 

7028 

231173 

4539 

162537 

7 

9026 

462782 

0611 

025740 

3 

7119 

233485 

4469 

160429 

8 

9/86 

474008 

0538 

022749 

4 

7214 

235880 

4397 

158261 

9 

3.0617 

485967 

0468 

019858 

35° 

1.7312 

0.238359 

1.4323 

0.156031 

80° 

3-  '534 

o'.498777 

i  .0401 

0.017081 

6 

74iS 

240923 

4248 

153742 

i 

2553 

512591 

0338 

014432 

7 

7522 

243575 

4171 

I5I393 

2 

3699 

527613 

0278 

011927 

8 

7633 

246315 

4092 

148985 

3 

5004 

544120 

0223 

009584 

9 

7748 

249146 

4013 

146519 

4 

6519 

562514 

0172 

007422 

40° 

1.7868 

0.252068 

i-393i 

0.143995 

85° 

3-83I7 

0.583396 

1.0127 

0.005465 

i 

7992 

255085 

3849 

141414 

6 

4.0528 

607751 

0086 

003740 

2 

8122 

258197 

3765 

138778 

7 

3387 

637355 

0053 

002278 

3 

8256 

261406 

3680 

136086 

8 

7427 

676027 

0026 

OOII2I 

4 

8396 

264716 

3594 

1  33  340 

9 

5-4349 

735192 

0008 

OOO326 

45° 

1.8541 

0.268127 

1.3506 

0.130541 

90° 

oo 

00 

I.OOOO 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


43 


TABLE  57. 


BRITISH   UNITS. 

Cross  sections  and  weights  of  wires. 


This  table  gives  the  cross  section  and  weights  in  British  units  of  copper,  iron,  and  brass  wires  of  the  diameters 
given  in  the  first  column.  For  one  tenth  the  diameter  divide  section  and  weights  by  100.  For  ten  times  the 
diameter  multiply  by  100,  and  so  on. 


^c 

il 

5 

Area  of 
cross 
section 
in 
Sq.  Mils. 

Copper  —  Density  8.90. 

Iron  —  Density  7.80. 

Brass  —  Density  8.56. 

Pounds 
per  Foot 

Log. 

Feet  per 
Pound. 

Pounds 
per  Foot. 

Log. 

Feet  pe 
Pound. 

Pounds 
per  Foot. 

Log. 

Feet  per 
Pound. 

10 

78.54 

.000303 

4.48150 

3300- 

.0002656 

4.42420 

3765. 

.0002915 

4.46458 

343  '• 

II 

95-03 

0367 

•56429 

2727. 

03214 

.50697 

3112. 

03527 

54735 

2836. 

12 

113.10 

0436 

.63986 

2291. 

03825 

•58257 

2615. 

04197 

62295 

2383- 

13 

132.73 

0512 

•70939 

1953- 

04488 

.65208 

2228. 

04926 

69246 

2030. 

M 

'53-94 

0594 

•77376 

I683. 

05206 

.71646 

1921. 

057I3 

75684 

1750- 

15 

176.71 

.000682 

4.83368 

1467. 

.0005976 

4-77637 

167^, 

.0006558 

4.81675 

J525- 

16 

201.06 

0776 

.88974 

1289. 

06799 

•83244 

1471. 

07461 

.87282 

1340. 

17 

226.98 

0876 

.94240 

1142. 

07675 

.88510 

'3°3- 

08423 

.92548 

1187. 

18 

25447 

0982 

.99205 

1018. 

08605 

•93475 

1162. 

09443 

•975'3 

1059. 

J9 

283-53 

1094 

3.03902 

914. 

09588 

.98171 

1043. 

.0010522 

3.02209 

950- 

20 

314.16 

.OOI2I2 

3-08357 

825.1 

.OOIO62 

3.02626 

941.4 

.001166 

3.06664 

857-7 

21 

346-36 

J336 

.12594 

748.3 

II7I 

.06864 

853-8 

1285 

.10902 

778.0 

22 

380.13 

1467 

.16634 

681.8 

1286 

.10904 

777-8 

1411 

.14942 

708.9 

23 

4I5-48 

1603 

.20496 

623.8 

1405 

.14766 

711.7 

1542 

.18804 

648.6 

24 

452.39 

1746 

.24192 

572-9 

J530 

.18463 

653-7 

1679 

.22500 

595-7 

25 

490.87 

.001894 

3-27738 

528.0 

001660 

3.22008 

602.4 

001822 

3.26046 

549-o 

26 

530.93 

2046 

.31146 

488.1 

1795 

•25415 

557-0 

1970 

•29453 

5°7-5 

27 

572.56 

2209 

•34423 

452.6 

1936 

•28693 

5!6-5 

2125 

•32731 

470.6 

28 

6i5.75 

2376 

•37583 

420.9 

2082 

•31852 

480.3 

2285 

•35890 

437-6 

29 

660.52 

2549 

.40630 

392-4 

2234 

.34900 

447-7 

2451 

•3893« 

408.0 

30 

706.82 

.002727 

3-43575 

366.7 

002390 

3-37845 

418.4 

002623 

3.41882 

381.2 

3i 

754-77 

2912 

.46424 

343-4 

2552 

•40693 

391.8 

2801 

•44731 

357-0 

32 

804.25 

3103 

.49181 

322.2 

2720 

•4345° 

367-7 

2985 

.47488 

33  5-  i 

33 

855-30 

3300 

•51854 

303-0 

2892 

.46123 

345-8 

3'74 

.50161 

3I5-1 

34 

907.92 

3503 

•54446 

285-4 

3070 

.48716 

325-7 

3369 

•52754 

296.8 

35 

962.11 

003712 

3.56964 

269.4 

003253 

3-5I233 

3°7-4 

003570 

3-5527I 

280.1 

36 

1017.88 

4927 

.59412 

254.6 

3442 

.5368. 

290.5 

3777 

•57719 

264.7 

37 

1075.21 

4149 

.61791 

241.0 

3636 

.56061 

275-0 

3990 

.60098 

250.6 

38 

1134.11 

4376 

.64108 

228.5 

3844 

.58476 

260.2 

4218 

.62514 

237-1 

39 

1194.59 

4609 

.66364 

216.9 

4040 

.60633 

247.6 

4433 

.64671 

/• 
225.6 

40 

1256.64 

004849 

3.68563 

206.2 

004249 

3-62833 

235-3 

004664 

3.66871 

214.4 

4i 

1320.25 

5094 

.70708 

196.3 

4465 

•64977 

224.0 

4900 

.69015 

204.1 

42 

1385.44 

5346 

.72801 

187.1 

4685 

.67070 

213-5 

5r4i 

.71108 

'94-5 

43 

1452.20 

5603 

•74845 

178.5 

4911 

.69114 

203.6 

5389 

•73r52 

185.6 

44 

1520.53 

5867 

.76842 

170.4 

5M2 

.71111 

'94-5 

5643 

•75149 

177.2 

45 

1590-43 

006137 

378793 

162.9 

005378 

3-73063 

185.9 

005902 

3.77101 

169.4 

46 

1661.90 

6412 

.80703 

'55-9 

5620 

.74972 

177.9 

6167 

.79010 

162.1 

47 

'734-94 

6694 

.82569 

149.4 

5867 

.76840 

170.5 

6438 

.80878 

'55-3 

48 

1809.56 

6982 

.84399 

143-2 

6119 

.78669 

163.4 

6715 

.82706 

148.9 

49 

1885.74 

7276 

.86289 

137-4 

6377 

.80459 

156.8 

6998 

.84497 

142.9 

50 

1963.50 

007576 

3-87945 

132.0 

006640 

3.82214 

150.6 

007287 

3.86252 

T37-2 

51 

2042.82 

7882 

.89664 

126.9 

6908 

•83934 

144.8 

758i 

.87972 

I3I-9 

52 

2123.72 

8194 

•91352 

I22.O 

7181 

.85621 

139.2 

7881 

.89659 

126.9 

53 

2206.18 

8512 

•93005 

U7-5 

7460 

•87275 

i34-o 

8187 

•91313 

I22.I 

54 

2290.22 

8837 

.94630 

II3.2 

7744 

.88899 

129.1 

8499 

•92937 

117.7 

55 

2375-83 

009167 

3.96223 

I09.I 

008034 

3-90493 

124.5 

008817 

3-94531 

II3-4 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


44 


TABLE  57, 


BRITISH   UNITS. 

Cross  sections  and  weights  of  wires. 


c 

E'l 
.2^ 
Q 

Area  of 
cross 
section 

in 
Sq.  Mils. 

Copper  —  Density  8.90. 

Iron  —  Density  7.80. 

Brass  —  Density  8.56. 

Pounds 
per  Foot. 

Log. 

Feet  per 
Pound. 

Pounds 
per  Foot. 

Log. 

Feet  per 
Pound. 

Pounds 
per  Foot. 

Log. 

Feet  per 
Pound. 

55 

2375-83 

.009167 

3.96223 

109.1 

.008034 

3-90493 

124.5 

.008817 

3-9453  ' 

"3-4 

56 

2463.01 

09504 

.97789 

105.2 

08329 

.92058 

1  20.  1 

09140 

.96096 

109.4 

57 

2551.76 

09846 

_-99325 

IOI.6 

08629 

•93595 

"5-9 

09470 

•97633 

105.6 

58 

2642.08 

10195 

98.1 

08934 

.95106 

111.9 

09805 

_-99'44 

IO2.O 

59 

2733-97 

10549 

.02320 

94-8 

09245 

.96591 

108.2 

10146 

2.00629 

98.6 

60 

2827.43 

.01091 

2.03782 

91.66 

.00956 

3.98050 

104.59 

.01049 

2.02088 

95-30 

61 

2922.47 

1128 

.05216 

88.68 

0988 

.99486 

101.19 

1085 

•03524 

92.21 

62 

3019.07 

1165 

.06628 

85.84 

IO2I 

2.00898 

97-95 

1  1  2O 

.04936 

89.25 

63 

3"7-25 

1203 

.08019 

83.14 

1054 

.02288 

94.87 

"57 

.06326 

86.45 

64 

3216.99 

1241 

.09386 

80.56 

I088 

.03656 

91.83 

"94 

.07694 

83-77 

65 

33l8-3r 

.OI  280 

2.10732 

78.11 

.OII22 

2.05003 

89.12 

.01231 

2~.o9O4i 

8l.2I 

66 

3421.19 

1320 

.12061 

75-76 

"57 

.06329 

86.44 

1270 

.10367 

78.76 

67 

3525-65 

1360 

•13367 

73-51 

1192 

•07635 

83.88 

1308 

.11673 

76.43 

68 

3631-68 

1401 

•14655 

7i-36 

1228 

.08922 

81.42 

1348 

.12960 

74-20 

69 

3739-28 

1443 

•i5924 

69.30 

1264 

.10190 

79.09 

1388 

.14228 

72.06 

70 

384845 

.01485 

2.17174 

67-34 

.01302 

2.11451 

76.82 

.01429 

2.15489 

70.00 

71 

3959-19 

1528 

.18404 

65.46 

1339 

.12672 

74.69 

1469 

.16710 

68.06 

72 

4071.50 

1571 

.19618 

63-65 

1377 

.13887 

72.63 

*5» 

•17925 

66.19 

73 

4185.39 

1615 

.20817 

61.92 

1415 

•15085 

70.66 

1553 

.19123 

64.38 

74 

4300.84 

1660 

.22000 

60.26 

1454 

.16267 

68.76 

1596 

.20304 

62.66 

75 

4417.86 

.01705 

2.23165 

58.66 

.01494 

2.17432 

66.95 

.01639 

2.21460 

61.01 

76 

4536.46 

'751 

•243  1  7 

57-13 

1534 

•18583 

65.19 

1684 

.22621 

59-40 

77 

4656.63 

1797 

•25453 

55-65 

'575 

.19718 

63-5° 

!728 

•23756 

57-87 

78 

4778.36 

1844 

.26574 

54-23 

1616 

•20839 

61.89 

1773 

.24877 

56.39 

79 

4901.67 

1892 

.27681 

52-87 

1658 

.21946 

60-33 

1819 

.25974 

54-99 

80 

5026-55 

.01939 

2.28769 

5r-56 

.01700 

2.23038 

58-83 

.01865 

2.27076 

53-6  1 

1  8l 

5  !  53-oo 

1988 

.29848 

50-29 

1743 

.24117 

57-39 

1912 

.28155 

52.29 

82 

5281.02 

2038 

.30914 

49.07 

1786 

•25183 

56.00 

1960 

.29221 

51-03 

83 

5410.61 

2088 

.31966 

47.90 

1830 

.26236 

54-66 

2OO8 

•30274 

49.80 

84 

5541-77 

2138 

.33006 

46.77 

1874 

.27276 

53-36 

2057 

•313H 

48.63 

85 

5674.50 

.02189 

2-34034 

45-67 

.01919 

2.28304 

52.11 

.O2IO6 

2.32342 

47-49 

86 

5808.80 

2241 

•35050 

44.62 

1964 

.29320 

50.91 

2156 

•33358 

46-39 

87 

5944-68 

2294 

•36054 

43.60 

2OIO 

•30324 

49-75 

22O6 

•34362 

45-33 

88 

6082.12 

2347 

•37047 

42.61 

2057 

•3'3i7 

48.62 

2257 

•35355 

44-3° 

89 

6221.14 

2400 

.38028 

41.66 

2IO4 

.32298 

47-54 

2309 

•36336 

43-31 

90 

6361.73 

•02455 

2.38999 

40.74 

.02151 

2.33269 

46.49 

.02360 

2.37297 

42-37 

9i 

6503.88 

2509 

•39958 

39-85 

2199 

.34228 

45-47 

2414 

.38266 

41-43 

92 

6647.61 

2565 

.40908 

38-99 

2248 

•35178 

44.49 

2467 

.39216 

40-54 

93 

6792.91 

2621 

.41847 

38-15 

2297 

.36116 

43-54 

252I 

.40154 

32'o7 

94 

6939.78 

2678 

•42775 

37-35 

2347 

•37046 

42.61 

2575 

.41084 

38-83 

95 

7088.22 

•02735 

2.43694 

36.56 

.02397 

2-37965 

41.72 

.02630 

2.42003 

38.02 

96 

7238.23 

2793 

.44604 

35-8i 

2448 

.38874 

40.86 

2686 

.42912 

37-37 

97 

7389.81 

2851 

.45404 

35-07 

2499 

•39775 

40.02 

2742 

.43812 

36.46 

98 

7542.96 

2910 

•46395 

34-36 

2551 

.40665 

39.20 

2799 

•44703 

35-72 

99 

7697.69 

2970 

•47277 

33-67 

2603 

•41547 

38.42 

2857 

•45585 

35-oi 

lioo 

7853-98 

.03030 

2.48150 

33-oo 

.02656 

2.42420 

37.65 

.02915 

2.46458 

34-31 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


45 


TABLE  58. 


METRIC   UNITS. 


Cross  sections  and  weights  of  wires. 

This  table  gives  the  cross  section  and  the  weight  in  metric  units  of  copper,  iron,  and  brass  wires  of  the  diameters 
given  in  the  first  column.  For  one  tenth  the  diameter  divide  sections  and  weights  by  100.  For  ten  times  the 
diameter  multiply  by  100,  and  so  on. 


,  E 

Copper  —  Density  8.90. 

Iron  —  Density  7.80. 

Brass  —  Density  8.56. 

o  a 

1 

a  <n 

§ 

1 

V 

. 

B 

. 

"*  .fl 

^O    O 

S     t 

</)        £ 

S          0 

</>     £ 

£      6 

5-3 
a  ° 

I? 

||| 

Log. 

£  *  s 

rt  %  ^u 

Log. 

JsJ 

1  *  S 

rt  «J  u 

Log. 

a  h  1 

5  0.2 

Q  "• 

<  * 

0     S 

§~0 

0     S 

S    0 

0     S 

S     0 

10 

78.54 

0.06990 

2.84448 

14.306 

0.06126 

2.78718 

16.324 

0.06723 

2.82756 

14.874 

ii 

95-03 

.08458 

.92725 

11.823 

.07412 

.86996 

13.492 

.08135 

.91034 

12.293 

12 

113.10 

.10065 

1.00285 

9-935 

.08822 

•94556 

"•335 

.09681 

•98594 

10.330 

13 

132-73 

.11813 

•07236 

8.465 

.10353 

1.01506 

9-659 

.11362 

1-05544 

8.80  1 

14 

153-94 

.13701 

•13674 

7-299 

.12008 

•07945 

8.328 

•I3I77 

.11983 

7.589 

15 

176.71 

°-I573 

7.19665 

6.358 

0.1378 

7.13936 

7-255 

0-1513 

7.17974 

6.6n 

16 

201.06 

.1789 

.25272 

5.588 

.1568 

.19542 

6.376 

.1721 

•23580 

5.810 

17 

226.98 

.2020 

•30538 

4.951 

.1770 

.24808 

5-648 

•1943 

.28846 

5-J47 

18 

254-47 

.2265 

•35503 

4-4I5 

.1985 

•29773 

5.038 

.2178 

•338" 

4-591 

'9 

283-53 

.2523 

.40199 

.2212 

.34469 

4.522 

.2427 

•38507 

4.120 

20 

314.16 

0.2796 

7.44654 

3-577 

0.2450 

7.38925 

4.081 

0.2689 

7.42963 

3-7I9 

21 

346.36 

•3083 

.48892 

.244 

.27O2 

.43162 

3-7oi 

.2965 

.47200 

•373 

22 

380.13 

•3383 

•52932 

2.956 

.2965 

.47203 

•373 

•3254 

.51241 

•073 

23 

415.48 

.3698 

•56794 

.704 

.3241 

.51064 

.086 

•3557 

•55103 

2.812 

24 

452-39 

.4026 

.60490 

.484 

•3529 

•54761 

2-834 

.3872 

•58799 

•582 

25 

490.87 

0.4369 

7.64036 

2.289 

0.3829 

7.58306 

2.612 

0.4202 

7.62344 

2.380 

26 

530-93 

•4725 

•67443 

.116 

4141 

.61713 

•415 

•4545 

•65751 

.200 

27 

572.56 

.5096 

.70721 

1.962 

.4466 

.64992 

•239 

.4901 

.69030 

.040 

28 

615.75 

.5480 

•73880 

.825 

.4803 

.68150 

.082 

•5271 

.72188 

1.897 

.29 

660.52 

•5879 

.76928 

.701 

•S»5* 

.71198 

1.941 

•5654 

•75236 

.769 

30 

706.86 

0.6291 

7.79872 

1.590 

o-55'4 

7.74143 

1.814 

0.6051 

7.78181 

1.653 

31 

754-77 

.6717 

.82721 

•489 

.5887 

.76991 

.699 

.6461 

.81029 

•548 

32 

804.25 

•7158 

.85478 

•397 

.6273 

•79749 

•594 

.6884 

•83787 

•453 

33 

855-30 

.7612 

.88151 

.6671 

.82421 

•499 

•7321 

.86459 

.366 

34 

907.92 

.8081 

.90744 

[238 

.7082 

.85014 

.412 

.7772 

.89052 

.287 

35 

962.11 

0.856 

7.93261 

1.168 

0.7504 

7.87531 

1-333 

0.8236 

7.91570 

1.214 

36 

1017.88 

.906 

•95709 

.104 

•7939 

.89979 

.260 

•8713 

.94017 

.148 

37 

1075.21 

•957 

.98088 

.045 

.8387 

•92359 

.192 

.9204 

•96397 

.087 

38 

1134.11 

I.OI2 

0.00504 

0.988 

.8866 

•94775 

.128 

•9730 

•98813 

.028 

39 

1194.59 

•063 

.02661 

.941 

.9318 

.96931 

•073 

1.0230 

0.00969 

0.978 

40 

1256.64 

1.118 

0.04861 

0.894  1 

0.980 

7.99131 

i  .0200 

1.076 

0.03169 

0.9296 

42 

1320.25 
I385-44 

•'75 
•233 

.07005 
.09098 

.8511 
.8110 

1.030 
.081 

0.01275 
.03368 

0.9711 
.9254 

.130 
.186 

•05313 
.07406 

.8849 
•8432 

43 

1452.20 

.292 

.11142 

•7738 

.133 

.05412 

.8828 

•243 

.09450 

.8044 

44 

1520-53 

•353 

•I3I39 

•7389 

.186 

.07409 

.8432 

.302 

.11447 

•7683 

45 

1590.43 

1.415 

0.15091 

0.7065 

1.241 

0.09361 

0.806  1 

1.361 

0.13399 

0-7345 

46 

1661.90 

•479 

.17000 

.6761 

.296 

.11270 

•7714 

•423 

•15308 

.7029 

47 

'734-94 

•544 

.18868 

.6476 

•353 

•13138 

•7389 

.485 

.17176 

•6734 

48 

1809.56 

.611 

.20696 

.6209 

.411 

.14967 

.7085 

•549 

.19005 

.6456 

49 

1885.74 

.678 

.22487 

•5958 

.471 

.16758 

•6799 

.614 

.20796 

.6195 

50 

1963.50 

1.748 

0.24242 

0.5722 

r.532 

0.18513 

0.6530 

i.  68  1 

0.22551 

0-5950 

51 

2042.82 

.818 

.25962 

•5500 

•593 

.20232 

.6276 

•753 

•24371 

•5705 

52 

2123.72 

.890 

.27649 

.5291 

.657 

.21919 

•6037 

.818 

•25957 

53 

2206.18 

•964 

•29303 

•5093 

.721 

•23574 

.5811 

.888 

.27612 

•5295 

54 

2290.22 

2.038 

.30927 

.4906 

.786 

•25197 

•5598 

.960 

•29235 

.5101 

55 

2375.83 

2.114 

0.32521 

0.4729 

1-853 

0.26791 

0.5396 

2.034 

0.30829 

0.4917 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


46 


TABLE  58. 


METRIC  UNITS. 

Cross  sections  and  weights  of  wires. 


3  0 

J2 

" 

Copper  —  Density  8.90. 

Iron  —  Density  7.80. 

Brass  —  Density  8.56. 

0     . 

B 

V 

I 

• 

8 

V 

'"  £ 

*o  § 

6       • 

s    s 

g 

v       S 

1  "I 

W'S 

1  hi 

Log. 

-  o>  E 

!  *•£ 

«  i>  t; 

Log. 

h  "  6 

"  D.  2 

111 

Log. 

Q  » 

<  " 

o&S 

Sfto 

o    S 

S     0 

0  °"S 

iao 

55 

2375.83 

2.114 

0.32521 

•4729 

'•853 

0.26791 

•5396 

2-034 

0.30829 

.4917 

56 

2463.01 

.192,' 

.34086 

.4562  I 

.921 

•28356 

•5205 

.108 

•32394 

•4743 

57 

2551.76 

.271 

•35623 

•4403  . 

.990 

.29893 

.5024 

.184 

•3393  i 

•4578 

58 

2642.08 

•351 

-37134 

•4253 

2.061 

•31404 

.4852 

.262 

•35442 

.4422 

59 

2733-97 

•433 

.38618 

.4112 

.132 

.32889 

.4689 

•340 

.36927 

•4273 

60 

61 

2827.43 
2922.47 

2.516 
.601 

0.40078 
.41514 

•3974 
•3845 

2.205 
.280 

0-34349 
•35784 

•4534 
•4387 

2.420 
•502 

0.38387 
•39823 

.4132 
•3997 

62 

3019.07 

.687 

.42926 

.3722 

•355 

•37196 

.4246 

-584 

•41235 

.3869 

63 

3117.25 

•774 

.44316 

.3604 

•431 

•38587 

•4"3 

.668 

.42625 

•3748 

64 

3216.99 

.863 

.45684 

•3493 

•5°9 

•39954 

•3985 

.760 

.44092 

•3623 

65 

3318.31 

2-953 

0.47031 

•3386 

2.588 

0.41301 

.3864 

2.840 

0-45339 

•3521 

66 

3421.19 

3-°45 

•48357 

.3284 

.669 

.42627 

•3747 

.929 

.46665 

•3415 

67 

3525-65 

.138 

•49663 

•3187 

.750 

•43933 

•3636 

3.018 

•47971 

•33*3 

68 

3631.68 

.232 

•5°95° 

•3094 

•833 

.45220 

•3530 

.109 

.49258 

•3217 

69 

3739-28 

.328 

.52218 

•3005 

.917 

.46488 

•3429 

.201 

.50526 

•3I24 

70 

3848.45 

3426 

0-53479 

.2919 

3-oo3 

0-47749 

•3330 

3-295 

0.51787 

•3035 

71 

3959-19 

.524 

.54700 

.2838 

.088 

.48970 

•3238 

•389 

.53008 

.2951 

72 

4071.50 

.624 

•55915 

.2759 

.176 

•50185 

.485 

•54223 

.2869 

73 

4185.39 

-725 

•57"3 

•2685 

.265 

'5'363 

•3063 

'583 

•55421 

.2791 

74 

4300.84 

.828 

.58294 

.2612 

•355 

.2981 

.682 

.56603 

.2716 

75 

4417.86 

3-932 

0.59460 

•2543 

3-446 

0-53731 

.2902 

3.782 

0-57769 

.2644 

76 

4536.46 

4-037 

.60611 

•2477 

•538 

.54881 

.2826 

.883 

.58919 

•2575 

77 

4656.63 

.144 

.61746 

.2413 

.632 

.56017 

•2753 

.986 

.60056 

.2509 

78 

4778.36 

•253 

.62867 

•2351 

•727 

•57137 

.2683 

4.090 

.61175 

•2445 

79 

4901.67 

.362 

•63974 

.2292 

•823 

.58244 

.2615 

.177 

.62283 

•2394 

80 

5026.55 

4-474 

0.65066 

•2235 

3.921 

0.59336 

•2550 

4-303 

0.63375 

•2324 

81 

5153.00 

•586 

.66145 

.2180 

4.019 

.60415 

.2488 

.411 

•64454 

.2267 

82 

5281.02 

.700 

.67211 

.2128 

.119 

.61481 

.2428 

.521 

•65519 

.2212 

83 

5410.61 

.815 

.68264 

.2077 

.220 

.62534 

•2369 

.631 

.66572 

.2159 

84 

5541-77 

•932 

•69304 

.2027 

•323 

•63574 

•2313 

•744 

.67612 

.2108 

85 

5674-50 

5-05° 

0.70332 

.1980 

4.426 

0.64602 

.2259 

4.857 

0.68640 

•2059 

86 

5808.80 

.170 

•71348 

•!934 

•531 

.65618 

.2207 

.972 

.69656 

.2OI  I 

87 

5944-68 

.291 

•72352 

.1890 

•637 

.66622 

.2157 

5.089 

.70660 

.1965 

88 

6082.12 

•413 

•73345 

.1847 

•744 

.67615 

.2108 

.206 

•71653 

.1921 

89 

6221.14 

•537 

•74326 

.1806 

•852 

.68596 

.2061 

•325 

•72634 

.1878 

90 

6361.73 

5.662 

0.75297 

.1766 

4.962 

0.69567 

.2015 

5.446 

0.73605 

.I836 

91 

6503.88 

.788 

.76256 

.1728 

5-073 

.70527 

.1971 

.567 

•74565 

.1796 

92 

6647.61 

.916 

.77206 

.1690 

.185 

.71476 

.1929 

.690 

•7SV4 

•1757 

93 

6792.91 

6.046 

.78144 

.1654 

.298 

.72414 

.1887 

.815 

•76452 

.1720 

94 

6939.78 

.176 

•79074 

.1619 

•413 

•73344 

•1847 

.940 

•77382 

.1683 

95 

7088.22 

6.309 

0-79993 

•1585 

5-529 

0.74263 

.1809 

6.068 

0.78301 

.1648 

96 

7238-23 

•442 

.80902 

.1552 

.646 

•75173 

.1771 

.196 

.79211 

.1614 

97 

7389.81 

•577 

.81802 

.1520 

.764 

.76073 

•1735 

•326 

.801  1  1 

.1581 

98 

7542.96 

•713 

.82693 

.1490 

.884 

.76964 

.1670 

•457 

.81002 

.1549 

99 

7697.69 

.851 

•83575 

.1460 

6.004 

•77846 

.1665 

•589 

.81884 

.1518 

100 

7*53.5* 

6.990 

0.84448 

•I431 

6.126 

0.78718 

.1632 

6-723 

0.82756 

.1487 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


47 


TABLE  59. 

BRITISH    AND    METRIC    UNITS. 

Cross  sections  and  weights  of  wires. 

The  cross  section  and  the  weight,  in  different  units,  of  Aluminium  wire  of  the  diameters  given  in  the  first  column. 
For  one  tenth  the  diameter  divide  sections  and  weights  by  100.  For  ten  times  the  diameter  multiply  by  100, 
and  so  on. 


a 

E5 

23 
Q 

Area  of 

cross 
section 
in 
Sq.  Mils. 

Aluminium  —  Density  2.67. 

Pounds 
per 
Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 
per 
Pound. 

Ounces 
per 

Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 
per 
Ounce. 

Grammes 
per 
Metre.* 

Log. 

Metres 
per 
Gramme. 

10 

78.54 

.0000909 

5.95862 

IIOOO. 

.001455 

3.16274 

687.5 

.02097 

2.32160 

47.69 

ii 

95-03 

OIIOO 

4.04139 

9091. 

01760 

•24551 

602.4 

•02537 

•40437 

39-41 

12 

113.10 

01309 

.11699 

7638. 

02095 

.32111 

477-4 

.03020 

•47997 

33-" 

13 

132.73 

01536 

.18650 

6509. 

02458 

.39062 

406.8 

•03544 

•54948 

28.22 

14 

153-94 

01782 

.25088 

5612. 

02851 

•45500 

350.8 

.04110 

.61386 

24-33 

15 

176.71 

.OOO2O45 

4.31079 

4889. 

.003273 

3-5H9I 

305.6 

.04718 

2-67377 

21.19 

16 

2OI.O6 

02327 

-36685 

4297. 

03724 

•57097 

268.5 

.05368 

.72984 

18.63 

i? 

226.98 

02627 

.41952 

3876. 

04204 

.62364 

237-9 

.06060 

.78250 

16.50 

18 

254-47 

02946 

•46917 

3395- 

04713 

.67329 

212.2 

.06794 

•83215 

14.72 

19 

283.53 

03282 

•5I6I3 

3047- 

05251 

.72025 

190.4 

.07570 

.87911 

13.21 

20 

314.16 

.0003636 

4.56068 

2750. 

.005818 

3.76480 

I7I.9 

.08388 

2.92366 

11.922 

21 

346.36 

04009 

.60306 

2494. 

06415 

.80718 

!55-9 

.09248 

.96604 

10.813 

22 

380.13 

04400 

•64346 

2273. 

07040 

.84758 

142.0 

.IOI49 

1.00644 

9-853 

23 

415.48 

04809 

.68208 

2079. 

07697 

.88630 

129.9 

.11093 

.04506 

9.014 

24 

452-39 

05237 

.71904 

1910. 

08378 

.92316 

119.4 

.12079 

.08202 

8.279 

25 

490.87 

.0005682 

4-7545° 

1760. 

.00909 

3.95862 

IIO-OO 

.1311 

1.11748 

7.030 

26 

53°-93 

06147 

.78867 

1627. 

0983 

.99269 

101.70 

.1418 

•i5'55 

7-054 

27 

572.56 

06628 

.82135 

1509. 

1060 

2.02547 

94-30 

.1529 

•i8433 

6.541 

28 

615.75 

07127 

•85293 

1403. 

1140 

•05705 

87.69 

.1644 

.21592 

6.083 

29 

660.52 

07646 

.88341 

1308. 

1223 

•08753 

81.75 

.1764 

.24640 

5.670 

30 

706.86 

.0008182 

4.91  286 

1222. 

.01309 

2.11698 

76.39 

.1887 

1.27584 

5-299 

31 

754-77 

08737 

-94134 

"45- 

1398 

.14546 

71.54 

.2OI5 

•30433 

4.962 

32 

804.25 

09309 

.96892 

1074. 

1489 

•17304 

66.89 

.2147 

•33I9° 

-657 

33 

855-30 

09900 

•99565, 

IOIO. 

1584 

•19977 

63-  '3 

.2284 

•35863 

•379 

34 

907-92 

10509 

3.02158 

952- 

1681 

.22570 

59-47 

.2424 

•38456 

.125 

35 

962.11 

.OOIII4 

3.04675 

897.9 

.01782 

2.25087 

56.12 

•2569 

7.40973 

3-893 

36 

1017.88 

1178 

.07123 

848.8 

1885 

•27535 

53-05 

.2718 

•43421 

.680 

37 

1075.21 

1245 

.09502 

803.5 

1991 

.29914 

50.22 

.2871 

.45800 

•483 

38 

1134.11 

I3l6 

.11918 

760.0 

2105 

.32329 

47-5° 

•3035 

.48216 

•295 

39 

1194.59 

1383 

•14075 

723.2 

•34487 

45-20 

.3190 

•50373 

•'35 

4O 

1256.64 

.001455 

3.16275 

687.5 

.02327 

5.36687 

42.97 

•3355 

r-52573 

2.980 

4i 

1320.25 

1528 

.18419 

654-4 

2445 

•38831 

40.90 

•3525 

•54717 

.837 

42 

1385.44 

1004 

.20512 

623.6 

2566 

.40924 

38.97 

•3699 

.56810 

.704 

43 

1452.20 

1681 

.22556 

594-9 

2690 

.42968 

37-i8 

-3877 

•58854 

•579 

44 

1520-53 

1760 

•24552 

568.2 

2816 

.44964 

35-51 

.4060 

.60851 

•463 

45 

1590.43 

.001841 

3.26504 

543-2 

.02946 

2.46916 

33-95 

.4246 

7.62803 

2-355 

46 

1661.90 

1924 

.28413 

519.8 

3078 

.48825 

32.49 

•4437 

.64712 

•254 

47 

1734-94 

2008 

.30281 

498.0 

3213 

•50693 

31.  12 

.4632 

.66580 

•'59 

48 

1809.56 

2095 

.32110 

477-4 

3351 

.52522 

29.84 

.4832 

.68408 

.070 

49 

1885.74 

2183 

•33901 

458.1 

3492 

•54313 

28.63 

•5035 

.70199 

1.986 

50 

1963.50 

.002273 

3-35656 

440.0 

•03636 

2.56068 

27-50 

•5243 

i"-7i954 

1.907 

51 

2042.82 

2365 

•37376 

422.9 

3783 

.57788 

26.43 

•5454 

•73674 

•833 

S2 

2123.72 

2458 

•39063 

406.8 

•59475 

25-42 

.5670 

•7536i 

.764 

53 

2206.18 

2554 

.40717 

394-2 

4086 

.61129 

24.47 

.5891 

.77015 

.698 

54 

2290.22 

2651 

•42341 

377-2 

4242 

•62753 

23-57 

.6115 

.78639 

•635 

55 

2375-83 

.002750 

3-43934 

363-6 

.04400 

2.64346 

22.73 

•6343 

7.80233 

1.576 

*  Diameters  and  sections  in  terms  of  thousandths  of  a  centimetre. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


48 


TABLE  59. 


BRITISH    AND    METRIC    UNITS. 

Cross  sections  and  weights  of  wires. 


c 

ll 

.E2 

Q 

Area  of 
cross 
section 
in 
Sq.  Mils. 

Aluminium  —  Density  2.67. 

Pounds 
per 
Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 
per 
Pound. 

Ounces 
per 
Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 
per 
Ounce. 

Grammes 
per 
Metre.* 

Log. 

Metres 
per 
Gramme. 

55 

2375-83 

.002750 

3-43934 

363-6 

.04400 

2.64346 

22-73 

0-6343 

1.80233 

1-5/6 

56 

2463.01 

2851 

.45500 

350-8 

.04562 

.65912 

21.92 

.6576 

.81798 

•521 

57 

255J-76 

2954 

•47037 

338.6 

.04726 

.67449 

21.  l6 

.6813 

•83335 

.468 

58 

2642.08 

3058 

.48547 

327.0 

.04893 

.68959 

20.44 

•7054 

.84846 

.418 

59 

2733-97 

3l65 

.50032 

316.0 

.05063 

.70444 

J9-75 

.7300 

•86331 

•370 

60 

2827.43 

.003273 

3.51492 

305-5 

.05236 

2.71904 

19.10 

0-7549 

1.87790 

1-325 

61 

2922.47 

3383 

.52928 

295.6 

•05413 

•73340 

18.48  i 

•7803 

.89226 

.282 

62 

3019.07 

3495 

•54340 

286.2 

•05591 

•74752 

17.88 

.8061 

.90638 

.241 

63 

3"7-2S 

3608 

•55730 

277.1 

•05773 

.76142 

17.32 

•8323 

.92028 

.201 

64 

3216.99 

3724 

.57098 

268.5 

•05958 

•775'o 

16.78 

8589 

•93396 

.164 

65 

33l8-3i 

.003841 

3-58445 

260.3 

.06146 

2.78857 

16.27 

0.8860 

^•94743 

I.I29 

66 

3421.19 

3960 

•59771 

252-5 

.06336 

.80183 

I5-78 

•9*35 

.96069 

•095 

67 

3525-65 

4081 

.61077 

245.0 

.06530 

.81489 

tS-V 

•9413 

•97375 

.062 

68 

3631.68 

4204 

.62364 

237-9 

.06726 

•82777 

14.87 

.9697 

.98662 

.031 

69 

3739-28 

4328 

.63632 

231.0 

.06925 

.84044 

14.44 

.9984 

.99930 

.OO2 

70 

3848.45 

.004456 

3-64893 

224.4 

.07129 

2-85305 

14.03 

1.028 

0.01191 

0.9730 

7i 

3959-19 

4583 

.66114 

218.2 

•07333 

.86526 

13.64 

•057 

.02412 

.9460 

72 

4071.50 

47i3 

•67328 

212.2 

•07541 

.87740 

13.26 

.087 

.03627 

.9199 

73 

4185.39 

4845 

.68526 

206.4 

•0/751 

.88938 

12.90 

.117 

.04825 

.8949 

74 

4300.84 

4978 

.69708 

2OO-9 

.07965 

.90120 

12-55 

.148 

.06006 

.8708 

75 

4417.86 

.005114 

3.70874 

195-5 

.08182 

2.91286 

12.22 

1.180 

0.07172 

0.8477 

76 

4536.46 

5251 

.72025 

190.4 

.08402 

•92437 

II.OX) 

.211 

-08323 

.8256 

77 

4656.63 

5390 

.73160 

185-5 

.08624 

•93572 

1  1.  60 

•243 

•09458 

.8043 

78 

4778.36 

5531 

.7428. 

180.8 

.08850 

•94693 

11.30 

.276 

•10579 

.7838 

79 

4901.67 

5674 

•75387 

176.2 

.09078 

•95799 

1  1.  02 

•309 

.11686 

.7641 

80 

5026.55 

.005818 

3.76480 

I7I.9 

.09309 

2.96892 

10.742 

1.342 

0.12778 

0.7451 

81 

5i53-oo 

5965 

•77559 

167.6 

.09544 

.97971 

10.479 

-376 

•^857 

.7268 

82 

5281.02 

6113 

.78625 

I63.6 

.09781 

•99037 

IO.224 

.4IO 

.14923 

.7092 

83 

5410.61 

6263 

.79678 

159-7 

.IOO2I 

1.00090 

9-979 

•445 

•15976 

.6922 

84 

5541-77 

6415 

.80718 

155-9 

.IO264 

.01130 

9-743 

.480 

.17016 

•6757 

85 

5674-5o 

'.006568 

3.81746 

152.2 

.IO5I 

1.02158 

9-5*5 

1.515 

0.18044 

0.6600 

86 

5808.80 

6724 

.82762 

148.7 

.1076 

•03174 

9-295 

•551 

.19060 

.6448 

8? 

5944-68 

6881 

.83766 

M5-3 

.IIOI 

.04178 

9.082 

-587 

.20064 

.6300 

88 

6082.12 

7040 

.84758 

142.0 

.1126 

.05170 

8.878 

.624 

.21057 

•6158 

89 

6221.14 

7201 

.85740 

138.9 

.1152 

.06152 

8.679 

.661 

.22038 

.6O2O 

90 

6361-73 

.007364 

3.86710 

135-8 

.1178 

1.07122 

8.488 

1.699 

0.23009 

0.5887 

9i 

6503.88 

7528 

.87670 

132.8 

.1205 

.08082 

8.302 

•737 

.23968 

•5759 

92 

6647.61 

7695 

.88619 

130.0 

.1231 

.09031 

8.122 

•775 

.24918 

•5634 

93 

6792.91 

7863 

•89558 

127.2 

.1258 

.09970 

7-949 

.814 

.25856 

•55H 

94 

6939-78 

8033 

.90487 

124.5 

.1285 

.10899 

7.780 

•853 

.26786 

•5397 

95 

7088.22 

.008205 

3.91407 

121.9 

•1V3 

1.11819 

7.617 

1.893 

0.27705 

0.5284 

96 

7238-23 

8378 

.92316 

119.4 

•1341 

.12728 

7-459 

•933 

.28614 

•5*74 

97 

7389.81 

8554 

.93216 

116.9 

.1369 

.13628 

7-307 

•973 

•295!4 

.5068 

98 

7542.96 

8731 

.94107 

114.5 

•1397 

•I45J9 

7-158 

2.014 

.30405 

.4965 

99 

7697.69 

8910 

•94989 

1  1  2.2 

.1426 

.15401 

7-oi5 

•055 

.31287 

.4865 

100 

7853-98 

.009091 

3.95862 

IIO.O 

•1455 

1.16274 

6-875 

2.097 

0.32160 

0.4769 



SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  Diameters  and  sections  in  terms  of  thousandths  of  a  centimetre. 


49 


TABLE  6O. 


BRITISH    AND    METRIC    UNITS. 

Cross  sections  and  weights  of  wires. 


The  cross  section  and  the  weight,  in  different  units,  of  Platinum  wire  of  the  diameters  given  in  the  first  column. 
For  one  tenth  the  diameters  divide  sections  and  weights  by  100.  For  ten  times  the  diameter  multiply  by  100, 
and  so  on. 


c 

II 

Q 

Area  of 
cross 
section 
in 
Sq.  Mils. 

Platinum  —  Density  21.50. 

Pounds 
per 
Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 
per 
Pound. 

Ounces 
per 
Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 
per 
Ounce. 

Grammes 
per 

Metre.* 

Log. 

Metres 
per 
Gramme. 

10 

78.54 

.0007321 

4.86455 

1366.0 

.01171 

2.06867 

85-38 

0.1689 

7.22753 

5.922 

i 

95-°3 

008858 

•94732 

1  1  29.0 

.01417 

•i5J44 

70.56 

.2043 

.31030 

4.894 

12 

113.10 

01054 

3.02292 

948.6 

.01687 

.22704 

59-29 

.2432 

•38590 

4-II3 

13 

i32-73 

01237 

.09243 

808.3 

.01979 

•29655 

50.52 

.2854 

•45541 

3-504 

14 

153-94 

01435 

.15681 

696.9 

.02296 

.36093 

43-56 

•33'° 

•5I979 

3-021 

15 

176.71 

.001647 

3.21672 

607.1 

.02635 

2.42084 

37-95 

0-3799 

7.57970 

2.632 

16 

201.06 

01874 

.27278 

533-6 

.03005 

.47790 

33-27 

•4323 

•63576 

2.311 

17 

226.98 

02II6 

•32544 

472-7 

•03385 

•52956 

29-54 

.4880 

.68843 

2.049 

18 

•254-47 

02372 

•37509 

421.6 

•03795 

•57921 

26-35 

•5471 

.73808 

1.828 

*9 

283-53 

02643 

.42206 

378.4 

.04228 

.62618 

23-65 

.6096 

.78504 

1.640 

20 

314.16 

.002928 

3.46661 

341-5 

.04685 

2-67073 

21.34 

0.6754 

7.82959 

1.481 

21 

346-36 

03228 

.50898 

309.7 

•05165 

.71310 

19.36 

•7447 

.87197 

•343 

22 

380.13 

03543 

•54939 

282.2 

.05669 

•75351 

17.64 

-8i73 

•91237 

.224 

23 

415.48 

03873 

.58801 

258.2 

.06196 

•79213 

16.14 

•8933 

•95099 

.119 

24 

452-39 

04217 

.62497 

237.2 

•06747 

.82909 

14.82 

.9726 

•98795 

.028 

25 

490.87 

.004575 

3.66042 

218.6 

.07321 

2.86454 

13.66 

1.055 

0.02341 

0.9475 

26 

530-93 

04949 

•69449 

202.  i 

.07918 

.89861 

12.63 

.142 

.05748 

.8760 

27 

572.56 

05324 

.72628 

187.8 

•08539 

.93140 

11.71 

.231 

.09026 

.8124 

28 

615.75 

05739 

-75886 

174.2 

.09183 

.96298 

10.89 

•324 

.12184 

•7553 

29 

660.52 

06157 

•78934 

162.4 

.09851 

.99346 

10.15 

.420 

.15232 

.7042 

30 

706.86 

.006589 

3.81879 

151.8 

.1054 

1.02291 

9.486 

1.520 

0.18177 

0.6  c;8o 

31 

754-77 

07035 

.84727 

142.1 

.1126 

•OS1  39 

8.884 

•623 

.21025 

.6i62 

32 

804.25 

07496 

.87485 

'33-4 

.1199 

.07897 

8-338 

•729 

•23783 

•5783 

33 

855-30 

07972 

•90157 

125.4 

.1276 

.10569 

7.840 

•839 

.26456 

•5438 

34 

907.92 

08463 

.92750 

118.2 

•1354 

.13162 

7-385 

•952 

.29049 

•5123 

35 

962.  1  1 

.008968 

3.95268 

111.52 

•'435 

T.  1  5680 

6.97.0 

2.069 

.031566 

0.4834 

36 

1017.88 

09488 

•97715 

105.41 

.1518 

.18127 

6.588 

.188 

.34014 

•4569 

37 

1075.21 

IOO22 

2.00095 

99.78 

.1604 

.20507 

6.236 

.312 

•36393 

•4326 

38 

1134.11 

"0595 

.02511 

94.38 

.1695 

.22923 

5-899 

•444 

.38809 

.4092 

39 

1194.59 

11134 

.04668 

89.81 

.1782 

.25080 

5-6i3 

•568    • 

.40966 

.3893 

40 

1256.64 

.01171 

2.06867 

85-38 

.1874 

1.27279 

5-336 

2.702 

0.43166 

0.3701 

4i 

1320.25 

1231 

.09011 

81.26 

.1969 

•29423 

5-079 

•839 

•453°9 

•3523 

42 

I385-44 

1291 

.11104 

77-44 

.2066 

•3i5l6 

4.840 

•979 

•47403 

•3346 

43 

1452.20 

1354 

.13148 

73-88 

.2166 

•3356o 

4.617 

3.122 

•49446 

•3203 

44 

i52o.53 

1417 

•J5'45 

70.56 

.2268 

•35557 

4.410 

.269 

•5!443 

•3059 

45 

1  590.43 

.01482 

2.17097 

67.46 

•2372 

7-37509 

4.216 

3-4I9 

0-53395 

0.2924 

46 

1661.90 

1549 

.19006 

64.56 

.2478 

.39418 

4-035 

•573 

•55304 

.2799 

47 

1734-94 

1617 

.20874 

61.84 

.2587 

.41286 

3-865 

•73° 

•57172 

.2681 

48 

1809.56 

1687 

.22703 

59-29 

.2699 

•43"  5 

3-705 

.891 

.59001 

.2570 

49 

1885.74 

1758 

•24494 

56.89 

.2812 

.44906 

3-556 

4-054 

.60792 

.2467 

50 

1963.50 

.01830 

1.26249 

54-64 

.2928 

1.46661 

3-4I5 

4.222 

0.62547 

0.2369 

S1 

2042.82 

1904 

.27969 

52-52 

•3°47 

.48381 

3.282 

•392 

.64267 

.2277 

52 

2123.72 

1979 

•29655 

50-52 

.3167 

.50067 

3-  '57 

•566 

•65954 

.2190 

53 

2206.18 

2056 

•31310 

48.63 

.3290 

.51722 

3-039 

•743 

.67608 

.2108 

:54 

2290.22 

2135 

•32933 

46.84 

•3415 

•53345 

2.928 

•924 

.69232 

.2031 

55 

2375.83 

.02214 

2-34527 

45.16 

•3543 

7-54939 

2.822 

5.108 

0.70825 

0.1958 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


Diameters  and  sections  in  terms  of  thousandths  of  a  centimetre. 
50 


TABLE  6O. 


BRITISH    AND    METRIC    UNITS. 

Cross  sections  and  weights  of  wires. 


I 

a 
'"  « 

I* 

(5 

Area  of 
cross 
section 
in 
Sq.  Mils. 

Platinum  —  Density  21.50. 

Pounds 
per 
Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 
per 
Pound. 

Ounces 
Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 
per 
Ounce. 

Grammes 
per 

Metre.* 

Log. 

Metres 
per 
Gramme. 

55 

2375-83 

.02214 

2.34527 

45.16 

0-3543 

^•54939 

2.822 

5.108 

0.70825 

.1958 

56 

2463.01 

2296 

.36092 

43-56 

•3673 

.56504 

.722 

•295 

.72390 

.1888 

57 

2551.76 

2378   ' 

•37630 

42.04 

.3806 

.58042 

.628 

.486 

•73928 

.1823 

58 

2642.08 

2463 

.39140 

4O.6l 

•3940 

•59552 

•538 

.680 

•7543s 

.1760 

59 

2733-97 

2548 

.40625 

39-24 

.4077 

.61037 

•453 

.878 

•76923 

.1701 

60 

2827.43 

.02635 

2.42085 

37-94 

0.4217 

1.62497 

2.372 

6.079 

0.78383 

.1645 

61 

2922.47 

2724 

•43521 

36-71 

•4358 

•63933 

.294 

-283 

.79819 

.1592 

62 

3019.07 

2814 

•44933 

35-54 

.4502 

•65345 

.221 

.491 

.81231 

•1541 

63 

3II7-25 

2906 

•46323 

34-42 

.4649 

•66735 

•151 

.702 

.82621 

.1492 

64 

3216.99 

2999 

.47691 

33-35 

.4798 

.68103 

.084 

.917 

.83989 

.1446 

65 

33r8.3i 

•03093 

2.49037 

32-33 

0.4949 

1.69449 

2.O2I 

7-134 

0.85336 

.1402 

66 

3421.19 

3^9 

•50363 

3i-36 

.5102 

.70775 

1.960 

•356 

.86662 

.1360 

67 

3525-65 

3286 

.51670 

30-43 

•5258 

.72082 

.902 

.580 

.87968 

.1319 

68 

3631.68 

3385 

•52956 

29-54 

.5416 

•73368 

.846 

.808 

•89255 

.1281 

69 

3739-28 

3485 

•54224 

28.69 

•5577 

.74636 

•793 

8.039 

•90523 

.1244 

70 

3848-45 

.03588 

2-55485 

27.87 

o.574i 

1.75897 

1.742 

8.276 

0.91  784 

.1208 

7i 

3959-  1  9 

3690 

•56706 

27.10 

.5904 

.77118 

.694 

•5'2 

.93004 

•"75 

72 

4071.50 

3795 

.57921 

26.35 

.6072 

•78333 

•647 

•754 

.94219 

.1142 

73 

4185.39 

3901 

•59H9 

25-63 

.6242 

•79531 

.602 

•999 

•95417 

.nil 

74 

4300.84 

4009 

.60301 

24-95 

.6414 

.80713 

•559 

9.247 

.96599 

.1081 

75 

4417.86 

.04118 

2.61467 

24.28 

0.6589 

1.81879 

1.518 

9.498 

0.97765 

.10528 

76 

4536.46 

4228 

.62617 

23-65 

•6765 

.83029 

.478 

9-753 

.98916 

•10253 

77 

4656.63 

4340 

•63753 

23.04 

•6945 

.84165 

•440 

IO.OI2 

1.00051 

.09988 

78 

4778.36 

4454 

.64874 

22.45 

.7126 

.85286 

•403 

10.273 

.01172 

•09734 

79 

4901.67 

4569 

.65980 

21.89 

•73JO 

.86392 

.368 

10-539 

.02278 

.09489 

80 

5026.55 

.04685 

2.67073 

21.34 

0.7496 

1.87485 

'•334 

10.81 

I-0337I 

.09253 

81 

5  !  53-oo 

4803 

.68152 

20.82 

.7685 

.88564 

.301 

11.08 

.04450 

.09026 

82 

5281.02 

4922 

.69217 

20.32 

.7876 

.89629 

.270 

"•35 

.05516 

.08807 

83 

5410.61 

5043 

.70270 

19.83 

.8069 

.90682 

•239 

11.63 

.06568 

.08596 

84 

5541-77 

5165 

.71310 

19.36 

.8265 

.91722 

.210 

11.91 

.07609 

•08393 

85 

5674.50 

.05289 

2.72338 

18.91 

0.8463 

1.92750 

1.182 

I2.2O 

1.08637 

.08197 

86 

5808.80 

54H 

•73354 

18.47 

.8663 

•93766 

•154 

12.49 

.09652 

.08007 

87 

5944.68 

5541 

•74358 

18.05 

.8866 

.94770 

.128 

12.78 

.10657 

.07807 

88 

6082.12 

5669 

•75351 

17.64 

.9070 

•95763 

.102 

I3.08 

.11649 

.07647 

89 

6221.14 

5799 

•76333 

17.25 

•9278 

•96745 

.078 

<3-37 

.12631 

-0/477 

90 

6361-73 

•0593o 

2.77303 

16.86 

0.9487 

7.97715 

1.0541 

13.68 

1.13601 

.07311 

9i 

6503.88 

6062 

.78263 

16.50 

.9699 

.98675 

.0310 

1:3-98 

.14561 

.07152 

92 

6647.61 

6196 

.79212 

16.14 

.9914 

.99624 

.0087 

T4-29 

•^Sto 

.06997 

93 

6792.91 

6332 

.80151 

15-79 

1.0130 

0.00563 

0.9871 

14.60 

.  1  6449 

.06847 

94 

6939.78 

6469 

.81080 

15.46 

•0350 

.01492 

.9661 

14.92 

•17378 

.06702 

95 

7088.22 

.06607 

2.81999 

I5-X4 

1.057 

0.02411 

0.9460 

15.24 

1.18298 

.06562 

96 

7238.23 

6747 

.82909 

14.82 

.079 

.03321 

.9264 

15-56 

.19207 

.06426 

97 

7389.81 

6888 

.83809 

14.52 

.102 

.042.21 

.9074 

15.89 

.20107 

.06294 

98 

7542.96 

7031 

.84700 

14.22 

•125 

.05112 

.8890 

l6.22 

.20998 

.06166 

99 

7697.69 

7175 

.85582 

J3-94 

.148 

.05994 

.8711 

16-55 

.21880 

.06042 

100 

7853-98 

.07321 

2.86455 

13.66 

1.171 

0.06867 

0.8538 

16.89 

1.22753 

.05922 

*  Diameters  and  sections  in  terms  of  thousandths  of  a  millimetre. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  61 . 


BRITISH    AND    METRIC    UNITS. 

Cross  sections  and  weights  of  wires. 


The  cross  section  and  the  weight,  in  different  units,  of  Gold  wire  of  the  diameters  given  in  the  first  column. 
For  one  tenth  the  diameters  divide  sections  and  weights  by  100.  For  ten  times  the  diameter  multiply  by  100 
and  so  on. 


£ 

Is 

J5 

Area  of 
cross 
section 
in 

Sq.  Mils. 

Gold  —  Density  19.30. 

Troy 
Ounces 
per  Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 
per  Troy 
Ounce. 

Grains 
per 
Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 
per 
Gram. 

Grammes 
per 

Metre.* 

Log. 

Metres 
per 
Gramme. 

10 

78.54 

.00958 

3.98152 

104-35 

4.600 

0.66276 

.2174 

0.1516 

1.18065 

6-597 

ii 

95-03 

.01  1  60 

2.06429 

86.24 

5-566 

•74553 

.1797 

.1834 

.26342 

5-452 

12 

II3.TO 

.01380 

.13989 

7246 

6.624 

.82114 

.1510 

•2l83 

.33902 

4.581 

U 

r32-73 

•01657 

.21940 

60.34 

7-774 

.89064 

.1286 

.2562 

•40853 

3-904 

14 

153-94 

.01878 

.27378 

53-24 

9.016 

•95503 

.1109 

.2971 

•47291 

3-366 

15 

176.71 

.02  1  56 

2.33369 

46.38 

10-35 

1.01493 

.09662 

0.341  1 

1.53282 

2.932 

16 

2OI.O6 

•02453 

•38976 

40.76 

11.78 

.07100 

.08492 

.3880 

.58888 

•577 

17 

226.98 

.02770 

.44242 

36.11 

13.29 

.12366 

.07522 

.4381 

.64154 

.283 

18 

254-47 

.03105 

.49207 

32.21 

14.90 

•I7331 

.06710 

•49" 

.69119 

.036 

19 

283-53 

.03460 

•53903 

28.90 

1  6.6  1 

.22027 

.ODO22 

•5472 

.738l6 

1.827 

20 

314.16 

•03833 

2.58358 

26.09 

18.40 

1.26482 

•05435 

0.6063 

1.78271 

1.649 

21 

346.36 

.04226 

.62596 

23.66 

20.29 

.30720 

.04939 

.6685 

.82509 

.496 

22 

380.13 

.04638 

.66636 

21.56 

22.26 

•3476r 

.04492 

•7337 

.86549 

•363 

23 

415.48 

•04954 

.69498 

20.18 

24-33 

.38622 

.04109 

.8019 

.90411 

.248 

24 

452-39 

.05520 

.74194 

18.12 

26.50 

.42319 

•03774 

•8731 

.94107 

•M5 

25 

490.87 

.05990 

2.77740 

16.70 

28.75 

1.45865 

.03478 

0.9474 

1.97652 

'•0555 

26 

530-93 

.06478 

.81147 

15-44 

31.10 

.49271 

.03216 

1.0247 

0.01059 

0-9759 

27 

572.56 

.06986 

.84425 

I4-31 

33-53 

•52549 

.02982 

.1050 

•04338 

9050 

28 

6'5-75 

•07513 

.87584 

13-31 

36.06 

•55708 

•02773 

.1884 

.07496 

.8415 

29 

660.52 

.08060 

.90632 

12.41 

38.69 

.58756 

.02585 

.2748 

.10544 

.7844 

30 

706.86 

.08625 

2-93577 

"•594 

41.40 

1.61701 

.02415 

1.364 

0.13489 

0-733° 

31 

754-77 

.09210 

.96425 

10.858 

44.21 

.64549 

.02262 

•457 

•16337 

.6912 

32 

804.25 

.09813 

.99182 

10.190 

47.10 

.67306 

.02123 

•SS2 

.19095 

.6442 

33 

855-30 

.10436 

1.01855 

9.582 

50.09 

.69979 

.01996 

.651 

.21768 

.6058 

34 

907.92 

.11078 

.04448 

9.027 

S3-i8 

•72572 

.01881 

•752 

.24360 

•5707 

35 

962.11 

.1174 

1.06965 

8.518 

56.35 

1.75089 

.01775 

1-857 

0.26878 

0-5385 

36 

1017.88 

.1242 

.09413 

8.051 

59.62 

•77537 

.01677 

•965 

•29325 

.5090 

37 

1075.21 

.1312 

.11792 

7.622 

62.97 

•79917 

.01588 

2.070 

•3^05 

.4830 

38 

1134.11 

.1387 

.14208 

7.210 

66.58 

.82332 

.01502 

.194 

.34121 

•4558. 

39 

"94-59 

.1458 

•16365 

6.861 

69.97 

.84489 

.01429 

.306 

•36278 

•4337 

40 

1256.64 

•1533 

1.18565 

6.521 

73.60 

1.86689 

•OI359 

2.425 

0.38478 

0.4123 

4i 

1320.25 

.1611 

.20709 

6.207 

77-33 

.88833 

.01293 

•548 

.4062  1 

•3924 

42 

I385-44 

.1691 

.22802 

5-9I5 

81.14 

.90926 

.01232 

.674 

•42715 

•3740 

43 

1452.20 

.1772 

.24846 

5-643 

85.05 

.92970 

.01176 

.803 

•44758 

•3568 

44 

!520.53 

•1855 

.26843 

5-390 

89.06 

•94967 

.01123 

•935 

•46755 

.3408 

45 

1590.43 

.1941 

1.28795 

5-T53 

93-15 

1.96919 

•010735 

3.070 

0.48707 

0.3258 

46 

1661.90 

.2028 

.30704 

4-931 

97-34 

.98828 

.010273 

.207 

.50616 

.3118 

47 

1734-94 

.2117 

•32572 

4.724 

roi.oi 

2.00696 

.009842 

-348 

.52484 

.2986 

48 

1809.56 

.2208 

.34400 

4-529 

105.99 

•02525 

•009435 

.492 

•54313 

.2863 

49 

1885.74 

.2301 

.36191 

4-346 

110.45 

•043  i  5 

.009054 

•639 

.56104 

.2748 

50 

1963.50 

.2396 

1.37946 

4.174 

115.0 

2  06070 

.008696 

3-790 

0.57859 

0.2639 

51 

2042.82 

•2493 

.39666 

4.012 

119.6 

.07790 

.008358 

•943 

•59579 

•2537 

52 

2123.72 

.2591 

•41353 

3-859 

124.4 

•09477 

.008039 

4.099 

.61265 

.2440 

53 

2206.18 

.2692 

.43007 

3-7I5 

129.2 

.11131 

.007739 

.258 

.62920 

•2349 

54 

2290.22 

•2795 

.44631 

3-578 

134-1 

•12755 

•007455 

.420 

•64543 

.2262 

55 

2375-83 

.2899 

1.46225 

3-449 

139.2 

2.14349 

.007186 

4.585 

0.66137 

0.2181 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  Diameters  and  sections  in  terms  of  thousandths  of  a  centimetre. 
52 


TABLE   61 


BRITISH    AND    METRIC    UNITS. 

Cross  sections  and  weights  of  wires. 


c 

Eg 
.2  ^» 

o 

Area  of 
cross 
section 

Sq.  Mils. 

Gold  —  Density  19.30. 

Troy 
Ounces 
per 
Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 
per  Troy 
Ounce. 

Grains 
per 
Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 
per 
Grain. 

Grammes 
per 
Metre.* 

Log. 

Metres 
per 
Gramme. 

55 

2375-83 

.2899 

1.46225 

3-449 

139.2 

2.14349 

.007186 

4.585 

0.66137 

.2l8l 

56 

2463.01 

•3005 

•47790 

•327 

144-3 

.15914 

6932 

4-754 

.67702 

.2104 

$1 

255^76 

•3U4 

•49327 

.212 

149.5 

•I745t 

6691 

4-925 

.69240 

•2031 

58 

2642.08 

.3224 

.50838 

.IO2 

154-7 

.18962 

6462 

5-099 

•70/50 

.1961 

59 

2733-97 

•3336 

•52323 

2.998 

1  60.  1 

.20447 

6245 

5-277 

•72235 

.1895 

60 

2827.43 

•3450 

7.53782 

2.899 

165.6 

2.21906 

.006039 

5-457 

0.73695 

•1833 

61 

2922.47 

•3566 

.55218 

.804 

I7I.2 

•23342 

5842 

5.640 

•7S131 

•1773 

62 

3019.07 

.3684 

.56630 

.715 

176.8 

•24754 

5655 

5.827 

•76543 

.1716 

63 

3"7-25 

.3804 

.58020 

.629 

182.6 

.26144 

5477 

6.016 

•77933 

.1662 

64 

3216.99 

•3925 

•59388 

.548 

188.4 

.27512 

5307 

6.209 

•79301 

.l6ll 

65 

3318.31 

.4049 

1.60735 

2.470 

194.4 

2.28859 

.005145 

6.404 

0.80647 

.1561 

66 

3421.19 

•4175 

.62061 

•395 

200.4 

.30185 

4991 

6.603 

•8i973 

.1514 

67 

3525-65 

.4302 

•63367 

•324 

206.5 

•3»49' 

4843 

6.805 

.83280 

.1470 

68 

3631.68 

•443  ' 

.64654 

•257 

212.7 

•327/8 

4701 

7.010 

.84566 

.1427 

69 

3739-28 

•4563 

•65922 

.192 

219.0 

.34046 

4566 

7.217 

•85835 

.1386 

70 

3848-45 

•4697 

1.67183 

2.129 

225-5 

2.35307 

•004435 

7.429 

0.87096 

.1346 

7i 

3959-19 

.4831 

.68404 

.070 

231.9 

.36528 

4312 

7.641 

.88316 

.1309 

72 

4071.50 

.4968 

.69619 

.013 

238.4 

•37743 

4195 

7.858 

•89531 

•1273 

73 

4185.39 

•5I07 

.70817 

1.958 

245.1 

.38941 

4079 

8.078 

.90729 

.1238 

74 

4300.84 

•5248 

.71998 

•905 

251.9 

.40123 

3970 

8.301 

.91911 

.I2O4 

75 

4417.86 

•5391 

1.73164 

1-855 

258.8 

2.41288 

.003865 

8.526 

0.93077 

•"73 

76 

4536-46 

•5535 

•74315 

.807 

265.7 

•42439 

3764 

8-755 

.94227 

.1142 

77 

4656.63 

.5682 

•75450 

.760 

272.7 

•43574 

3666 

8.987 

•95363 

.1113 

78 

4778.36 

•5831 

•76571 

•715 

279.9 

.44695 

3573 

9.222 

.96484 

.1084 

79 

4901.67 

.5981 

.77678 

.672 

287.1 

.45801 

3483 

9.460 

.97590 

•1057 

80 

5026.55 

•6i33 

1.78770 

1.630 

294.4 

2.46894 

.003401 

9.701 

0.98683 

.10308 

81 

5  r  53-oo 

.6288 

.79849 

•590 

301.8 

•47973 

33'3 

9-945 

.99762 

•10055 

82 

5281.02 

•6444 

•80915 

•552 

309-3 

.49039 

3233 

10.192 

1.00828 

.09812 

f3 

5410.61 

.6602 

.81968 

•5*5 

316.9 

.50092 

3I56 

10.442 

.01880 

-09577 

84 

5541-77 

.6762 

.83008 

•479 

324.6 

•5"32 

3081 

10.696 

.02921 

.09349 

85 

5674.50 

.6924 

7.84036 

1.444 

332-4 

2.52160 

.003009 

10.95 

1.03948 

.09131 

86 

5808.80 

.7088 

.85052 

.411 

340.2 

•53J76 

2939 

II.  21 

.04964 

.08919 

87 

5944.68 

•7254 

.86056 

•379 

348.2 

.54180 

2872 

11.47 

.05969 

.08716 

88 

6082.12 

.7421 

.87049 

•347 

356.2 

•55!73 

2807 

11-74 

.06961 

.08519 

89 

6221.14 

•7591 

.88030 

•3»7 

364-4 

•56i54 

2744 

I2.OI 

•07943 

.08328 

90 

6361.73 

•7763 

1.89001 

1.288 

372-6 

2-57125 

.002684 

12.28 

1.08913 

.08145 

9i 

6503.88 

•7936 

.89960 

.260 

380.9 

.58085 

2625 

12-55 

.09873 

.07967 

92 

6647.61 

.8m 

.90910 

•233 

389-3 

•59034 

2568 

I2.83 

.10822 

.07794 

93 

6792.91 

.8291 

.91858 

.206 

397-9 

•59972 

25J3 

13.11 

.11761 

.07628 

94 

6939.78 

.8468 

.92778 

.181 

406.5 

.60902 

2460 

13-39 

.12690 

.07466 

95 

7088.22 

.8649 

7.93697 

1.156 

415.2 

2.61821 

.002409 

13.68 

1.13609 

.07310 

96 

7238.23 

.8832 

.94606 

.132 

423-9 

.62731 

2359 

'3-97 

.14519 

.07158 

97 

7389.81 

.9017 

•955°7 

.109 

432.8 

•63631 

2310 

14.26 

•I54I9 

.07011 

98 

7542.96 

.9204 

•96397 

.086 

441.8 

.64521 

2263 

14.56 

.16310 

.06869 

99 

7697.69 

•9393 

•97279 

.065 

45°-9 

.65403 

2218 

14.86 

.17192 

.06731 

100 

7853-98 

•9583 

7.98152 

1.043 

460.0 

2.66276 

.002174 

15.16 

1.18065 

.06597 

*  Diameters  and  sections  in  terms  of  thousandths  of  a  centimetre. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


53 


TABLE  62. 

BRITISH    AND    METRIC    UNITS. 

Cross  sections  and  weights  of  wires. 

The  cross  section  and  the  weight,  in  different  units,  of  Silver  wire  of  the  diameters  given  in  the  first  column.  For 
one  tenth  the  diameters  divide  the  section  and  weights  by  100.  For  ten  times  the  diameter  muliply  by  100,  and 
so  on. 


_c 

is 

Q 

Area  of 
cross 
section 
in 
Sq.  Mils. 

Silver  —  Density  10.50. 

Troy 
Ounces 
per  Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 

per  Troy 
Ounce. 

Grains 
Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 

Pe.r 
Grain. 

Grammes 
per 

Metre.* 

Log. 

Metres 
per 
Gramme. 

10 

78.54 

.005214 

3-7I7I5 

191.79 

2-503 

0-39839 

•3996 

0.08247 

2.91628 

12.126 

ii 

95-03 

.006308 

•79992 

I58.52 

3.028 

.48117 

•3302 

.09978 

.99905 

IO.O22 

12 

113.10 

.007508 

•87553 

I33-I9 

3.604 

•55677 

•2775 

.11876 

1.07465 

8.420 

'3 

132.73 

.008811 

•94503 

"3-49 

4.229 

.62627 

.2364 

•13937 

.14416 

7-175 

14 

153-94 

.010219 

2.00942 

97.86 

4.905 

.69066 

.2039 

.16164 

.20854 

6.186 

15 

176.71 

.01173 

2.06932 

85.24 

5-63I 

0.75057 

.1776 

0.1855 

7.26845 

5-389 

16 

2OI.O6 

•01335 

•12539 

74.92 

6.407 

.80663 

.1561 

.2111 

•32452 

4-737 

i7 

226.98 

.01507 

.17805 

66.37 

7.233 

.85929 

.1383 

•2383 

•37718 

4.196 

18 

254-47 

.01689 

.22770 

59.20 

8.109 

.90894 

•1233 

.2672 

.42683 

3-743 

19 

283-53 

.01882 

.27466 

S3-1  3 

9-034 

•95590 

.1107 

•2977 

•47379 

3-359 

20 

314.16 

.02086 

2.31921 

47-95 

IO.OI 

1.00046 

.09990 

0.3299 

i"-5'834 

3-031 

21 

346.36 

.02299 

•36159 

43-49 

11.04 

.04283 

.09060 

•3637 

.56072 

2.750 

22 

380.13 

.02523 

.40200 

39-63 

12.11 

.08324 

.08256 

•3991 

.60112 

•505 

23 

415.48 

.02758 

.44061 

36.26 

13.24 

.12186 

••07553 

•4363 

•63974 

.292 

24 

452-39 

.03003 

•477S8 

32-99 

14.42 

.15882 

.06937 

•4750 

.67670 

.105 

25 

490.87 

•03259 

2.51303 

30.69 

15.64 

1.19427 

.06425 

0.5154 

1.71216 

1.940 

26 

530.93 

•03525 

•54710 

28.37 

16.92 

.22834 

.05911 

•5575 

•74623 

•794 

27 

572.56 

.03801 

.57988 

26.31 

18.24 

.26113 

.05481 

.6012 

.77901 

.663 

28 

6'5-75 

.04088 

.61147 

24.46 

19.62 

.29271 

.05097 

.6465 

.81059 

•547 

29 

660.52 

•04385 

.64195 

22.81 

21.05 

•32319 

•047  5  * 

•6935 

.84108 

.442 

30 

706.86 

.04692 

2.67140 

21.31 

22.52 

I-35264 

.04440 

0.7422 

1.87052 

1-347 

31 

754-77 

.05010 

.69988 

19.96 

24.05 

.38lI2 

0.4158 

•7925 

.89900 

.262 

32 

804.25 

•05339 

•72745 

i8-73 

25-63 

.40870 

0.3902 

•8445 

.92658 

.184 

i    33 

855-30 

.05678 

.75418 

17.61 

27.25 

•43542 

0.3669 

.8981 

•95331 

•"3 

34 

907.92 

.06027 

.78011 

16.59 

28.93 

•46135 

0.3457 

•9533 

.97924 

.049 

35 

962.11 

.06387 

2.80528 

15.66 

30.66 

1.48653 

.03262 

I.OIO 

0.00441 

0.9899 

36 

1017.88 

.06757 

.82976 

14.80 

32-43 

.51100 

.03083 

.069 

.02889 

•9356 

37 

1075.21 

.07138 

•85356 

14.01 

34.26 

•53480 

.02919 

.129 

.05268 

.8857 

:    38 

1134.11 

.07546 

.87772 

13-25 

36.22 

•55896 

.02761 

.194 

.07684 

.8378 

;    39 

1194.59 

.07930 

.89928 

12.61 

38.06 

•58052 

.02627 

•254 

.09841 

•7973 

40 

1256.64 

.08342 

2.92128 

11.99 

40.04 

1.60252 

.02497 

i-3r9 

0.12041 

0-7579 

41 

1320.25 

.08764 

•94272 

11.41 

42.07 

.62396 

.02377 

.386 

.14185 

•7213 

42 

'385-44 

.09197 

•96365 

10.87 

44-15 

.64489 

.02265 

•455 

.16278 

•6874 

1    43 

1452.20 

.09640 

.98409 

10-37 

46.27 

•66533 

.02161 

•525 

.18322 

•6558 

,    44 

1520.53 

.10094 

1.00406 

9.91 

48.45 

•68530 

.02064 

•597 

.20318 

•6263 

45 

1590.43 

.1056 

1.02358 

9.471 

50.68 

1.70482 

•01973 

1.670 

0.22270 

0.5988 

46 

1661.90 

•"93 

.04267 

9.065 

52.96 

•72391 

.01888 

•745 

.24179 

•5731 

;    47 

1734-94 

.1152 

.06135 

8.683 

55.28 

•74259 

.01809 

.822 

.26047 

.5489  i 

!    48 

1809.56 

.i2di 

.07964 

8.325, 

57-66 

.76088 

•01734 

.900 

.27876 

•5263 

49 

1885.74 

.1252 

•09755 

7.988 

60.09 

•77879 

.01664 

.980 

.29667 

.5050 

50 

1963-5° 

•1303 

1.11509 

7.672 

62-57 

1.79634 

.01598 

2.062 

0.31422 

0.4850 

!   5i 

2042.82 

•1356 

.13229 

7-374 

65.09 

•81354 

•01536 

.145 

•33M2 

.4662 

;   52 

2123.72 

.14110 

.14916 

7-P93 

67-67 

.83040 

.01478 

.230 

.34829 

.4484 

53 

2206.18 

•1465 

.16570 

6.828 

70.30 

.84695 

.01422 

.316 

•36483 

•43  »  7 

54 

2290.22 

.1520 

.18194 

6.578 

72.99 

.86328 

.01370 

•405 

.38107 

.4158 

55 

2375-83 

•1577 

T.I9788 

6.340 

75.70 

1.87912 

.01321 

2-495 

0.39700 

0.4009 

*  Diameters  and  sections  in  terms  of  thousandths  of  a  centimetre. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

54 


TABLE  62. 


BRITISH    AND    METRIC    UNITS. 

Cross  sections  and  weights  of  wires. 


B 
'"  £ 

Ei 
.2^5 

O 

Area  of 
cross 
section 
in 
Sq.  Mils. 

Silver  —  Density  10.50. 

Troy 
Ounces 
per  Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 
per  Troy 
Ounce. 

Grains 

Fool. 

Log. 

Feet 
per 
Grain. 

Grammes 
per 

Metre.* 

Log. 

Metres 
per 
Gramme. 

55 

2375-83 

0.1577 

T.I9788 

6.340 

75-70 

1.87912 

.01321 

2.495 

0.39700 

0.4009 

56 

2463.01 

•1635 

•21353 

.116 

78.48 

.89477 

1274 

.586 

.41266 

•3867 

57 

255'-76 

.1694 

.22890 

5-903 

81.31 

.91014 

1230 

•679 

.42803 

•3732 

58 

2642.08 

•1754 

.24401 

./OI 

84.19 

•92525 

1188 

•774 

•443  '4 

.3605 

59 

2733-97 

.1815 

.25886 

.510 

87.12 

.94010 

1148 

.871 

•45798 

•3484 

60 

2827.43 

0.1877 

1.27346 

5-328 

90.09 

1.95470 

.OHIO 

2.969 

0.47258 

0.3368 

61 

2922.47 

.1940 

.28781 

•155 

93.12 

.96906 

1074 

3.069 

.48694 

•3259 

62 

3019.07 

.2004 

•3°  "93 

4.990 

96.20 

.98318 

1040 

.170 

.50106 

•3*55 

63 

3"7-25 

.2069 

•31584 

-832 

99-33 

.99708 

1007 

•273 

.51496 

•3°55 

64 

3216.99 

.2136 

•32951 

•683 

102.51 

2.01075 

0975 

-378 

.52864 

.2961 

65 

33I8-3I 

0.2203 

1.34298 

4-540 

105-7 

2.02422 

.009457 

3-484 

0.54211 

0.2870 

66 

3421.19 

.2271 

•35624 

•403 

109.0 

.03748 

09173 

•592 

•55537 

.2784 

67 

3525-65 

.2340 

•3693° 

•273 

112.3 

.05054 

08903 

.702 

•56843 

.2701 

1    f 

3631.68 

.2411 

.38217 

.148 

"5-7 

.06341 

08642 

.813 

•58130 

.2622 

69 

3739-28 

.2482 

•39485 

.029 

119.1 

.07609 

08393 

.926 

•59398 

•2547 

70 

3848.45 

0.2555 

1.40746 

3-9I3 

122.7 

2.08870 

.008153 

4.042 

0.60659 

0.2474 

7i 

3959-19 

.2628 

.41967 

.805 

126.2 

.10091 

07926 

•157 

.61880 

.2406 

72 

4071.50 

.2703 

.43182 

.700 

129.7 

.11306 

07708 

•275 

.63094 

•2339 

73 

4185.39 

.2778 

.44380 

•599 

133-4 

.12504 

07498 

•395 

.64293 

•2275 

74 

4300.84 

•2855 

.45560 

.502 

137-0 

.13686 

07297 

.516 

•65474 

.2214 

75 

4417.86 

0.2933 

1.46728 

3.410 

140.8 

2.14852 

.007104 

4-639 

0.66640 

0.2156 

76 

4536.46 

.3011 

-•47878 

.321 

144.6 

.16002 

06918 

•763 

.67791 

.2099 

77 

4656.63 

.3091 

.49014 

•235 

148.4 

.17138 

06739 

.889 

.68926 

.2045 

78 

4778.36 

•3!72 

•50134 

.152 

!52-3 

.18258 

06568 

5.017 

.70047 

•!993 

79 

4901-67 

•3254 

.51241 

•073 

156.2 

•19365 

06402 

.147 

•7"53 

•!943 

80 

5026.55 

0-3337 

1-52333 

2.997 

160.2 

2.20458 

.006243 

5.278 

0.72246 

0.1895 

81 

5153-0° 

.3421 

•53412 

•923 

164.2 

•21537 

06090 

.411 

•73325 

.1848 

82 

5281.02 

.3506 

•54478 

.852 

168.3 

.22602 

05942 

•545 

•74391 

.1803 

83 

5410.61 

•3592 

•55531 

-784 

172.4 

•23655 

05800 

.681 

•75444 

.1760 

84 

5541-77 

•3679 

•56571 

.718 

176.6 

•24695 

05663 

.819 

.76484 

.1719 

85 

5674-50 

0.3767 

T-  57  599 

2-655 

180.8 

2.25723 

•005531 

5-958 

0.77512 

0.1678 

86 

5808.80 

•3856 

•58615 

•593 

185.1 

.26739 

05403 

6.099 

.78528 

.1640 

87 

5944-68 

•3946 

.59619 

•534 

189.4 

•2/743 

05279 

.242 

•79532 

.1602 

88 

6082.12 

.4038 

.60612 

•477 

193-8 

.28736 

05160 

.386 

.80524 

.1566 

89 

6221.14 

.4130 

•6i593 

.421 

198.2 

.29717 

05045 

•532 

.81506 

•I531 

90 

6361-73 

0.4223 

1.62564 

2.368 

202.7 

2.30688 

•004933 

6.680 

0.82476 

0.1497 

9» 

6503.88 

•43  '8 

•63524 

.316 

207.2 

.31648 

04825 

.829 

•83436 

.1464 

92 

6647.61 

•4413 

•64473 

.266 

2II.8 

•32597 

04721 

.980 

.84385 

•r433 

93 

6792.91 

.4509 

.65411 

.218 

216.4 

•33535 

04620 

7-132 

.85324 

.1402 

94 

6939.78 

.4607 

•66341 

.171 

221.  1 

•34465 

04522 

.287 

.86254 

•1372 

95 

7088.22 

0.4705 

7.67260 

2.125 

225.9 

2.35384 

.004428 

7-443 

0.87173 

0.1344 

96 

7238.23 

.4805 

.68170 

.081 

230.6 

•36294 

04336 

.600 

.88082 

.1316 

97 

7389.81 

.4906 

.69070 

.038 

235-5 

•37194 

04247 

•759 

.88982 

.1289 

98 

7542.96 

.5007 

.69961 

1.997 

240.4 

-38085 

04161 

.920 

.89873 

.1263 

99 

7697.69 

.5110 

.70842 

•957 

245-3 

.38967 

04077 

8.083 

•90755 

•1237 

100 

7853-98 

0.5214 

^•71715 

1.918 

250-3 

2-39839 

•003996 

8.247 

0.91628 

0.1213 

Diameters  and  sections  in  terms  of  thousandths  of  a  centimetre. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


55 


TABLE  63. 


WEIGHT   OF   SHEET    METAL. 


•a 


o  o  o  o  o 

O   0   O   0   0 

i 

3 

"~>  O   "1  O   "~> 

O    i-    •-    PI    P) 
1-1    N    CO  TJ-  u-> 

O   10  O   "i  O 
roro  ^r  TJ-  LO 

vo  t^oo  a\  o 

O   O   0   O   O 

O   0   0   0   O 

"3 

O 

rovo   O\  M   1O 
O\OO  t^.  r^vO 
1-1  n  to  r^  ON 

oo  >-  •*  t^  o 

LO  "Trt-  ro  ro 
1-1  f)  10  r^  O\ 

| 

0   0   O   O   O 

O  O  O  O  O 

_c 

rt 

s 

10  O  ""i  o  ""^ 
—  ro  ^vO  t-». 
N   ^vO  OO   O 

M 

o  "1O  m  O 
O\  O  M   to  »o 
M  in  t-v  c\  1-1 

1 

r^  ^t1  1-1  OO  "i 

ri  ON^O  ro  O 

'i 

3 
< 

VO  roo  O  no 

N    "TOO    O    CO 

O  \D  <-OO  r^ 
\O  OO   —   TfO 
"i    «    M    pi    M 

en 

VO    N  OO    Tf  O 

VO  N  oo  •*  O 

2 

PQ 

uO  —  \O    N  OO 

oo  t^  VD  T)-  ri 
i-i   N   ro  -f 

fOCN  •<*•  O  O 
••  ONOO  r^  LO 
w>  100  t^oo 

^ 

O   O   0   O   O 

o  o  o  o  o 

a 
o 
U 

ONSO   r^vo  "^ 
OO   I-^vO   "^  -<J- 

1-1     M     <"">  Tf 

Tt  ro  PI   •-    O 
n  PI   —   O   ON 
,«">\O   t^OO  OO 

j 

o  o  o  o  o 

O   O   O   0   O 

o 

OO  VO   rf  N   O 
r^  u-i  ro  «  Cs 
1-1   N   ro  ro 

OO  O    ^  PI    O 
VO   rj-  ri   O  OO 
T}-  "1\O   f^  1^. 

J: 
.- 

H 

S=J§ 

BJ'S- 

c"  8*3 

H  N  d*t  »o 

<O  t^OO   O\O 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  64, 


WEIGHT   OF   SHEET    METAL. 


&.« 

•*OO    N  \O    O 

•^•oo  PI  VO  O 

cfa 

*           'Scr 
*           0« 

I 

N    IO  t^  ON  M 

CO  \O  •*  f)   11 
co  t^  —  "">  ON 

rfvO   CNH   •*• 

ON  1^  to  Tj-  PI 

P)  xO   O   -^-OO 
P)   p»   n  roro 

s    !i 

V  [t, 

r^  f*5  O  t^  fO 

vO  fO  O  vO  c*5 

ON  ON  CNCO  30 

t^  LT)  CO  ^     OS 

O  t^.  rf  Q  r^ 

O  vO   PO  O  O 
oo  r~»  r^  r^\O 
r^  LO  ro  n  ON 

3   * 

0^ 

O  I-  c^  roro 

Tj-  to>o  r^  r^ 

u     . 

0.0 

oo  t~»  "i  ro  P> 

O  oo  t^.  «o  PO 

3*" 

2  a- 
*           OM 

•ri 

N    ^X«    -    -4- 

000-- 
t^  Tf  «  cx3   "1 
1-1  N  o  ro 

r^  ON  PI  tooo 

n    ••    PI    PI    PI 

PI  ON^O  ro  O 
TT  •*  tovo  r-. 

3     *~ 
.1 

Ufa 

N    «O  t^  O    N 

TJ-OO  fi  r>.  >-i 
\O  PI   ON  "">  N 

't  ON  rooo  ro 

Tf  t~»  O\  PI  •* 

VOON  rooo  N 
00  •*  —   r^  TJ- 
r-^  PI  r^  —  vO 

3  * 
Ow 

«  N  rj-  to  r^ 

00   O  i   ro  •* 

t_ 

b« 

«   - 

O   CN  CNOO  OO 
ON  I^-vO   ^0  Tf 
t^  10  ro  «-   CN 

oo  t^  t^-vo  vo 
PO  PJ  «   O  ON 
t^  10  PO  n  OO 

^           So- 

i-c    COlO  t^OO 

O  P)   -^-vO  r^ 

I          0" 

2    N 

•O&H 

CM^VO  •>!•  fo 
—   ro  to  t^  Q\ 

i  N  m  Tt  to 

1-4   PI   ro  TJ-  10 

"  O  oo  r^  to 

i-   PO  -^-vO  OO 
r^oo   ON  O  - 
vO  r^oo  O  1-1 

If 

n    n 

u 

a-g 
ft* 

PI  to  r^  o  P) 

PI  rj-\o  ON  n 

10  r^  O  N  •* 
PO  tooo    O    PI 
ro  to  r^  o  PI 
PO  to  z^  O    P< 

S          §  o- 
.2         C^ 

n 

H      M      H      PI     N 

S            J;    . 

|            ?1 
f* 

0    * 

O\OO    t^VO   to 
oo  r^\O  to  TJ. 
ro  r^  ~  to  o\ 
«  PI   ^-  "",0 
O  O  O  O   O 

Tt-  POP)     w     O 

ro  PI  n   O  ON 
ror^  —  tooo 

OO   ON  -   Pi   ro 
O   O   •"   —   « 

i£M 

8          ^° 
2        •§£ 

M         1* 

-too  ror^  i- 
to  6  O  «  r^ 
Tt  CN  r^.OO   PI 
•S-OO  ror^  P» 
O  o  —   «  N 

tO  ON  rJ-OO    N 
PI   r^  rooo  ^t- 
r^  M  vO   O  to 
VO  -  too  •* 
P)   PO  ro  TJ-  •^> 

&™ 

s.« 
1    I* 

U            o  °* 

0  0  O  O  0 

f}O     ON  N     tO 

vO   Pi  OO   "^  « 
••f  ON  <T)OO   PO 
O   O   —   «   PI 

—    —    —    — 
OO   «   •*  t^  O 
r^  rf  O  vO  PO 
t^  PI  r^-  n  vO 

(2M 

k 
0.3 

a              <n  0 

0               ^fc 

0   ? 

00  \O  rO«  ON 
to—  r^  rooo 
O  I  »   PI  PI 

"3-00   PI  \O   O 

O     0      H      H-      P) 

t-^  toro  O  OO 
T)-  o  vO   PI  t^ 
ro  T(-  T)-  toio 
Ti-oo   P»  vO  O 
PI  N   ro  ro  •>*• 

£« 

I 

ijd 

2  "S 

H  N  rO1*"1 

tO  t^OO  ONO 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


57 


TABLE  65. 


SIZE,   WEIGHT,    AND    ELECTRICAL 

Size,  Weight,  and  Electrical  Constants  of  pure  hard  drawn  Copper  Wire  of  different  numbers 
Size  and  Weight. 


Gauge 
Number. 

Diameter  in 
Inches. 

Square  of 
Diameter 
(Circular 
Inches). 

Section  in* 
Sq.  Inches. 

Pounds 
Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 
per 
Pound. 

0000 

0.4600 

0.2116 

O.l662 

0.6412 

T.8O7OI 

1.560 

OOO 

.4096 

.1678 

.1318 

.5085 

.70631 

1.967 

oo 

.3648 

.1331 

.1045 

•4033 

.60560 

2.480 

0 

•3249 

•T055 

.0829 

•3  '98 

.50489 

3.127 

1 

0.2893 

0.08369 

0.06573 

0.2536 

1.40419 

3-943 

2 

.2576 

.06637 

•05213 

.2011 

•30348 

4.972 

3 

.2294 

.05263 

.04134 

•'595 

.20277 

6.270 

4 

.2043 

.04174 

.03278 

.1265 

.10206 

7.905 

5 

.1819 

•03310 

.02600 

.1003 

.00136 

9.969 

6 

0.1620 

0.02625 

0.02062 

0.07955 

2.90065 

12.57 

7 

-1443 

.02082 

-01635 

.06309 

•79994 

I5-85 

8 

.1285 

.01651 

.01297 

.05003 

.69924 

19.99 

9 

•"44 

.01309 

.OIO28 

.03968 

•59853 

25.20 

10 

.1019 

.01038 

.00815 

.03146 

.49782 

3I-78 

11 

0.09074 

0.008234 

0.006467 

0.02495 

2.39711 

40.08 

12 

.08081 

.006530 

.005129 

.01979 

.29641 

50-54 

13 

.07196 

.005178 

.004067 

.01569 

.19570 

63.72 

14 

.06408 

.004107 

.003225 

.01  244 

.09499 

80.35 

15 

.05707 

•003257 

.002558 

.00987 

3-99429 

101.32 

16 

0.05082 

0.002583 

O.OO2O28 

0.007827 

3-89358 

127.8 

I7 

.04526 

.002048 

.001609 

.006207 

.79287 

161.1 

18 

.04030 

.001624 

.001276 

.004922 

.69217 

203.2 

19 

.03589 

.001288 

.OOIOI2 

.003904 

.59146 

256.2 

20 

.03196 

.OOIO2I 

.OOO8O2 

.003096 

.49075 

323-1 

21 

0.02846 

o.oooSioi 

0.0006363 

0.002455 

3-39004 

408.2 

22 

•02535 

.0006424 

.0005046 

.001947 

.28934 

S'3-6 

23 

.02257 

.0005095 

.0004001 

.001544 

.18863 

647.7 

24 

.02010 

.0004040 

.0003173 

.001224 

.08792 

816.7 

25 

.01790 

.0003204 

.0002517 

.000971 

4.98722 

1029.9 

26 

0.01594 

0.0002541 

0.0001996 

0.0007700 

4.88651 

1298. 

27 

.01419 

.0002015 

.0001583 

.0006107 

.78580 

1638. 

28 

.01264 

.0001598 

.OOOI255 

.0004843 

.68510 

2065. 

29 

.01126 

.0001267 

.0000995 

.0003841 

•58439 

2604. 

30 

.01003 

.0001005 

.0000789 

.0003046 

.48368 

3283- 

31 

0.008928 

0.00007970 

O.OOOO626o 

0.0002415 

4.38297 

4140. 

32 

.007950 

.00006321 

.00004964 

.0001915 

.28227 

5221. 

33 

.007080 

.00005013 

.00003937 

.0001519 

.18156 

6583. 

34 

.006304 

.00003975 

.OOOO3I22 

.0001205 

.08085 

8301. 

35 

.005614 

.00003152 

.00002476 

.0000955 

5.98015 

10468. 

36 

0.005000 

0.00002500 

0.00001963 

0.00007576 

5-87944 

13200. 

37 

•004453 

.00001983 

.OOOOI557 

.00006008 

•77873 

16644. 

38 

.003965 

.00001372 

.OOOOI235 

.00004765 

.67802 

20988. 

39 

.003531 

.00001247 

.OOOOO979 

.00003778 

•57732 

26465. 

40 

.003145 

.00000989 

.00000777 

.00002996 

.47661 

33372- 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


TABLE  65. 


CONSTANTS   OF   COPPER    WIRE. 

according  to  the  American  Brown  and  Sharp  Gauge.     British  Measure.     Temperature  o°  C.     Density  8.90. 

Electrical  Constants. 


Resistance  and  Conductivity. 

Gauge 
Number. 

Ohms 
per 

Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 
Ohm. 

Ohms 
per 
Pound. 

Pounds 
per 
Ohm. 

0.00004629 

5-6655I 

2l6oi. 

0.00007219 

13852. 

OOOO 

.00005837 

.76622 

17131. 

.00011479 

87I2. 

OOO 

.00007361 

.86693 

13586. 

.00018253 

5479- 

oo 

.00009282 

.96764 

10774. 

.00029023 

3445- 

0 

O.OOOII7O 

4-06834 

8544. 

0.000461  5 

2166.8 

1 

.0001476 

.16905 

6775- 

.0007338 

1362.8 

2 

.OOOl86l 

.26976 

5373- 

.OOII668 

857-0 

3 

.0002347 

.37046 

4261. 

.0018552 

539-o 

4 

.0002959 

.47117 

3379- 

.0029499 

339-o 

5 

0.0003731 

4.57188 

2680. 

0.004690 

213.22 

6 

.0004705 

.67259 

2125. 

.007458 

134.08 

7 

•0005933 

•77329 

1685. 

.011859 

84.32 

8 

.0007482 

.87400 

1337. 

.018857 

53-03 

9 

.0009434 

•97471 

1060. 

.029984 

33-35 

10 

O.OOIIOX) 

3-0754I 

840.6 

0.04768 

20.973 

11 

.001500 

.17612 

666.6 

.07581 

13.191 

12 

.001892 

.27683 

528-7 

.12054 

8.296 

13 

.002385 

•37753 

419.2 

.19166 

5.218 

H 

.003008 

.47824 

332-5 

.30476 

3-281 

15 

0-003793 

3-57895 

263.7 

0.4846 

2.0636 

16 

.004783 

.67966 

209.1 

•7705 

1.2979 

17 

.006031 

.78036 

165.8 

1.2252 

0.8162 

18 

.007604 

.88107 

I3I-5 

1.9481 

•5*33 

19 

.009589 

.98178 

104.3 

3.0976 

.3228 

20 

O.OI2O9 

2.08248 

82.70 

4.925 

0.20305 

21 

.01525 

•18319 

65-59 

7.832 

.12768 

22 

.01923 

.28390 

52-01 

I2-453 

.08030 

23 

.02424 

.38461 

41.25 

19.801 

.05051 

24 

•03057 

•48531 

32.71 

31.484 

.03176 

25 

0.03855 

2  <86o^ 

25-94 

50.06 

0.019976 

26 

.04861 

.68673 

20.57 

79.60 

.012563 

27 

.06130 

•78743 

16.31 

126.57 

.007901 

28 

.07729 

.88814 

12.94 

201.26 

.004969 

29 

.09746 

.98885 

10.26 

320.01 

.003125 

30 

0.1229 

1.08955 

8.137 

508.8 

0.0019654 

31 

.155° 

.19026 

6.452 

809.1 

.0012359 

32 

.1954 

.29097 

5.117 

1286.5 

.0007773 

33 

.2464 

.39168 

4.058 

2045-6 

.0004889 

34 

•3I07 

.49238 

3.218 

3252.6 

.0003074 

35 

0.3918 

7.59309 

2.552 

5172. 

0.0001934 

36 

.4941 

.69380 

2.024 

8224. 

.0001216 

37 

.6230 

.79450 

1.605 

13076. 

.0000765 

38 

.7856 

.89521 

•  1-273 

20792. 

.0000481 

39 

.9906 

.99592 

1.009 

33060. 

.0000303 

40 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


59 


TABLE  66. 


SIZE,  WEIGHT,  AND    ELECTRICAL 

Size,  Weight,  and  Electrical  Constants  of  pure  hard  drawn  Copper  Wire  of  different  numbers 
Size  and  Weight. 


Gauge 
Number. 

Diameter  in 
Centimetres. 

Square  of 
Diameter 
(Circular 
Cms.). 

Section  in 
Sq.  Cms. 

Grammes 
per 
Metre. 

Log. 

Metres 
per 
Gramme. 

OOOO 

1.1684 

I-3652 

1.0722 

954-3 

2.97966 

0.001048 

OCO 

.0405 

.0826 

0.8503 

756.8 

.87896 

.001322 

OO 

0.9266 

0.8586 

•6743 

600.  1 

.77825 

.OOl666 

o 

.8251 

.6809 

•5343 

475-9 

•67754 

.OO2  1  OI 

1 

0.7348 

0.5400 

0.4241 

377-4 

2.57684 

0.002649 

2 

•6544 

.4282 

•3363 

299-3 

•47613 

.003341 

3 

.5827 

•3396 

.2667 

237-4 

•37542 

.004213 

4 

.5,89 

.2693 

.2115 

188.2 

•27472 

.005312 

5 

.4621 

.2136 

.1677 

M9-3 

.17401 

.006699 

6 

0.4115 

0.16936 

0.13302 

118.39 

2.07330 

0.00845 

7 

.3665 

•I343» 

.10549 

93.88 

1.97259 

.01065 

8 

.3264 

.10651 

.08366 

74-45 

.87189 

•01343 

9 

.2906 

.08447 

.06634 

59-04 

.77118 

.01694 

10 

.2588 

.06699 

.05261 

46.82 

.67047 

.02136 

11 

0.2305 

0.05312 

0.04172 

37-13 

1.56977 

0.02693 

12 

•2°53 

.04213 

•03309 

29.45 

.46906 

.03396 

i.3 

.1828 

•03341 

.02624 

23-35 

•36835 

.04282 

H 

.1628 

.02649 

.02081 

18.52 

.26764 

.05400 

15 

.1450 

.02101 

.01650 

14.69 

.16694 

.06809 

16 

0.12908 

O.OI6663 

0.013087 

11.648 

1.06623 

0.0859 

17 

.11495 

.013214 

.010378 

9-237 

0.96552 

.1083 

18 

.10237 

.OIO479 

.008231 

7-325 

.86482 

•!365 

19 

.09116 

.008330 

.006527 

5.809 

.7641  1 

.1721 

20 

.08118 

.006591 

.005176 

4.607 

.66340 

.2171 

21 

0.07229 

0.005227 

0.004105 

3-653 

0.56270 

0-2737 

22 

.06438 

.004145 

.003255 

2.898 

.46199 

•345° 

23 

•05733 

.003287 

.002582 

2.298 

.36128 

•4352 

24 

.05106 

.002607 

.002047 

1.822 

.26057 

.5488 

25 

•04545 

.OO2O67 

.001624 

1.445 

•15987 

.6920 

26 

0.04049 

0.0016394 

0.0012876 

1.1459 

0-05916 

0.873 

27 

.03606 

.OOI3OOI 

.OOIO2  I  I 

.9088 

1.95845 

I.  TOO 

28 

.03211 

.OOIO3IO 

.0008098 

.7207 

•85775 

I.388 

29 

.02859 

.0008176 

.0006422 

•57i5 

•75704 

1.750 

30 

.02546 

.0006484 

.0005093 

•4532 

•65633 

2.2O6 

31 

0.02268 

0.0005142 

0.0004039 

0-3594 

l"-55562 

2.782 

32 

.02019 

.0004078 

.0003203 

.2850 

.45492  - 

3-508 

33 

.01798 

.0003234 

.0002540 

.2261 

•35421 

4.424 

34 

.01601 

.0002565 

.OOO2OI4 

•!793 

•25350 

5-578 

35 

.01426 

.OOO2O34 

.0001597 

.1422 

.15280 

7-034 

36 

0.01270 

O.OOOl6l3 

0.0001267 

0.1127 

1.05209 

8.87 

37 

.01131 

.0001279 

.0001005 

.0894 

2.95138 

IT.I8 

38 

.01007 

.0001014 

.0000797 

.0709 

.85068 

I4.IO 

39 

.00897 

.0000804 

.0000632 

.0562 

•74997 

I7.78 

40 

•00799 

.0000638 

.0000501 

.0446 

.64926 

22.43 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


60 


TABLE  661 


CONSTANTS   OF   COPPER    WIRE. 

according  to  the  American  Brown  and  Sharp  Gauge.     Metric  Measure.     Temperature  o°  C.     Density  8.90. 

Electrical  Constants. 


Resistance  and  Conductivity. 

Gauge 
Number. 

Ohms 
per 

Metre. 

Log. 

Metres 
per 
Ohm. 

Ohms 
per 
Gramme. 

Grammes 
per 
Ohm. 

0.0001519 

4.18150 

6584. 

o.ooooooi  592 

6283000. 

OOOO 

.0001915 

.28221 

5221. 

.0000002531 

395IOOO. 

OOO 

.0002415 

.38191 

4141. 

.0000004024 

2485000. 

00 

.0003045 

.48362 

3284. 

.0000006398 

I  563000. 

0 

0.0003840 

4-58433 

2604. 

0.000001017 

982900. 

1 

.0004842 

•68503 

2065. 

.OOOOOl6l8 

618200. 

2 

.0006106 

•78574 

1638. 

.000002572 

388800. 

3 

.0007699 

.88645 

1299. 

.000004090 

244500. 

4 

.0009709 

.98715 

1030. 

.000006504 

I  53800. 

5 

O.OOI224 

3.08786 

816.9 

0.00001034 

96700. 

6 

.001544 

.18857 

647.8 

.00001644 

60820. 

7 

.001947 

.28928 

5*3-7 

.00002615 

38250. 

8 

.002455 

.38998 

407.4 

.00004157 

24050. 

9 

.003095 

.49069 

323-1 

.00006610 

15130. 

10 

0.003903 

3-59I40 

256.2 

O.OOOIO5II 

95T4- 

11 

.004922 

.692JO 

203.2 

.00016712 

5984. 

12 

.006206 

.79281 

161.1 

.00026574 

3763- 

13 

.007826 

.89352 

127.8 

.00042254 

2367. 

14 

.009868 

•99423 

101.3 

.00067187 

1488. 

13 

0.01244 

2.09493 

80.37 

0.0010683 

936.1 

16 

.01569 

.19564 

6373 

.0016987 

588.7 

17 

.01979 

•29635 

50-54 

.0027010 

370.2 

18 

.02495 

•39705 

40.08 

.0042948 

232-8 

19 

.03146 

.49776 

31-79 

.0068290 

146.4 

20 

0.03967 

2.59847 

25.21 

0.010859 

92.09 

21 

.05002 

.69917 

19.99 

.017266 

57-92 

22 

.06308 

.79988 

15.85 

.027454 

36.42 

23 

•07954 

.•90059 

12.57 

•043653 

22.91 

24 

.10030 

i  .001  30 

9-97 

.069411 

11.88 

25 

o.  1  2647 

T.IO2OO 

7.907 

0.11037 

9.060 

26 

.15948 

.202-f 

6.270 

•17549 

5.698 

27 

.201  10 

•30342 

4-973 

.27904 

3-584 

28 

•25358 

.40412 

3-943 

.44369 

2.254 

29 

•3r976 

.50483 

3-I27 

•70550 

1.417 

30 

0.4032 

1.60554 

2.480 

I.I2I8 

0.8914 

31 

.5084 

.70624 

1.967 

1-7837 

.5606 

32 

.6411 

.80695 

1.560 

2.8362 

.3526 

33 

.8085 
1.0194 

.90766 
0.00837 

1-237 
0.981 

4.5097 
7.1708 

.2217 
•1394 

34 
35 

1-2855 

0.10907 

0.7779 

11.376 

0.08790 

36 

1.6210 

.20978 

.6169 

18.130 

•05516 

37 

2.0440 

.31049 

.4892 

28.828 

.03469 

38 

2-5775 

.41119 

.3880 

45-838 

.02182 

39 

3.2501 

.51190 

.3076 

72.885 

.01372 

40 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


61 


TABLE  67. 


SIZE,  WEIGHT,  AND    ELECTRICAL 

Size,  Weight,  and  Electrical  Constants  of  pure  hard  drawn  Copper  Wire  of  different  numbers 
Size  and  Weight. 


Gauge 
Number. 

Diameter 
in  Inches. 

Square  of 
Diameter 
(Circular 
Inches). 

Section 
in  Sq.  Inches. 

Pounds 
per  Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 
per  Pound. 

7-0 

0.500 

0.2500 

0.1963 

0.75760 

1.87944 

1.320 

6-0 

.464 

•2153 

.1691 

•65243 

•81453 

I-583 

5-o 

0.432 

0.1866 

0.1466 

0.56554 

^•7  5247 

1.768 

4-0 

.400 

.1600 

•1257 

.48486 

.68562 

2.062 

3"° 

•372 

.1384 

.1087 

.41936 

.62258 

2.385 

2-O 

.348 

.1211 

.0951 

.36699 

.56466 

2.725 

O 

•324 

.1050 

.0825 

.31812 

•50259 

3-  '43 

1 

0.300 

0.09000 

0.07069 

0.27274 

1-43574 

3-667 

2 

•f6. 

.07618 

.05983 

.23084 

•36332 

4-332 

3 

.06350 

.04988 

.19244 

.28430 

5.196 

4 

.232 

•C5382 

.04227 

.16310 

.21246 

6.131 

5 

.212 

.04494 

•03530 

.13620 

•'3417 

7-342 

6 

0.192 

0.03686 

0.02895 

O.III7I 

1.04810 

8-95 

7 

.176 

.03098 

•02433 

.09387 

2.97252 

10.65 

8 

.I60 

.02560 

.O2OIO 

•07758 

.88974 

12.89 

9 

.144 

.O2O74 

.01629 

.06284 

.79822 

15.91 

10 

.128 

.01638 

.01287 

.04965 

.69592 

20.14 

11 

0.1  16 

0.013456 

0.010568 

0.04078 

2.61041 

24.52 

12 

.104 

.Olo8l6 

.008495 

•03278 

•51557 

30.51 

13 

.092 

.008464 

.006648 

.02565 

.40907 

38-99 

.080 

.006400 

.005027 

.01939 

.28768 

5I-56 

'5 

.072 

.005184 

.004071 

.01571 

.19616 

63.66 

16 

0.064 

0.004096 

0.003217 

O.OI24I2 

2.09386 

80.6 

17 

.056 

.003136 

.002463 

.009503 

3-97787 

105.2 

18 

.048 

.002304 

.OOlSlO 

.006982 

.84398 

I43-2 

19 

.040 

.OOI6OO 

.001257 

.004849 

.68562 

206.2 

20 

.036 

.OOI296 

.OOIOl8 

.003927 

.59410 

254-6 

21 

0.032 

O.OOIO24O 

0.0008042 

0.003103 

3.49180 

322-3 

22 

.028 

.0007840 

.0006157 

.002376 

•3758i 

420.9 

23 

.024 

.0005760 

.0004524 

.001746 

.24192 

572-9 

24 

.022 

.0004840 

.0003801 

.001467 

.16634 

681.8 

25 

.020 

.OOO4OOO 

.0003141 

.001212 

.08356 

824.9 

25 

0.0180 

O.OOO324O 

0.0002545 

O.OOOgSiS 

4.99209 

1018. 

27 

.0164 

.OOO269O 

.OOO2  1  1  2 

.OOO8I5I 

.91119 

1227. 

28 

.0148 

.OOO2I9O 

.OOOI728 

.0006638 

.82202 

1506. 

29 

.0136 

.OOOl85O 

.0001453 

.0005605 

.74858 

1784- 

30 

.0124 

.OOOI538 

.0001208 

.0004660 

.66834 

2146. 

31 

0.0116 

0.00013456 

0.00010568 

O.OOO4O78 

4.61041 

2452. 

32 

.0108 

.00011664 

.OOOO9l6l 

•0003535 

•54835 

2829. 

33 

.0100 

.OOOIOOOO 

.00007854 

.0003030 

.48150 

3300. 

34 

.0092 

.00008464 

.00006648 

.0002565 

.40907 

3899. 

35 

.0084 

.00007056 

.00005542 

.0002138 

.33006 

4677. 

36 

0.0076 

0.00005776 

0.00004536 

O.OOOI75O 

4-243I3 

57I3- 

37 

.0068 

.00004624 

.00003632 

.OOOI4O4 

•I4752 

7120. 

38 

.0060 

.00003600 

.OOOO2827 

.OOOIOgi 

.03780 

9167. 

39 

.0052 

.00002704 

.00002  1  24 

.00008  i  9 

s-g^s1 

I22OO. 

40 

.0048 

.00002304 

.OOOOlSlO 

.0000682 

•84398 

14660. 

41 

0.0044 

0.00001936 

O.OOOOI52I 

0.00005867 

5.76840 

17050. 

42 

.0040 

.00001600 

.OOOOI257 

.00004849 

.68562 

2O62O. 

43 

.0036 

.00001296 

,OOOOrOl8 

.00003927 

.59410 

25460. 

44 

.0032 

.00001024 

.00000804 

.00003103 

.49180 

32230. 

45 

.0028 

.00000784 

.00000616 

.00002381 

.37681 

41990. 

46 

0.0024 

0.00000576 

0.00000452 

0.00001746 

5.24192 

57290. 

47 

.0020 

.00000400 

.000003  i  4 

.OOOOI2I2 

.08356 

82490. 

48 

.0016 

.00000256 

.00000201 

.OOOOO776 

6.88974 

I289OO. 

49 

.0012 

.00000144 

.00000113 

.00000436 

.63986 

229200. 

50 

.0010 

.00000100 

.00000079 

.00000303 

.48150 

330000. 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


62 


CONSTANTS   OF   COPPER    WIRE. 

according  to  the' British  Standard  Wire  Gauge.     British  Measure.    Temperature  o°  C.     Density  8.90. 

Electrical  Constants. 


TABLE  67. 


Resistance  and  Conductivity. 

Gauge 
Number. 

Ohms  per  Foot. 

Log. 

Feet  per  Ohm. 

Ohms  per  Pound. 

Pounds  per  Ohm. 

0.00003918 

5-5931° 

25520. 

0.000051719 

'9335- 

7-0 

.00004550 

•65799 

21980. 

.000069736 

14339- 

6-0 

0.00005249 

5.72006 

19050. 

0.0000928  1 

'0775- 

5-° 

.OOOo6t22 

.78691 

1633°. 

.00012627 

7920. 

4-0 

.00007078 

.84994 

14130. 

.00016880 

5924- 

3-° 

.00008089 

.90787 

12360. 

.OOO22O4O 

4537- 

2-0 

.00009331 

.96994 

10720. 

.00029333 

3409- 

O 

O.OOOIO88 

4.03679 

9188. 

0.0003991 

2505.8 

1 

.OOOI286 

.10921 

7777- 

.0005570 

1795-2 

2 

.0001  543 

.18823 

6483. 

.0008015 

1247.7 

3 

.0001820 

.26005 

5495- 

.OO  1  1  1  58 

896.2 

4 

.0002180 

•33836 

4588. 

.OOI6OO2 

624.2 

5 

0.0002657 

442443 

3763- 

0.0023786 

420.4 

6 

.0003162 

.50000 

3162. 

.0033688 

296.9 

7 

.0003826 

.58279 

2613. 

.0049323 

202.7 

8 

.0004724 

.67430 

2117. 

.0075176 

I33-° 

9 

.0005979 

.77661 

1673- 

.0084978 

117.7 

10 

0.0007280 

4.862  1  1 

'373-6 

0.017853 

56-013 

11 

.0009056 

.95696 

1  104.2 

.027631 

36.191 

12 

.0011573 

3-06345 

864.1 

.045  1  2  I 

22.163 

'3 

.0015305 

.18485 

6534 

.078927 

12.669 

14 

.0018896 

•27636 

529.2 

.I2O282 

8.314 

15 

0.002391 

3-37867 

418.1 

0.19267 

5.1902 

16 

.003124 

.49465 

320.2 

.32868 

3-C423 

i7 

.004252 

•62855 

235-2 

.60893 

1.6423 

18 

.006122 

.78691 

'63-3 

1.26268 

0.7919 

'9 

.007558 

.87842 

132-3 

1.92451 

.5196 

20 

0.00957 

198073 

104.54 

3.0827 

0-32439 

21 

.01249 

2.09671 

80.04 

5-2599 

.19011 

22 

.01701 

.23061 

58.80 

9.7429 

.10264 

23 

.02024 

.30618 

49.41 

I3.7988 

.07246 

24 

.02506 

.38897 

39-91 

2O.2O28 

•0495  i 

25 

0.03023 

2.48048 

33-o8 

30-792 

0.032478 

26 

.03642 

•56134 

27.46 

56-254 

.017778 

27 

.04472 
.05296 

•65051 
•72395 

22.36 
18.88 

67-373 
94.488 

.014843 
.010583 

28 
29 

.06371 

.80419 

15.70 

136.724 

•007314 

30 

0.07449 

2.87211 

13.42 

182.68 

0.005474 

31 

.08398 

.92418 

11.91 

237-59 

.004209 

32 

.09796 

.99103 

IO.2I 

323-25 

.003094 

33 

•"573 

1.06345 

8.64 

451.21 

.002216 

34 

-13883 

.14247 

7.2O 

649.25 

.001  540 

35 

0.16959 

7.22940 

5-897 

968.9 

0.0010321 

36 

.21184 

.32601 

4720 

1508.3 

.0006630 

37 

.27210 

•43473 

3-675 

2494.2 

.0004009 

38 

.36226 

•55902 

2.760 

4421.0 

.0002262 

39 

•42515 

.62855 

2-352 

6089.3 

.0001642 

40 

0.5060 

1.70412 

1.976 

8624. 

0.00011596 

41 

.6122 

.78691 

•633 

12627. 

.00007919 

42 

•7558 

.87842 

.323 

19245. 

.00005196 

43 

.9566 

•98073 

.045 

30827. 

.00003244 

44 

1.2494 

0.09671 

O.8OO 

52468. 

.00001906 

45 

1.7006 

0.23061 

0.5880 

97429. 

0.000010264 

46 

2.5059 

.38897 

•3991 

2O2O28. 

.000004950 

47 

3.8264  . 

.58279 

•2613 

493232- 

.000002027 

48 

6.8025 

'  -83267 

.1470 

I55885I. 

.000000642 

49 

9.7956 

.99103 

-IO2I 

323245L 

.000000196 

50 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  68. 


SIZE,   WEIGHT,    AND    ELECTRICAL 

Size,  Weight,  and  Electrical  Constants  of  pure  hard  drawn  Copper  Wire  of  different  numbers 
Size  and  Weight. 


Gauge 
Number. 

Diameter  in 
Centimetres. 

Square  of 
Diameter 
(Circular 
Cms.). 

Section  in 
Sq.  Cms. 

Grammes 
per  Metre. 

Log. 

Metres 
per  Gramme. 

7-0 

1.2700 

1.6129 

1.267 

1127.4 

3.05209 

0.000887 

6-0 

.1786 

.3890 

.091 

970.9 

2.98719 

.001032 

5-° 

1-0973 

1.2040 

0.9456 

841.6 

2.92512 

O.OOI  1  88 

4-0 

.0160 

•0323 

.8107 

721.6 

•85827 

.00  1  386 

3-° 

0.9449 

0.8928 

.7012 

624.1 

.79524 

.OOl6o2 

2-O 

.8839 

•7815 

.6136 

546.3 

•73741 

.001831 

0 

.8230 

•6773 

•5319 

484.4 

.68524 

.002064 

1 

0.7620 

0.58065 

0.4560 

405.9 

2.60839 

0.002464 

2 

.7010 

•49157 

•3858 

343-6 

•53607 

.002910 

3 

.6401 

.40970 

.3218 

286.4 

•45695 

.003492 

4 

•5893 

•34725 

.2727 

242.7 

.38512 

.004  1  2O 

5 

•5385 

.28996 

.2277 

202.7 

.30682 

.004934 

6 

0.4877 

0.23783 

0.18679 

166.25 

2.22075 

0.006015 

7 

•4470 

.19984 

.15696 

139.69 

.14517 

.007159 

8 

.4064 

.16516 

•1^973 

"5-45 

.06239 

.008662 

9 

•3658 

•13378 

.10507 

93-  5  1 

1.97087 

.010694 

10 

•3251 

.10570 

.08302 

73-89 

.86857 

•013533 

11 

0.2946 

O.o868l 

O.o68l8 

60.68 

1.78307 

0.01648 

12 

.2642 

.06978 

.05480 

48.78 

.68822 

.02051 

13 

•2337 

.05461 

.04289 

38-17 

•S8'72 

.02620 

H 

.2032 

.04129 

•03243 

28.86 

•46033 

•03465 

«S 

.1829 

•03344 

.02627 

23-38 

.36881 

.04278 

16 

0.16256 

0.026426 

0.020755 

18.514 

1.26751 

0.05401 

17 

.14224 

.020233 

.015890 

14.142 

•I5°53 

.07071 

18 

.12192 

.014865 

.011675 

10.390 

.01663 

.09625 

19 

.10160 

.010323 

.008107 

7.216 

0.85827 

.13858 

20 

.09144 

.008361 

.006567 

5-845 

.76675 

.17109 

21 

0.08128 

0.006606 

0.005188 

4.618 

0.66445 

0.2165 

22 

.07  1  1  2 

.005058 

.003972 

3-536 

•54847 

.2828 

23 

.06096 

.003716 

.002922 

2.598 

•4'457 

•3850 

24 

•05588 

.003123 

.002452 

2.183 

•33899 

.4581 

25 

.05080 

.00258  1 

.002027 

1.804 

.25621 

•5544 

26 

0.04572 

0.0020903 

0.0016417 

1.4625 

0.16509 

0.6838 

27 

.04166 

.0017352 

.0013628 

.2129 

.08384 

.8245 

28 

•03759 

.0014132 

.OOI  1099 

0-9878 

1.99467 

1.0123 

29 

•03454 

.0011922 

.0009363 

•8333 

.92083 

.2000 

3° 

.03150 

.0009920 

.0007791 

•6934 

.84099 

.4422 

31 

0.02946 

0.00o868l 

0.0006818 

0.6068 

7.78307 

1.648 

32 

.02743 

.0007525 

.0005910 

.5260 

.72100 

1.901 

33 

.02540 

.0006452 

.0005067 

.4510 

•65415 

2.217 

34 

•02337 

.0005461 

.0004289 

•3817 

.58172 

2.620 

35 

.02134 

.0004552 

•0003575 

.3182 

.50271 

3-143 

36 

O.OI930 

0.0003726 

0.0002927 

0.2605 

1.41578 

3-839 

37 

.01727 

.0002983 

.0002343 

.2090 

•3i9i7 

4.784 

38 

.01524 

.0002323 

.0001824 

.1623 

.21045 

6.160 

39 

.01321 

.0001746 

.0001370 

.1219 

.08616 

8.201 

40 

.01219 

.0001486 

.0001167 

.1039 

.01663 

9.625 

41 

0.01118 

0.0001249 

0.0000982 

0.0873 

2.94105 

"•45 

42 

.01016 

.0001032 

.0000813 

.0722 

.85827 

13.86 

43 

.00914 

.0000836 

.0000656 

.0584 

•76675 

17.11 

44 

.00813 

.0000661 

.0000519 

.0462 

.66445 

21.65 

45 

.00711 

.0000506 

.0000397 

•0354 

.54847 

28.28 

46 

0.00610 

0.00003716 

0.0000292 

0.0260 

2.41457 

38-5 

47 

.00508 

.00002581 

.OOOO2O3 

.0180 

.25621 

55-4 

48 

.00406 

.00001652 

.0000129 

.0115 

.06239 

cS6.6 

49 

.00305 

.00000929 

.0000073 

.0065 

3.81251 

154.0 

50 

.00254 

.00000645 

.0000051 

.0045 

.65415 

221.8 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


64 


CONSTANTS    OF    COPPER    WIRE. 

according  to  the  British  Standard  Wire  Gauge.     Metric  Measure.     Temperature  o°  C.     Density  8.90. 

Electrical  Constants. 


TABLE  68. 


Resistance  and  Conductivity. 

Gauge 
Number. 

Ohms  per  Metre. 

Log. 

VIetres  per  Ohm. 

Ohms  per  Gramme. 

Grammes  per  Ohm. 

O.OOOI2S6 

4.10907 

7779- 

O.OOOOOOII4O 

8770000. 

7-o 

.0001493 

•I7398 

6699. 

.0000001537 

6504000. 

6-0 

O.OOOI722 

4.23605 

5814. 

0.0000002046 

4887000. 

5-o 

.OOO2OO9 

.30289 

4979- 

.0000002784 

3592000. 

4-0 

.0002322 

•36593 

4306. 

.0000003721 

2687000. 

3^> 

.0002653 

•42376 

3769- 

.0000004857 

2059000. 

2-0 

.0003061 

.48592 

3266. 

.0000006319 

1  583000. 

O 

0.0003571 

4-55277 

2801. 

0.0000008798 

1137000. 

1 

.0004218 

.62510 

237i- 

.0000012275 

814700. 

2 

.0005061 

.70421 

1976. 

.0000017671 

565900. 

3 

.000597  1 

.77604 

1675- 

.0000024600 

406500. 

4 

.0007151 

•85434 

1398. 

.0000035279 

283500. 

5 

0.0008718 

4.94041 

1147.1 

0.0000052-44 

190700. 

6 

.0010375 

3.01  599 

963-9 

.000009350 

107000. 

7 

.0012554 

.09877 

796.6 

.000010874 

91960. 

8 

.0015499 

.19029 

645.2 

.000016573 

60340. 

9 

.0019615 

.29259 

509.8 

.000026547 

37670. 

10 

0.002388 

3-378io 

418.7 

0.00003936 

25410. 

11 

.002978 

•47295 

335-8 

.00006092 

16420. 

12 

.003796 

•57934 

263.4 

.00009945 

10060. 

'3 

.005022 

.70083 

199.1 

.00017398 

5748. 

M 

.006199 

•79235 

161.3 

.00026518 

3771- 

15 

0.007846 

3-89465 

127.45 

0.0004238 

2359-6 

16 

.010248 

2.01064 

97.58 

.0007246 

1380.1 

17 

.013949 

•14453 

71.69 

.0013425 

744-9 

18 

.O2OO86 

.30289 

49-79 

.0027837 

359-2 

19 

.024798 

•3944' 

40.32 

.0042428 

235-7 

20 

0.03138 

2.49671 

31.86 

0.005398 

185.25 

21 

.04099 

.61270 

24-39 

.011594 

86.25 

22 

•05579 

•74659 

17.92 

.021479 

46.56 

23 

.06640 

.82217 

15.06 

.030421 

32-87 

24 

.08034 

.90495 

12.45 

-044539 

22.45 

25 

0.09919 

2.99647 

10.082 

0.06782 

14-745 

26 

.11949 

1-07733 

8.369 

.09851 

10.151 

27 

.14672 

.16649 

6.8  1  6 

•M853 

6.732 

28 

•I739I 

•24034 

5-750 

.20869 

4.792 

29 

.2O9OI 

.32017 

4.784 

.30142 

3-3i8 

3° 

0.2388 

7.37810 

4.187 

0.3936 

2.5407 

31 

•2755 

.44017 

3.629 

•5238 

1.9091 

32 

•3214 

.50701 

3.112 

.7126 

1-4033 

33 

•3797 

•57944 

2.634 

•9947 

1.0053 

34 

•4555 

.65846 

2.196 

I-43I3 

0.6987 

35 

0.5564 

^•74539 

1-7973 

2.136 

0.46816 

36 

.6950 

.84200 

.4388 

3-333 

.30003 

32 

.8927 

.95070 

.1202 

7.019 

.14247 

38 

1.1885 

0.07  501 

0.8414 

9-747 

.10260 

39 

•3949 

•!4453 

.7169 

13-424 

.07449 

40 

i.  660 

O.22OII 

0.6024 

19.01 

0.05260 

41 

2.009 

.30289 

•4979 

27.84 

•03592 

42 

2.480 

•39441 

,  ..-  -4033 

42-43 

•02357 

43 

3-I38 

.49671 

.3186 

67.96 

.01471 

44 

4-099 

.61270 

.2440 

1  1  5-94 

.00863 

45 

5-579 

0.74659 

0.1792 

210.4 

0.004753 

46 

8.034 

.90495 

.1245 

445-4 

.002245 

47 

12-554  « 

1.09877 

.0797 

1087.4 

.000920 

48 

22.318 

'  .34865 

.0448 

3436-7 

.000291 

49 

3^-138 

.50701 

.0311 

7126.3 

.000140 

50 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  69. 


SIZE,  WEIGHT,  AND    ELECTRICAL 

Size,  Weight,  and  Electrical  Constants  of  pure  hard  drawn  Copper  Wire  of  different  numbers 
Size  and  Weight. 


Gauge 
Number. 

Diameter 
in  Inches. 

Square  of 
Diameter 
(Circular 
Inches). 

Sections  in 
Sq.  Inches. 

Pounds 
per 
Foot. 

Log. 

Feet 
per 
Pound. 

OOOO 

0-454 

o  2061 

0.16188 

0.6246 

1.79561 

1.601 

ooo 

•425 

.1806 

.14186 

•5474 

.73828 

1.827 

oo 

.380 

.1440 

•11341 

•4376 

.64107 

2.285 

o 

•340 

.1  156 

.09079 

•35°3 

•54446 

2.855 

1 

0.300 

O.O9OOO 

0.07069 

0.2727 

M3574 

3.666 

2 

.284 

.08065 

•06335 

.2444 

.38814 

4.091 

3 

•259 

.06708 

.05269 

•2033 

.30810 

4.919 

4 

.238 

.o'5664 

.04449 

.1717 

•23465 

5.826 

5 

.220 

.04840 

.03801 

.1467 

.16634 

6.8  1  8 

6 

0.203 

o.o4r2i 

0.03237 

0.12488 

1.09649 

8.008 

7 

.180 

.03240 

.02545 

.09818 

2.99204 

10.185 

8 

.165 

.02723 

.02138 

.08250 

.91647 

I  2.1  21 

9 

.148 

.02190 

.01720 

.06638 

.82202 

I  5-065 

10 

•134 

.01796 

.01410 

.05441 

•73571 

18-379 

11 

O.I  2O 

0.014400 

0.011310 

0.04364 

2.63986 

22.91 

12 

.109 

.011881 

.009331 

.03600 

•55635 

27.77 

13 

.095 

.009025 

.007088 

•02735 

•43695 

36.56 

H 

.083 

.006889 

.005411 

.02088 

•3J965 

47.90 

15 

.072 

.005184 

.004072 

.01571 

.19616 

63.65 

16 

0.065 

0.004225 

0.0033183 

0.012803 

2-10733 

78.10 

17 

.058 

.003364 

.0026421 

.010194 

.00835 

98.IO 

18 

.049 

.00240! 

.0018857 

.007276 

3.86189 

137.44 

19 

.042 

.001764 

.0013854 

.005346 

.72800 

187.06 

20 

•035 

.001225 

.0009621 

.003712 

•56963 

269.40 

21 

0.032 

0.001024 

0.0008042 

0.003103 

3.49180 

322.3 

22 

.028 

.000784 

.00061  58 

.002376 

.37581 

420-9 

23 

.025 

.000625 

.0004909 

.001894 

•27738    - 

528.0 

24 

.022 

.000484 

.0003801 

.001467 

.16634 

681.8 

25 

.O2O 

.000400 

.0003142 

.OOI  21  2 

.08356 

824.9 

26 

O.OlS 

0.000324 

0.0002545 

O.OOOgSiS 

4.99204 

1018. 

27 

.Ol6 

.000256 

.000201  i 

.0007758 

.88974 

1289. 

28 

.014 

.000196 

.0001539 

.OOO594O 

•77375 

1684. 

29 

-013 

.000169 

.0001327 

.OOO5I2I 

.70939 

J953- 

30 

.OI2 

.000144 

.0001131 

.0004364 

.63986 

2292. 

31 

O.OIO 

O.OOOIOO 

0.00007854 

0.00030304 

4.48  1  50 

33°o- 

32 

•00,9 

.00008  1 

.00006362 

.00024546 

.38998 

4074. 

33 

.008 

.000064 

.00005027 

.00019395 

.28768 

5156- 

34 

.007 

.000049 

.00003848 

.00014849 

.17169 

6734- 

35 

.005 

.000025 

.0000  i  963 

.00007576 

5-87944 

13200. 

36 

0.004 

0.000016 

0.00001257 

0.00004849 

5.68562 

20620. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


66 


TABLE  69. 


CONSTANTS   OF    COPPER    WIRE. 

according  to  the  Birmingham  Wire  Gauge.     British  Measure.     Temperature  o°  C.    Density  8.90. 

Electrical  Constants. 


Resistance  and  Conductivity. 

Gauge 
Number. 

Ohms 
per 
toot. 

Log. 

Feet 
per 
Ohm. 

Ohms 
per 
Pound. 

Pounds 
per 
Ohm. 

0.00004752 

5.67692 

21040. 

0.0000761 

13140. 

OOOO 

.00005423 

•73425 

18440. 

.0000991 

10090. 

OOO 

.00006784 

.83146 

14740. 

.OOOI  550 

6451. 

OO 

.00008474 

.92807 

1  1  800. 

.0002419 

4'34- 

O 

0.0001088 

4.03679 

9188. 

0.0003991 

2505.8 

1 

.0001214 

.08439 

8234. 

.0004969 

2012.5 

2 

.0001460 

.16443 

6848. 

.0007183 

1392.2 

3 

.0001729 

.23788 

5783- 

.OOIOO74 

992.6 

4 

.0002024 

.30618 

4941. 

.0013799 

724-7 

5 

0.0002377 

4.37604 

4207. 

0.001903 

525-26 

6 

.0003023 

.48048 

3308. 

•003079 

324-76 

7 

.0003598 

.55606 

2779. 

.004361 

229.30 

8 

.0004472 

•65051 

2236. 

.006737 

148.43 

9 

•0005455 

.73682 

I833- 

.010025 

99-75 

10 

0.0006802 

4.83267 

1470.2 

0.01559 

64.148 

11 

.0008245 

.91618 

1212.9 

.02290 

43.670 

12 

.0010854 

3-03558 

921.3 

.03969 

25-195 

'3 

.0014219 

.15287 

703-3 

.06811 

14.682 

14 

.0018896 

.27636 

529.2 

.12028 

8.314 

'5 

0.002318 

3  36520 

43r-3 

o.iSir 

5-5225 

16 

.002980 

•47417 

335-6 

•2923 

3.4211 

17 

.004080 

.61064 

245-1 

.5607 

I-7835 

18 

•005553 

•74453 

1  80.  i 

1.0388 

0.9627 

19 

.007996 

.90289 

125.1 

2.1541 

•4643 

20 

0.009566 

3-98073 

104.54 

3-083 

0.32439 

21 

.012494 

2.09671 

80.04 

5-259 

.19015 

22 

.015709 

•I95I5, 

63.66 

8-275 

.12085 

23 

.020239 

.30618 

49.41 

13-799 

.07246 

24 

.024489 

.38897 

40.83 

20.203 

.04950 

25 

0.02887 

2.46048 

34-64 

29.41 

0.034006 

26 

.03826 

.58279 

26.13 

49-32 

.020275 

27 

.04998 

.69877 

2O.OI 

84.14 

.011885 

28 

•05796 

•76314 

I7-25 

113,18 

.008835 

29 

.06802 

.83266 

14.70 

155.88 

.006415 

30 

0.09796 

2.99103 

IO.2O9 

323-2 

0.0030936 

31 

.12095 

1.08254 

8.269 

492.7 

.0020290 

32 

.15306 

.18485 

6-533 

789.2 

.0012671 

33 

.19991 

.30083 

5.002 

1346-3 

.0007420 

34 

.39182 

•59309 

2-552 

5171.9 

.0001933 

35 

O.6I222 

7.78691 

1.663 

12627. 

0.00007920 

36 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  70. 


SIZE,  WEIGHT,  AND    ELECTRICAL 

Size,  Weight,  and  Electrical  Constants  of  pure  hard  drawn  Copper  Wire  of  different  numbers 
Size  and  Weight. 


Gauge 
Number. 

Diameter  in 
Centimetres. 

Square  of 
Diameter 
(Circular 
Cms.). 

Section  in 
Sq.  Cms. 

Grammes 
Metre. 

Log. 

Metres 
per 
Gramme. 

OOOO 

I-'532 

1.3298 

1.0444 

929-5 

2.96826 

0.001076 

000 

.0795 

•l653 

.9152 

814.6 

.91093 

.OOI228 

00 

0.9652 

0.9316 

•73'7 

651.2 

.81372 

.001536 

o 

.8636 

.7458 

.5858 

521-3 

.71711 

.001918 

1 

0.7620 

0.5806 

0.4560 

405-9 

2.60839 

0.002464 

2 

.7214 

.5216 

.4087 

363-7 

.56079 

.002749 

3 

•6579 

.4328 

•3399 

302.5 

.48075 

.003306 

4 

.6045 

•3655 

.2870 

255-4 

.40730 

.003915, 

5 

•5588 

•3I23 

.2452 

218.3 

•33899 

.004581 

6 

0.5156 

0.2659 

0.20881 

185.84 

2.26914 

0.005381 

7 

.4572 

.2090 

.16417 

146.11 

.16469 

.006844: 

8 

.4191 

•1756 

•!3795 

122.78 

.08912 

.008145 

9 

'  -3759 

•1413 

.11099 

98.78 

1.99467 

.010124; 

10 

•3404 

•1158 

.09098 

80.98 

.90836 

.012349, 

11 

0.3048 

0.09290 

0.07297 

64-94 

1.81251 

0.01540 

12 

.2769 

.07665 

.06160 

54-83 

.73900 

.01824  • 

13 

.2413 

.05823 

•04573 

40.70 

.60960 

.02457 

H 

.2108 

.04445 

.03491 

3  '-°7 

•49231 

.03219 

15 

.1829 

•03345 

.02627 

23-43 

.36981 

.04268   : 

16 

0.16510 

0.027258 

0.021409 

19.054 

1.27998 

0.05248 

17 

•I4732 

.021703 

.017046 

15.171 

.iSlOI 

•06592 

18 

.12446 

.015490 

.012166 

10.828 

•03454 

•09235 

19 

.10668 

.011381 

.008938 

7-955 

0.90065 

•12571 

20 

.08890 

•007903 

.006207 

5-524 

.74229 

.18103 

21 

0.08128 

0.006606 

0.005189 

4.618 

0.66445 

0.2165 

22 

.07  I  I  2 

.005058 

•003973 

3-536 

•54847 

.2828 

23 

.06350 

.004032 

.003167 

.45003 

•3547 

24 

.05588 

.003123 

.002452 

2.1  83 

•33899 

.4581 

25 

.05080 

.002581 

.002027 

I.8O4 

.25621 

•5544    , 

26 

0.04572 

0.0020903 

0.0016418 

I.46ll 

0.16469 

0.6844 

27 

.04064 

.0016516 

.0012972 

•1J545 

.06239 

.8662 

28 

•03556 

.0012645 

.0009932 

0.8839 

1.94641 

T-i3!3    ' 

29 

.03302 

.0010903 

.0008563 

.7621 

.88204 

.3122    | 

3° 

.03048 

.0009290 

.0007297 

.6494 

.81251 

•5399    ; 

31 

0.02540 

0.0006452 

0.0005067 

0.4510 

1.65415 

2.217 

32 

.02286 

.0005226 

.0004104 

•3653 

•56263 

2-738 

33 

.02032 

.0004129 

.0003243 

.2886 

•46033 

3-465 

34 

.01778 

.0003161 

.0002483 

.22IO 

•34435 

4-525 

35 

.OI27O 

.0001613 

.0001267 

.1127 

.05209 

8.870 

36 

O.OIOI6 

0.0001032 

0.0000811 

O.O722 

2.85827 

13.861 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


68 


TABLE  70. 


CONSTANTS   OF   COPPER    WIRE. 

according  to  the  Birmingham  Wire  Gauge.     Metric  Measure.     Temperature  o°  C.     Density  8.90. 

Electrical  Constants. 


Resistance  and  Conductivity. 

Gauge 
Number. 

Ohms 
per 
Metre. 

Log. 

Metres 
per 
Ohm. 

Ohms 
per 
Gramme. 

Grammes 
per 
Ohm. 

0.0001559 

4.19290 

6414. 

0.0000001677 

5962000. 

OOOO 

.0001779 

.25024 

5620. 

.OOOOOO2  I  84 

4578000. 

OOO 

.OOO2226 

•34745 

4493- 

.0000003418 

2926000. 

00 

.0002780 

.44406 

3597- 

.0000005333 

1875000. 

o 

0.0003571 

4-55277 

2800. 

0.0000008798 

II37OOO. 

1 

.0003985 

.60038 

2510. 

.0000010955 

9:2800. 

2 

.0004791 

.68041 

2087. 

.00000:5837 

631400. 

3 

.0005674 

•75386 

'763- 

.OOOOO2221O 

450200. 

4 

.0006640 

.82217 

1506. 

.0000030420 

328700. 

5 

0.0007799 

4.89202 

1282.2 

0.000004196 

238300. 

6 

.0009257 

•99647 

1080.3 

.000006789 

147300. 

7 

.0011804 

3.07205 

847.2 

.000009615 

:  04000. 

8 

.0014672 

.16649 

681.6 

.000014853 

67330- 

9 

.0017898 

.25280 

558.7 

.OOOO22IO3 

45240. 

10 

0.002232 

3.34865 

448.1 

0.00003437 

29:00. 

11 

.002643 

.42216 

378.3 

.00004822 

20740. 

12 

.003561 

.55157 

280.8 

.00008749 

"43°- 

13 

.004665 

.66886 

214.4 

.000:50:6 

6660. 

14 

.006185 

•79135 

161.7 

.00026396 

3789- 

15 

0.007607 

3.88119 

131.46 

0.0003992 

2504.9 

16 

•009553 

.98016 

104.68 

.0006297 

1588.0 

17 

•013385 

2.12662 

74-71 

.0012362 

808.9 

:8 

.018219 

.26052 

54.89 

.OO220X)2 

436.6 

19 

.026235 

.41888 

38.12 

.0047489 

2:0.6 

20 

0.03138 

2.49671 

31.86 

0.006796 

147.14 

21 

.04099 

.61270 

24-39 

.0:1594 

86.25 

22 

.05142 

•71113 

19.45 

.018243 

54.82 

23 

.06640 

.82217 

15.06 

.030421 

32-87 

24 

.08034 

•90495 

12.45 

•044539 

22.45 

25 

0.09919 

2.99647 

10.08 

0.06789 

I4-731 

26 

.12583 

1.09877 

7-947 

.:o874 

9-:96 

27 

.16397 

.21476 

6.099 

•18550 

5-391 

28 

.19016 

•279'3 

5-259 

.24951 

4.008 

29 

.22I38 

•34865 

4-5J7 

•34367 

2.910 

30 

0.3214 

7.50701 

3.112 

0.7126 

1.4032 

31 

.3968 

•59853 

2.520 

1.0862 

0.9206 

32 

.5022 

.70083 

1.991 

I-7398 

.5748 

33 

•6559 

.81682 

1.525 

2.9861 

•3349 

34 

1.2855 

0.10907 

0.778 

11.4020 

.0877 

35 

2.0086 

0.30289 

0.498 

27.8370 

0.0359 

36 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


69 


TABLE  71. 


STRENGTH    OF    MATERIALS.' 


(a)     METALS. 

Name  of  metai.                           TESTS''*1.1 

Aluminium  wire       . 

"20000—  1  nnnn 

Brass  wire,  hard  drawn   50000-150000 
Bronze,  phosphor,  hard  drawn         110000-140000 
"         silicon           "         "     95000-115000 
Copper  wire,  hard  drawn          60000-70000 

"       wire,  hard  drawn 
"          "     annealed 
Lead,  cast  or  drawn 

.           .           .           .             8OOOO-I2OOOO 
.           .           .           .              50000-60000 
2600-3300 

Platinum  t  wire 

.........                      50000 

Steel,  mild,  hard  drawn  . 
"      hard       "          " 

.           .             IOOOOO-20OOOO 
I5OOOO-33OOO 

.........               22OOO-3OOOO 

(b)     STONES   AND   BRICKS. 

Resistance  to  crush- 
Name  of  substance.                                                                       ing  in  pounds 
per  sq.  in. 

Basalt 

.           .           .           .           .            .           .           .           .               l8oOO-27OOO 

•?oo-i  qoo 

,         .  •       .         .         .         .         .    :     .        •.            17000-26000 

.........              4500-8000 

Slate                 .        .        . 

.   '     .         .         .         .         .         .         .             11000-30000 

(r)     TIMBER. 

Tensile  strength          Resistance  to 
Name  of  wood.                                                              in  pounds  per               crushing  in 
sq.  in.                pounds  per  sq.  in. 

Ash   .... 

.           .           .           .           .           t           .             IIOOO—  2IOOO             6000-9000 

Beech 
Birch          .         . 
Chestnut    . 
Elm  .... 

.           .           .           .           .             IIOOO-lSoOO            9OOO-IOOOO 
.           .           .           ,           .           .           .             I2OOO-l8oOO              5OOO-7OOO 
IOOOO-I3OOO              4OOO-6OOO 

Hackberry        ~.        . 
Hickory     .         .        . 
Maple         .         .         . 
Mulberry    .         .         . 
Oak,  burr  . 
"     red   . 
"     water 
"     white 
Poplar 
Walnut      . 

10000-16000 
15000-25000            7OOO-I2OOO 
8OOO-I2OOO               6OOO-8OOO 
8OOO-I4OOO 
I5OOO-2OOOO            7000-10000 
13000-18000              5OOO-7OOO 
I2OOO-l6oOO              4000-6000 
20OOO-25OOO              6000-9000 
•    IOOOO-I5OOO              5OOO-8OOO 
8OOO-I4OOO               4OOO-8OOO 

in  other  than  the  ordinary  inch  pound  units. 

t  On  the  authority  of  Wertheim. 

t  The  crushing  strength  of  cast  iron  is  from  5.5  to  6.5  times  the  tensile  strength. 

NOTBS.  —  According  to  Boys,  quartz  fibres  have  a  tensile  strength  of  between  1 16000  and  167000  pounds  per  square 
inch. 

Leather  belting  of  single  thickness  bears  from  400  to  1600  pounds  per  inch  of  its  breadth. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


PHYSICAL    PROPERTIES   OF   STEEL.* 


TABLE  72. 


Percentages  of 

^_ 

1 

!§ 

c 

3 

u 

T> 

bo 

3 

•&8 

Z  m 

I. 

-5>8 

{J 

1 

0  ? 

o"5 

P. 

a  2, 

"  6 

et, 

o  - 
o  .£s 

if 

| 

s. 

P. 

Si. 

C. 

Mn. 

Cu. 

Co. 

Ni. 

Sb. 

c  ^ 

1  - 

y'2       :='S 

C 

la 

1* 

1+ 

n 

l:i 

o 

3 

.004 

.014 

•145 

•257 

.O2O 

.OO2 

.008 

.OIO 

216 

379 

246 

9-5     Io6 

30-9 

.009 

.084 

.,63 

.009 

.020 

.023 

.021 

.016 

252 

434 

260 

12.3 

129 

32.6 

.Oil 

.109 

.168 

.042 

.051 

.028 

.028 

•044 

276 

481 

234 

17.4 

"9 

27-5 

.027 

.247 

.216 

.036 

.072 

.027 

.048 

.070 

322 

529 

243 

24.7 

117 

24.9 

.014 

.029 

•037 

.161 

.121 

.OOI 

trace 

trace 

317 

534 

277 

18.4 

15' 

32.0 

trace 

•039 

.084 

•234 

.000 

.014 

.036 

•057 

•"5 

260 

605 

250 

15.6 

no 

20.8 

.008 
.056 

•034 

•0/3 
.007 

.316 
•r39 

.064 
.165 

.008 
•364 

.016 
.076 

.023 
.107 

419 

478 

649 
687 

263 

26  1 

37-9 
46-3 

130 

I  IO 

22.3 

18.1 

.004 

.024 

.087 

•447 

.072 

.005 

.018 

.023 

461 

755 

271 

46.0 

124 

18.6 

.058 

.128 

.013 

.254 

•341 

•278 

.045 

.065 

487 

785 

293 

55-o 

91 

'5-5 

066 

.099 

.016 

.326 

•525 

.306 

.054 

.078 

549 

793 

255 

58.0 

38 

5.6 

.002 

.022 

.123 

•595 

.124 

.001 

.007 

.006 

480 

828 

267 

42-7 

151 

2I.O 

.008 

.062 

.071 

•447 

493 

.007 

.040 

.065 

484 

859 

284 

38.2 

'74 

22-7 

.041 

•I25 

.028 

•355 

•404 

•253 

.049 

.102 

543 

880 

254 

55-9 

49 

6.7 

.062 

.138 

.018 

•39° 

•584 

•344 

•073 

.no 

565 

953 

259 

73-7 

44 

5.6 

.002 

.020 

.096 

.652 

.061 

.030 

.007 

.018 

5*0 

955 

269 

50.2 

112 

13-7 

.002 

.026 

.164 

•935 

.099 

.004 

.018 

.016 

557 

957 

278 

65-3 

123 

1  6.6 

•043 

.104 

.074 

.756 

•465 

•346 

.052 

.120 

652 

IOIO 

237 

94.6 

14 

1-7 

.028 

.065 

.028 

.690 

•459 

.022 

.000 

.COO 

516 

1  022 

285. 

55.6 

37 

4.6 

.003 

.031 

.204 

•929 

.129 

.007 

.013 

.OIO 

590 

1050 

284 

62.1 

148 

16.0 

.038 

.092 

.070 

•387 

•625 

.210 

.050 

•"5 

631 

I  I  12 

279 

83.2 

135 

13-7 

.001 

•015 

.150 

.971 

.074 

.003 

.003 

.015 

555 

II7I 

262 

65.6 

99 

9.9 

.000 

.019 

.192 

1.105 

.226 

.001 

.002 

.004 

668 

1254 

272 

82.7 

93 

9.0 

.014 

.063 

•043 

.681 

.625 

•038 

.COD 

.000 

614 

1288 

260 

82.2 

108 

9-9 

STKEL  CONTAINING  CHROMIUM. 

trace 

.020 

.116 

.461 

.027 

trace 

.000 

.612  Cr. 

370 

810 

275 

28.3 

I  IO 

15-6 

.001 

.019 

.136 

•454    -023 

.000 

.OOO 

.921  Cr. 

495 

915 

287 

44-8 

157 

19.1 

trace 

.007 

.154 

.639    .050 

.008 

trace 

1.044  Cr. 

500 

967 

281 

56.1 

25 

3-5 

— 

— 

.600      — 

— 

— 

2.  200  Cr. 

675 

1030 

— 

— 

— 

19.9 

— 

— 

— 

1.  100   j     — 

— 

— 

4.000  Cr. 

1770 

1778 

~ 

~ 

~~ 

7-5 

STEEL  CONTAINING  TUNGSTEN. 

_ 

_ 

.09 

1.99 

.19 

7.81  per  cent  tungsten    . 



1464 







o.o 

— 

— 

•OS 

2.06 

2.66 

6.73    "      " 

— 

760 

— 

— 

—     o.o 

Same  after  heating  to  dull  red  and  quenching  in  oil 

— 

940 

— 

— 

—     o.o 

.21 

i.  20 

•35 

6.45  per  cent  tungsten    . 

1900 

—    0.75 

STEEL  CONTAINING  MANGANESE. 

.06 

.08 

•37 

.72 

9.8 

\  one  test 
;  another  te 

— 

1065 
1  190 

— 

— 

— 

22.O 
28.9 

st  .     .     .     . 

*  The  samples  here  given  are  arranged  in  the  order  of  ultimate  strength.  The  table  illustrates  the  great  com- 
plexity of  the  problem  of  determining  the  effect  of  any  given  substance  on  the  physical  properties.  It  will  be  noticed 
that  the  specimens  containing  moderately  large  amounts  of  copper  are  low  in  ductility,  —  that  high  carbon  or  high  sum 
of  carbon  and  manganese  generally  gives  high  strength.  The  first  specimen  seems  to  indicate  a  weakening  effect 
of  silicon  when  a  moderate  amount  of  carbon  is  present.  It  has  to  he  remembered  that  no  table  of  this  kind  proves 
much  unless  nearly  the  same  amount  of  work  has  been  spent  on  the  different  specimens  in  the  process  of  manufacture. 
Most  of  the  lines  give  avenges  of  a  number  of  tests  of  similar  steels.  The  table  has  been  largely  compiled  from  the 
Report  of  the  Board  on  Testing  Iron  and  Steel,  Washington,  1881,  and  from  results  quoted  in  Howe's  "  Metallurgy 
of  Steel." 

t  The  strengths  and  elasticity  data  here  given  refer  to  bar  or  plate  of  moderate  thickness,  and  are  in  pounds  per 
square  inch.  Mild  steel  wire  generally  ranges  in  strength  between  100000  and  200000  pounds  per  square  inch,  with 
an  elongation  of  from  8  to  4  per  cent.  Thoroughly  annealed  wire  does  not  differ  greatly  in  strength  from  the  data 
given  iii  the  table  unless  it  has  been  subjected  to  special  treatment  for  the  purpose  of  producing  high  density  and 
fine-grained  structure.  Drawing  or  stretching  and  subsequent  rest  tend  to  increase  the  Young's  Modulus. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES.  7  I 


TABLE  73. 


ELASTICITY    AND   STRENGTH    OF    IRON.* 


Area  of  cross  sec- 

tion of  the  bar  in 
percentage  of  the 
area  of  the  cross 
section  of  the 

Relative  values  of 
ultimate  strength. 

Relative  values  of 
the  stress  at  the 
yield  point. 

pile. 

I 

125 

194 

2 

112 

I/O 

3 
4 

5 
7 

I  O6 
IO4 

I°3 
IOI 

144 
140 

130 
II4 

The  variation  of  the  yield  point  is  not 
regular,  and  seems  to  have  been  much 
affected  by  the  temperature  of  rolling. 

10 

TOO 

IOO 

15 

98 

92 

TABLE  74. 

APPROXIMATE    VARIATION    OF   THE    STRENGTH    OF    BAR    IRON,   WITH 
VARIATION    OF    SECTION. t 


Diameter 
in  inches. 

Strength  per  sq. 
in.  in  pounds. 

Total  strength  of 
bar. 

Diameter 
in  inches. 

Strength  per  sq. 
in.  in  pounds. 

Total  strength 
of  bar. 

2.2 

59000 

224000 

I.I 

543°0 

52000 

2.1 

58500 

203000 

1.0 

54000 

42OOO 

2.O 

58000 

182000 

0.9 

53700 

34000 

1-9 

57600 

163000 

0.8 

533°0 

2/000 

1.8 

57100 

145000 

o-7 

53000 

2OOOO 

i-7 

56700 

129000 

0.6 

52700 

I49OO 

1.6 

56300 

113000 

o-5 

52400 

10300 

i-5 

55900 

99000 

0.4 

52100 

66OO 

1.4 

555°0 

85000 

o-3 

51900 

3700 

i-3 

55100 

73000 

0.2 

51600 

l6OO 

1.2 

54700 

62OOO 

O.I 

51300 

4OO 

*  This  table  was  computed  from  the  results  published  in  the  Report  of  the  U.  S.  Board  on  Testing  Iron  and  Steel, 
Washington,  1881,  and  shows  approximately  the  relative  effect  of  different  amounts  of  reduction  of  section  from  the 
pile  to  the  rolled  bar.  A  reduction  of  the  pile  to  10  per  cent  of  its  original  volume  is  taken  as  giving  a  strength  of 
loo,  and  the  others  are  expressed  in  the  same  units. 

t  The  strength  o£  bar  iron  may  be  taken  as  ranging  from  15  per  cent  above  to  15  per  cent  below  the  numbers  here 
given,  which  represent  the  average  of  a  large  number  of  tests  taken  from  various  sources. 

NOTES.  — The  stress  at  the  yield  point  averages  about  60  per  cent  of  the  ultimate  strength,  and  generally  lies  be- 
tween 50  and  70  percent.  The  variation  depends  largely  on  the  temperature  of  rolling  if  the  iron  be  otherwise  fairly 
pure. 

According  to  the  experiments  of  the  U.  S.  Board  for  Testing  Iron  and  Steel,  above  referred  to,  a  bar  of  iron  which 
has  been  subject  to  tensile  stress  up  to  its  limit  of  strength  gains  from  10  to  20  per  cent  in  strength  if  allowed  to  rest 
free  from  stress  for  eight  days  or  more  before  breaking.  The  effect  of  stretching  and  subsequent  rest  in  raising  the 
elastic  limit  and  tensile  strength  was  discovered  by  Wbhler,  and  has  been  investigated  by  Bauschinger,  who  shows 
that  the  modulus  of  elasticity  is  also  raised  after  rest.  The  strengthening  effect  of  stretching  with  rest,  or  continuous 
very  slowly  increased  loading,  has  been  rediscovered  by  a  number  of  experimenters. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLES  75-77. 

EFFECT  OF  RELATIVE  COMPOSITION   ON   THE   STRENGTH  OF  ALLOYS 
OF    COPPER,   TIN,  AND    ZINC.* 


TABLE  75.  —  Copper-Tin  Alloys.    (Bronzes.) 


TABLE  76.  —  Copper-Zinc  Alloys.    (Brasses. 


_, 

tte 

c 

"o 

0 

V  b/J 

.—  c 

•o  'a 

'£  c 

gj 

_c 

Ml  ^ 

B? 

c  £ 

el 

M  u 

fl 

C 

H  w 

£a 

CJ  w 

I  =* 

i  * 

fc!  =" 

".5 

l-i 

ii  O 

0. 

$ 

Pounds  per  square  inch. 

0, 

IOO 

oo 

28000 

14000 

42000 

8. 

44 

95 

5 

3IOOO  17000 

46000 

10. 

4i 

90 

IO 

290OO  2IOOO 

54000 

4- 

31 

85 

15  33000 

26000 

74000 

1.6 

24 

80 

20 

32000  28000  ,  124000 

o-5 

14 

75 

25 

18000 

1  8000 

150000 

o.o 

8 

70 

30 

6500 

6500 

143000 

o.o 

2 

65 

35 

2800 

2800 

75000 

0.0 

4 

•M 

O 

"o 

u  wi 

173  c 

H 

c 

c  a 

3 

-  — 

H  •" 

V  O 

5" 

fe  S 

"'1 

^"  - 

£ 

OH 

Pounds  per  square  inch. 

AH 

IOO 

O 

2/OCO 

14000 

41000 

7 

95 

S 

28OOO 

I2OOO 

28000 

12 

90 

IO 

30000 

IOOOO 

29000 

18 

8S 

15 

32OOO 

9000 

33000 

25 

80 

20 

34000 

8000 

39000 

33 

75 

25 

37000 

9000 

46000 

38 

70 

30 

4IOOO 

IOOOO 

54000 

38 

6S 

35 

46000 

13000 

63000 

33 

60 

40 

49OOO 

17000 

74000 

55 

4S 

440OO 

2OOOO 

90000 

10 

5° 

SO 

3OOOO 

24OOO 

116000 

4 

45 

55 

I4OOO 

14000 

126000 

o 

TABLE  77. —  Copper-Zinc-Tin  Alloy s.§ 


Percentage  of 

Tensile 

Percentage  of 

Tensile 

strength 

strength 

Copper. 

Zinc. 

Tin. 

in  pounds 
per  sq.  in. 

Copper. 

Zinc. 

Tin. 

in  pounds 
per  sq.  in. 

45 

50 

5 

I5OOO 

25 

5 

45OOO 

50 

45 

5 

5OOOO 

20 

IO 

44OOO 

So 

40 

10 

15000 

70 

'5 

15 

37000 

f43 

••> 

65000 

IO 

20 

30000 

cc 

I  40 

5 

62OOO 

5 

25 

24000 

1-35 

IO 

32500 

20 

5 

45OOO 

1  30 

15 

15000 

J'5 

10 

45000 

37 

3 

6OOOO 

75 

I10 

15 

43000 

60 

35 

5 

52500 

I   5 

20 

4IOOO 

30 

10 

4OOOO 

(J5 

5 

45000 

L  2O 

20 

IOOOO 

80 

i  I0 

10 

'     45000 

30 

5 

50000 

(    5 

15 

47500 

65 

4 

25 
2O 

IO 

15 

42000 
30000 

85 

\'l 

5 

10 

43500 
46500 

'5 

20 

1  8000 

90 

5 

5 

42OCO 

10 

25 

I2OOO 

*  These  tables  were  compiled  from  the  results  published  by  the  U.  S.  Board  on  Testing  of  Metals.  The  numbers 
refer  to  unwrought  castings,  and  are  subject  to  large  variations  for  individual  specimens. 

t  The  crushing  strengths  here  given  correspond  to  10  per  cent  compression  for  those  cases  where  the  total  com- 
pression exceeds  that  amount. 

t  For  crushing  strength,  10  per  cent  compression  was  taken  as  standard. 

§  This  table  covers  the  range  of  triple  combinations  of  these  three  metals  which  contain  alloys  of  useful  strength 
and  moderate  ductility.  The  weaker  cases  here  given,  and  those  lying  outside  the  range  here  taken,  are  generally  weak 
and  brittle.  The  absolute  strength  may  of  course  be  varied  by  the  method  of  fusing  and  casting,  and  certainly  can  be 
greatly  increased  by  working.  The  object  of  the  table  is  to  show  relative  values,  and  to  give  an  idea  of  the  strength  of 
sound  castings  of  these  alloys. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


73 


TABLE  78. 


ELASTIC    MODULI. 

Rigidity  Modulus.* 


Modulus  of  Rigidity. 

Substance. 

Pounds  per 

Grammes  per 

Authority. 

square  inch 

square  centi- 

-^ 10". 

metre  -p  JO°. 

Metals  :  — 

Aluminium 

3.4-4.8 

241-335 

Thomsont-Katzenelsohn. 

Brass  and  Bronze  wire 

4.6-5.8 

320-410 

Various. 

Copper,  drawn    . 

5.6-6.7 

393-473 

Thomson.! 

"            "... 

5-o 

352 

Katzenelsohn. 

German  silver 

6.2 

432 

" 

"           "        '  . 

7-i 

496 

Gray. 

Gold,  pure  .         ... 

5-6 

395 

Katzenelsohn. 

"".... 

4.0 

281 

Thomson.! 

Iron,  soft     .       .  .       -.;•.• 

9.6 

671 

Wertheim. 

"      drawn          .         .         . 

10-14 

700-800 

Various. 

Platinum     .         .         .  .  (  ...  ' 

8.9 

622 

Thomson.! 

"                      .         .         . 

9-4 

663 

Tisati. 

Silver  .         ,.  ,     .         . 

3-8 

270 

Thomson.! 

"       .         .              '    .         .    . 

3-6 

256 

Pisati. 

"       .         .         .         .         . 

3-8 

265 

Baumeister. 

Steel,  cast   . 

10.6 

746 

XVertheim. 

"         "               .              -  . 

11.8 

829 

Pisati. 

Tin       

2.2 

J54 

Kiewiet. 

Zinc     .         .         . 

5-1 

360 

Thomson.! 

"        .         .                •-  . 

5-4 

382 

Kiewiet. 

Glass         .         .         .         .  '      . 

3-3 

235 

Wertheim. 

"            ....... 

3-9 

273 

Kowalski. 

Stone  :  — 

Clay  rock    .         .         . 

2-5 

177 

1 

Granite        .    -..  . 

1.8 

128 

Gray 

Marble         .        .         . 

i-7 

119 

& 

Slate    

3-2 

229 

Milne. 

Tuff     ..... 

i-5 

1  02 

J 

Wood       .        .        .    .   . 

.I-.I7 

7-12 

Gray. 

*  The  modulus  of  rigidity  as  used  in  this  table  may  be  shortly  defined  by  the  following  equation  :  — 

Modulus  of  rigidity  -  Intensity  of  tangential  stress. 
Distortion  in  radians. 

To  interpret  the  equation  imagine  a  cube  of  the  material,  to  four  consecutive  faces  of  which  a  tangential  stress  of 
uniform  intensity  is  applied,  the  direction  of  the  stress  being  opposite  on  adjacent  faces.   The  modulus  of  rigidity  is 
the  number  obtained  by  dividing  the  numerical  value  of  the  tangential  stress  per  unit  of  area  by  the  number  repre- 
senting the  change  of  the  angles  on  the  nonstressed  faces  of  the  cube  measured  in  radians, 
t  Lord  Kelvin. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

74 


ELASTIC  MODULI. 

Young's  Modulus.- 


TABLE  79. 


Substance. 

Young's  Modulus. 

Authority. 

Pounds  per 
square  inch 
-=-  io8. 

Grammes  per 
square  centi- 
metre -^-  10°. 

Metals  :  — 
Brass  and  bronze,  cast  .... 

8.6-10 
14-17 

16-18 
17-20 

12-14 

18 
8-1  7  1 
24-3° 

2.2-2.9 
14 
17 
23-26 

22 

1  0-10.7 

23-30* 
27-30 

16 
12-14 

2.2-3.6 
8.6-11.4 
7-10 

4-7 
5-9 

$ 

2.7 

0.85 

I.O-2.2 

600-700 
IOOO-I2OO 
II5O-I25O 
1052 
I2O9-I4OO 
813-980 

55O-I2OO 
I70O-2IOO 

I  56-200 

979 
1176 
1600-1700 

'SB2 
700-7.50 
1600-2100 
1900-2100 

870-960 
160 
151-255 
600-800 
500-700 

416 
400 
686 
189 
60 
70-154 

Various. 

Wertheim. 
Various. 

Wertheim. 
Various. 

Wertheim. 

Various. 
Wertheim. 
Various. 

Various. 
Wertheim. 
Various. 

Beetz. 
Various. 

Gray 
& 
Milne. 

Various. 

Copper,  drawn      .         .         .         .  .'""'; 
"        annealed  .         .         .        ,         . 
German  silver,  drawn   .         .         .  • 
Gold,  drawn          .         .         .         .         .    . 

"      wrought        .         .         . 
Iron  wire       .         .         ... 
Lead,  cast  or  drawn      .         . 
Palladium,  soft      ..... 
hard    ..... 
Platinum,  drawn  .... 
soft        .       '  .         ... 
Silver,  drawn         
Steel      .         .....         ... 
"      hard  drawn  .         .         .".,.. 
Tin 
Zinc       .        . 
Bone  .         .         .         .                 .         .  abt. 

Glass  ........ 
Ice      .        .        .         .         .        .         . 

Stone  :  — 

Granite          

Tuff       ....... 
Whalebone         abt. 
Wood          

*  The  Young's  Modulus  of  elasticity  is  used  in  connection  with  elongated  bars  or  wires  of  elastic  material.  It  is 
the  ratio  of  the  number  representing  the  longitudinal  stress  per  unit  of  area  of  transverse  section  to  the  number  rep- 
resenting the  elongation  per  unit  of  length  produced  by  the  stress,  or :  — 

Young's  Modulus  =  Inte,nsity  of  »Q"giti.dinal  stress. 
Elongation  per  unit  length. 

In  the  case  of  an  isotropic  substance  the  Young's  Modulus  is  related  to  the  elasticity  of  form  (or  rigidity  modulus) 
and  the  elasticity  of  volume  (or  bulk  modulus)  in  the  manner  indicated  in  the  following  equation  :  — 

£•—    9"*_ 

where  K  is  Young's  Modulus,  n  the  rigidity  modulus  and  k  the  bulk  modulus. 

The  bulk  modulus  is  the  ratio  of  the  number  expressing  the  intensity  of  a  uniform  normal  stress  applied  all  over 
the  bounding  surface  of  a  body  (solid,  liquid  or  gas)  to  the  number  expressing  the  change  of  volume,  per  unit  volume, 
produced  by  the  stress. 

t  The  modulus  for  cast  iron  varies  greatly,  not  only  for  different  specimens,  but  in  the  same  specimen  for  different 
intensities  of  stress.  It  is  diminished  for  tension  stress  by  permanent  elongation. 

t  See  also  Table  72.     , 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

75 


TABLES  80,  81 . 


ELASTIC   MODULI. 


TABLE  80. —Variation  of  the  Rigidity  oi  Metals  with  Temperature.* 

The  modulus  of  rigidity  at  temperature  /  is  given  by  the  equation  nt  =  «0  (i  -)-  at  +  #2  -f-  yf). 


Metal. 

no 

a 

0 

y 

Authority. 

Brass 

320  X  io6 

—  .000455 

—  .00000136 

_ 

K.  &  L. 

Copper     . 

265  X  io1 
397  X  IOH 

—  .002158 

—  .0027  1  6 

—  .00000048 
-f  .00000023 

—  .0000000032 
—  .0000000047 

Pisati. 

•         .         . 

390  X  xo15 

—  .000572 

—  .OOOOOO28 

— 

K.  &  L. 

Iron 

694  X  io6 

—  .000483 

.OOOOOO  I  2 

— 

" 

"             .         •         . 

811  X  io« 

—  .000206 

—  .OOOOOOI9 

-)-  .00000000  1  1 

Pisati. 

Platinum  . 

663  X  10° 

—  .0001  1  1 

—  .OOOOOO50 

-f-  .0000000008 

« 

Silver 

257  X  io6 

—  .000387 

.00000038 

—  .00000000  1  1 

" 

Steel        .        .        . 

829  X  io'J 

—  .000187 

—  .00000059 

-f-  .0000000009 

« 

TABLE  81.  —  Ratio  p  of  Transverse  Contraction  to  Longitudinal  Extension  under  Tensile  Stress 

(Poisson's  Ratio). 


Name  of  substance. 

Range  of  the 
value  of  p. 

Mean 
of  each 
range. 

Final 
mean. 

Authority. 

Brass       

0.340-0.500 

0.469  ] 
0.420 

Everett. 
Baumeister. 

!     !     !     '     '.'','- 

— 

0.387 

0-325  f 

o-357 

Kirchhoff. 
Mallock. 

.          .     .     .     * 

—      — 

0-3'5  i 

Wertheim. 

"       ...... 

—      — 

0.226  J 

Littmann. 

Copper    

—      — 

0.348  | 

Mallock. 

"         ...... 

0.224-0.441 

o-332  i 

0.340 

Thomson. 

Iron         

—      — 

0.310] 

Everett. 

*        . 

—      — 

0.253  I 

Mallock. 

"            ...... 

0.250-0.420 

0.304  f 

0.277 

Baumeister. 

0.214-0.268 

o-243  J 

Littmann. 

Lead        

—      — 

0-375 

o-375 

Mallock. 

Steel,  hard       .         .     '  . 

0.293-0.295 

0.294  ) 

Kirchhoff. 

"        "          '.'.'.'.'. 

0.275-0.328 
0.266-0.303 

0.294  > 
0.296  ) 

0.295 

Okatow. 
Schneebeli. 

"      soft        

—       — 

0.304  ] 

Okatow. 

'.'.'.'.'. 

0.306  ! 
0-253  f 

0.299 

Schneebeli. 
Mallock. 

. 

—      — 

0-333  J 

Goetz  &  Kurz. 

Zinc         .         .         .... 

0.180-0.230 

0.205 

0.205 

Mallock. 

_.  . 

It 

Ivory       

—       — 

about 

0.309 
0.500 

M 

Paraffin    ...... 

u 

Cork        .         .         .         .         , 

—       



0.000 

i) 

Caoutchouc  (for  small  extensions) 

0.370-0.640 

0-505  I 
0.500! 

0.502 

j  Rontgen.  . 
(  Amagat. 

Jelly         .         .         ... 

~~ 

0.500 

0.500 

Maurer. 

Katzenelsolin  gives  the  following  values,  together  with  the  percentage  variation  S  between  o°  and  100°  C. 

Substance.                                                                            p 

5 

Aluminium     .         .         .        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .             OIT 

I  C  7 

Brass      ..........                               04^ 

1  Q 

German  silver        0.33 

3-4 

Gold       ............             017 

2  C 

Iron        ............             027 

•J  7 

Platinum        .........                .             rvtfi 

r  r 

Silver     

o-37 

12.2 

*  According  to  the  experiments  of  Kohlrausch  and  Loomis  (Pogg.  Ann.  vol.  141),  and  of  Pisati  (N.  Cim.fo)  vols.  4,5). 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

76 


TABLE  82. 
ELASTICITY   OF   CRYSTALS.* 

The  formulae  were  deduced  from  experiments  made  on  rectangular  prismatic  bars  cut  from  the  crystal.  These  bars 
were  subjected  to  cross  bending  and  twisting  and  the  corresponding  Elastic  Moduli  deduced.  The  symbols 
a  )3  y,  a,  j3,  y,  and  o«  0,  V2  represent  the  direction  cosines  of  the  length,  the  greater  and  the  less  transverse 
dimensions  of  the  prism  with  reference  to  the  principal  axis  of  the  crystal.  E  is  the  modulus  for  extension  or 
compression,  and  T  is  the  modulus  for  torsional  rigidity.  The  moduli  are  in  grammes  per  square  centimetre. 


Harite. 
io10 
-p-  =  16.130*  +  18.51/3'  +  10.427*  +  2(38.79/3V2  -r  1 5-2i7-er  +  8.88a-j82) 

lfj_  — 6g.52a4  +  1 17.66/8' +]i  16.467*  +  2(20.i6/3-V  +  85-297?a2+  i27.35a-02) 


Beryl  (Emerald). 

io10 

-rr-  =4.325  sin'0  -j-  4.619  cos4^  -j-  13.328  sin2^  cos2? 


rr 


10 


io — 

-rp-  =  I  5-00 3.67  5  COS*02  —  1 7-  536  COS2?  COS29i 

Fluor  spar. 

-—  =  13.05  —  6.26  (a*  +  j8l  +  7*) 

^-  =  58.04  —  50.08  (/3V2  +  y-a-  +  a2)82) 

Pyrites. 

^-  =  5.08  —  2.24  (a4  +  0'  +  7*) 

^  =  18.60  —  17.95  (fl'V  +  r«'2  +  «'2)82) 

Rock  salt. 

^  =  33.48  -  9.66  (a*  +  P  +  T4 ) 

^r-  =  I  54.58  —  77.28  (0V2  +  7'2«-  +«'202) 
Sylvine. 


where  <j>  <t>i  fa  are  the  angles  which 
the  length,  breadth,  and  thickness 
of  the  specimen  make  with  the 
principal  axis  of  the  crystal. 


-^-  =  306.0  —  192. 

Topaz. 
io10 
-^  —4.341  a4 +  3.46oj8*  +  3.7717*+  2  (3.879/3 V+  28. 567V+  2.39a^2) 

io10 

-T  =  I4.88a»  +  16.54)8*  +  i6.4574  +  30.89j8V2  +  4P&9ry*a*  +  43-5i«2)82 

Quartz. 

io10 

-g-  =  12.734  (i  — 72)2+  16.693(1  —  72)72  + 9.7057*  — 8.460/37  (3o2  —  )82) 

io10 

--  =  19.665  +  9-060722  +  22-9847'V2  —  16.920  [(7/3  +  07i)  (3««i  —  ^3i)  —  £27-2)] 


*  These  formulae  are  taken  from  Voigt's  papers  (Wied.  Ann.  vols.  31,  34,  and  35). 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

77 


TABLE  83. 


ELASTICITY    OF   CRYSTALS. 


Some  particular  values  of  the  Elastic  Moduli  are  here  given.  Under  E  are  given  moduli  for  extension  or  compression 
in  the  directions  indicated  by  the  subscripts  and  explained  in  the  notes,  and  under  T  the  moduli  for  torsional 
rigidities  round  the  axes  similarly  indicated. 


(a)  REGULAR  SYSTEM.* 


Substance. 


Authority. 


Fluor  spar 
Pyrites  .  . 
Rock  salt  . 

Sylvine  .     . 


Sodium  chloride 
Potash  alum  . 
Chrome  alum 
Iron  alum  . 


1473  X  l°6 
3530  X  io6 
416  X  io6 
403  X  io6 
401  X  io6 
372  X  io6 
405  X  io6 
181  X  io6 
161  X  io6 
186  X  io6 


1008  X  io6 
2530  X  io6 
346  X  io6 
339  X  io6 
209  X  io6 
196  X  io6 
319  X  to6 
199  X  io6 
177  X  io6 


910  X  io6 

2310  X  io6 

31 1  X  io6 


345  X  io6 

1075  X  io6 

129  X  io6 


655  X 


Voigt.t 


Koch.J 

Voigt. 
Koch. 
Beckenkamp.§ 


(b)  RHOMBIC  SYSTEM.|| 


Substance. 


Barite 
Topaz 


620  X  io6 
2304  X  io6 


540  X  io6 
2890  X  io6 


959  X  io6 
2652  X  io6 


376  X  io6 
2670  X  io6 


702  X  io6 
2893  X  io° 


740  X  io6 
3180  X  io6 


Authority. 


Voigt. 


Substance. 


T,  .  =  T, 


Authority. 


Barite 
Topaz 


283  X  io6 
I336X  io6 


293  X  io6 
I353X  io6 


121  X  IO6 

1104  X  io6 


Voigt. 


In  the  MONOCLINIC  SYSTEM,  Coromilas  (Zeit.  fur  Kryst.  vol.  i)  gives 

(  £      =887  X  io6  at  21.9°  to  the  principal  axis. 
Lrypsum  < 

(  Ena,,  =    1X106  at  7.4° 


313X 

22I3 

1554  X  io6  at  45°  to  the  principal  axis. 


75.4 
**•  j  Emai  =  22I3  X  Io6  i"  tne  principal  axis. 

(  Enun  = 


In  the  HEXAGONAL  SYSTEM,  Voigt  gives  measurements  on  a  beryl  crystal  (emerald). 
The  subscripts  indicate  inclination  in  degrees  of  the  axis  of  stress  to  the  principal  axis  of 
the  crystal. 

£0  =  2165X106,     E45  =  1 796  X  io6,    E90  =  23i2X  io6, 
TO  =  667X106,      T»o  =  883X106.      The  smallest  cross   dimension   of  the 
prism  experimented  on  (see  Table  82),  was  in  the  principal  axis  for  this  last  case. 


In  the  RHOMBOHEDRIC  SYSTEM,  Voigt  has  measured  quartz.    The  subscripts  have  the 
same  meaning  as  in  the  hexagonal  system. 

£0=1030X106,    E_45  =  i305X  io6,     £+45  =  850  X  io6,     £90=785X106, 

To  =  508  X  io6,      T90  =  348  X  io6. 
Baumgarten  IT  gives  for  calcspar 

£0=501X106,     E_45  =  44i  Xio6,     E+45  =  772X  io6,     E90  =  79°  X  io6. 


*  In  this  system  the  subscript  ,T  indicates  that  compression  or  extension  takes  place  along  the  crystalline  axis,  and 
distortion  round  the  axis.  The  subscripts  b  and  c  correspond  to  directions  equally  inclined  to  two  and  normal  to  the 
third  and  equally  inclined  to  all.  three  axes  respectively. 

t  Voigt,  "  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  31,  34-35. 

%  Koch,  "  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  18. 

§  Beckenkamp,  "Zeit.  fur  Kryst."  vol.  io. 

||  The  subscripts  i,  2,  3  indicate  that  the  three  principal  axes  are  the  axes  of  stress;  4,  5,  6  that  the  axes  of  stress 
are  in  the  three  principal  planes  at  angles  of  45°  to  the  corresponding  axes. 

H  Baumgarten,  "  Pogg.  Ann."  vol.  152. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

78 


TABLES  84-87. 


COMPRESSIBILITY  OF  CASES." 


These  tables  give  the  relative  values  of  the  product  pv  for  different  pressures  and  temperatures,  and  hence  show  the 
departure  from  Boyle's  law.  The  pressures  are  in  metres  of  mercury,  or  in  atmospheres,  the  volume  being 
arbitrary.  The  temperatures  are  in  centigrade  degrees. 


TABLE  84.—  Nitrogen. 


TABLE  85.  —  Hydrogen. 


Pressure  in 

Relative  values  of  pv  at  — 

metres  of 

1 

mercury. 

.  7°.  7 

30°.  i 

5°0-4 

7S°-5 

100°.  I 

30 

274  S 

287  S 

3080 

3330 

3575 

60 

2740 

287  S 

3100 

3360 

3610 

IOO 

2790 

2930 

3  '70 

344  S 

3<595 

140 

2890 

3040 

327  s 

3SSQ 

3820 

180 

3OI.S 

3i  So 

3390 

3675 

3950 

220  . 

3  HO 

328S 

3SP 

3820 

4090 

260  , 

3290 

3440 

36«S 

397  S 

4240 

300 

34  So 

3600 

3840 

413° 

4400 

320 

3525 

3<>75 

39'5 

4210 

4475 

Pressure  in 

Relative  values  of  fv  at  — 

metres  of 

mercury. 

i7°-7 

4°°-4 

60°.  4 

8i°.i 

100°.  I 

£ 

2830 
2885 

3045 
3110 

3235 

329  S 

343° 

3Soo 

3610 

3680 

IOO 

2Q8S 

3200 

3400 

3620 

378o 

140 

3080 

3lOO 

3500 

371° 

3880 

180 

3I8S 

3420 

3620 

3830 

4010 

220 

32QO 

3S20 

372  s 

393° 

4110 

260 

3400 

3025 

3*3° 

4040 

4220 

300 

3Soo 

3730 

3935 

4140 

4325 

320 

355° 

378o 

399° 

4200 

43*5 

TABLE  86.  -  Methane. 


Pressure  in 

Relative  values  of  pv  at  — 

metres  of 

mercury. 

i4°-7 

29°-5 

4o°.6 

60°.  i 

79°-8 

100°.  I 

3° 

2580 

2745 

2880 

3100 

_ 

_ 

60 

2400 

2590 

2735 

2995 

3230 

3460 

IOO 

2275 

2480 

2640 

2935 

3180 

3435 

140 

22OO 

2480 

2055 

2940 

3190 

3460 

180 

2360 

2560 

2730 

3OI5 

3260 

3525 

220 

2510 

2690 

2840 

3I25 

3300 

3625 

TABLE  87.  -  Ethylene. 


Pressure  in 

Relative  values  of  pv  at  — 

metres  of 

mercury. 

16^.3 

20°.3 

30°.  I 

4o°.o 

So°.o 

6o°.o 

70°.  o 

79°-9 

89°-9 

I00°.0 

3° 

1950 

2055 

2220 

2410 

2580 

2715 

2865 

2970 

3090 

3225 

60 

810 

900 

II9O 

1535 

1875 

2IOO 

2310 

25OO 

2680 

2860 

90 

1065 

i"5 

H95 

!325 

1510 

I7IO 

1930 

2l6o 

2375 

2565 

1  2O 

I325 

1370 

1440 

1540 

1660 

1780 

1950 

2115 

2305 

2470 

IS0 

1590 

1625 

I60X> 

1785 

1880 

1990 

2125 

2250 

2390 

2540 

180 

1855 

1890 

1945 

2035 

2130 

2225 

2340 

245° 

256S 

2700 

2IO 

21  IO 

2145 

2200 

2285 

2375 

2470 

2570 

2680 

2790 

2910 

240 

2360 

2395 

245° 

2540 

2625 

272O 

2810 

2910 

3015 

3I25 

270 

26lO 

2640 

27IO 

2790 

2875 

2965 

3060 

3150 

3240 

3345 

300 

2860 

2890 

2960 

3040 

3I25 

3215 

3300 

3380 

3470 

356o 

320 

3035 

3065 

3'25 

3200 

3285 

3375 

3470 

3545 

3625 

37io 

*  Tables  84-89  are  from  the  experiments  of  Aciagat;  "  Ann.  de  chim.  et  de  phys.,"  1881,  or  "  Wied.  Bieb.,"  1881, 
p.  418. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

79 


TABLES  88-90. 


COMPRESSIBILITY   OF  CASES. 

TABLE  88.  —  Carbon  Dioxide. 


Relative  values  of  pv  at  — 

Pressure  in 

metres  of 

mercury. 

l8°.2 

3S°-i 

40^.2 

5o°.o 

6o°.o 

70°.o 

8o°.o 

90°.o 

100°.0 

3° 

liquid 

2360 

2460 

2590 

2730 

2870 

2995 

31  20 

3225 

5° 

- 

1725 

1900 

2145 

2330 

2525 

2685 

2845 

2980 

80 

625 

750 

8:5 

I2OO 

1650 

*975 

2225 

2440 

2635 

110 

825 

93° 

980 

IO9O 

1275 

J55° 

1845 

21OS 

2325 

140 

1  020 

1  1  20 

"75 

I250 

1360 

1525 

17*5 

'95° 

2160 

170 

I2IO 

1310 

1360 

143° 

1520 

1645 

1780 

!975 

2I35 

2OO 

1405 

1500 

155° 

1615 

1705 

1810 

193° 

2075 

2215 

230 

1590 

1690 

1730 

I8OO 

1890 

1990 

2090 

22IO 

2340 

260 

1770 

1870 

1920 

1985 

2070 

2166 

2265 

2375 

2490 

290 

1950 

2060 

2IOO 

2I7O 

2260 

2340 

2440 

255° 

2655 

320 

2135 

2240 

2280 

2360 

2440 

2525 

2620 

2725 

2830 

TABLE  89. -Carbon  Dioxide.* 


Value  of  the  ratio  pv  lp\v\  at  — 

Pressure  in 

atmospheres. 

5o° 

100° 

200° 

2S0° 

0.725 

1.0037 

1.  002  1 

I.OOO9 

1.0003 

1.440 

1.0075 

1  .0048 

I.OO25 

I.OOI5 

2.850 

1.1045 

1.0087 

I.OO4O 

I.OO2O 

TABLE  90.  —  Air,  Oxygen,  and  Carbon  Monoxide  at  Temperature  between  18°  and  22  . 

The  pressure  p  is  in  metres  of  mercury ;  the  product  pv  is  simply  relative. 


Air. 

Oxygen. 

Carbon  monoxide. 

P 

pv 

/ 

PV 

P 

PV 

2407 

26968 

24.07 

26843 

24.06 

27147 

34-9° 

26908 

34-89 

26614 

34-91 

27102 

45-24 

26791 

- 

- 

45-25 

27007 

55-3° 

26789 

55-50 

26185 

55-52 

27025 

64.00 

26778 

64.07 

26050 

64.00 

27060 

72.16 

26792 

72.15 

25858 

72.17 

27071 

84.22 

26840 

84.19 

25745 

84.21 

27158 

101.47 

27041 

101.46 

25639 

101.48 

24420 

1  33-89 

27608 

133-88 

25671 

I33-90 

28092 

177.60 

28540 

177-58 

25891 

177.61 

29217 

214.54 

29585 

214.52 

26536 

214.54 

30467 

250.18 

30572 

- 

- 

250.18 

31722 

304.04 

32488 

303-03 

28756 

304.05 

339'9 

*  Similar  experiments  made  on  air  showed  the  ratio  pv  t 
\  Amagat,  "  Compte  Rendu,"  1879. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

80 


to  be  practically  constant. 


TABLES  91  ,  92. 

RELATION    BETWEEN    PRESSURE,   TEMPERATURE    AND 
VOLUME    OF   SULPHUR    DIOXIDE    AND    AMMONIA.* 


TABLE  91.  — Sulphur  Dioxide. 

Original  volume  100000  under  one  atmosphere  of  pressure  and  the  temperature  of  the  experi- 
ments as  indicated  at  the  top  of  the  different  columns. 


c 
£8 

Corresponding  Volume  for  Ex- 
periments at  Temperature  — 

Pressure  in  Atmospheres  for 
Experiments  at  Temperature  — 

£ 

58°.o 

99°-6 

l83°2 

58°.o 

99°.6 

l83°.2 

10 

8560 

9440 

_ 

12 

6360 

7800 

- 

IOOOO 

- 

9.60 

- 

H 

16 
18 

4040 

6420 
53'0 
4405 

- 

9000 
8000 

9.60 
10.40 

Jo-35 
1185 

_ 

20 

- 

4030 

- 

7000 

"•55 

i3-05 

- 

24 
28 

: 

3345 
2780 

3180 

6000 

12.30 

14.70 

- 

32 

- 

2305 

2640 

5000 

13-15 

16.70 

— 

36 

- 

2260 

4000 

14.00 

20.15 

- 

40 

5° 

: 

H5° 

2040 
1640 

3500 

14.40 

23.00 

- 

60 

- 

- 

1375 

3000 

- 

26.40 

29.10 

70 

- 

- 

1130 

2500 

- 

30-15 

33-25 

80 
90 

: 

I 

93° 

790 

2OOO 

- 

35-20 

40.95 

IOO 

- 

- 

680 

1500 

- 

39.60 

55-2° 

1  20 

- 

- 

545 

IOOO 

- 

- 

76.00 

140 
160 

- 

- 

43° 
325 

500 

— 

— 

117.20 

TABLE  92.  —  Ammonia. 

Original  volume  100000  under  one  atmosphere  of  pressure  and  the  temperature  of  the  experiments  as 
indicated  at  the  top  of  the  different  columns. 


.5 

£  o 

Corresponding  Volume  for  Ex- 
periments at  Temperature  — 

Pressure  in  Atmospheres  for  Experiments 
at  Temperature  — 

£ 

46°.6 

99^.6 

i83°.6 

3°°.2 

46°.6 

99°-6 

i83°.o 

10 

9500 

_ 

_ 

IOOOO 

8.85 

9.50 

_ 

12.5 

15 
20 

7245 
5880 

7635 
6305 
4645 

4875 

9000 
8000 

9.60 
IO.4O 

10.45 
11.50 

12.00 

— 

25 

- 

3560 

3835 

7000 

II.O5 

13.00 

13.60 

- 

3° 

; 

2875 

3185 

6000 

II.80 

14-75 

15-55 

- 

35 
40 

45 

- 

2440 
2080 

1795 

2680 

2345 
2035 

5000 
4000 

12.00 

1  6.60 

18.35 

1  8.60 
22.70 

19.50 

24.00 

5° 

- 

1490 

1775 

3500 

— 

18.30 

25.40 

27.20 

55 

- 

1250 

'590 

3000 

- 

- 

29.20 

3'-5° 

60 

— 

975 

1450 

2500 

- 

- 

34-25 

37-35 

"0 

80 

1245 
1125 

2OOO 

- 

- 

41-45 

45-5° 

90 

- 

- 

1035 

1500 

- 

- 

49-70 

58.00 

IOO 

950 

IOOO 

59-65 

93.60 

^.  *  From  the  experiments  of  Roth,  "  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  n,  1880. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

81 


TABLE  93. 


COMPRESSIBILITY    AND    BULK    MODULI    OF    LIQUIDS. 


Liquid. 

Temp. 

\*>* 

Compression 
per  unit  vol- 
ume peratmo. 
X  10". 

Pressure  or 
range  of  pres- 
sure in  at- 
mospheres. 

Authority. 

Calcu  ated  values  of 
bulk  modulus  in  — 

Grammes 
per  sq.  cm. 

Pounds 
per  sq.  in. 

Acetone   .... 

14 

no 

8-7-35-4 

Amagat    .... 

94XI05 

1.34  Xio5 

Benzene   .... 

16 

90 

8.12-37.2 

"         .... 

115       || 

1.64      " 

'         .... 

15-4 

87.I 

1-4 

Pagliani  &  Palazzo 

1.69      « 

'         .... 

50.1 

III 

1-4 

" 

93  ;; 

1.32      " 

Carbon  bisulphide 

0 

78 

— 

Colladon  &  Sturm 

1.89      " 

i             11 

15 

62.6 

— 

Quincke  .... 

1*65     « 

2-35     ' 

•             11 

15.6 

87.2 

8-35 

Amagat   .... 

119    " 

1.69     ' 

'             " 

IOO 

174 

8-35 

"        .... 

59     "( 

1.84     ' 

Chloroform  .     .     . 

8-5 

62.5 

1.267 

Grassi  

2.15     ' 

9.2 

62.6 

4.247 

165     " 

2.35     ' 

Ether  

r 
12 

64.8 

168 

T"       TV 
1.309 

8-10 

u 

"j 

'I9 

61 

2.26     ' 
0.87     " 

Amagat             .     . 

QQ 

rrr 

•*  o^ 

18.6  " 

0.26    " 

u 

00 

Jjj 
521 

8.6-  id  5 

u 

19.8  " 

0.28    " 

u 

61 

0   j 
IOO 

8.57-22.l9 

it 

14.4    " 

(f 

*J 

6l 

8.t;7  —  74.77 

it 

OT-'T- 
1<\.1    " 

0.50     ' 

11 

*j 

25.4 

IQO 

J/      OT"  J  J 
8.46-74.22 

u 

JJ  J 

O  77        * 

Ethyl  alcohol    .     . 

•**  J'T- 
10 

3f** 

94-5 

^^  tr^/     J*T*"*^ 

1-2 

Colladon  &  Sturm 

109        " 

w./  / 

U                     H 

12 

71  1 

T  A    pfa 

Tait      

I4O      " 

2.OO        ' 

"                    '.     '. 

/  j'j 
101 

8.5-37.12 

Amagat    .... 

i  ^^.i 
I  O2       " 

i-45     ' 

"          "         .    . 

28 

86 

I  5O-2OO 

Barus       .... 

120 

1.71 

K          u 

28 

81 

I  5O-400 

"           .... 

I27 

1.81      ' 

«          u 

65 

no 

I5O-2OO 

"           .... 

94 

i-34 

it          it 

65 

IOO 

I  5O-4OO 

'           .... 

103 

1.47 

"          "         .     . 

IOO 

168 

150-200 

'           .... 

61 

0.87     ' 

"          "         .     . 

IOO 

132 

I5O-4OO 

'           .... 

78 

i.  it      ' 

"          "         .     . 

185 

320 

I5O-2OO 

'           .     .     .    '. 

32 

0.46     ' 

"          "         .     . 

185 

274 

I5O-3OO 

'           .... 

38 

o-54     ' 

"          "         .    . 

185 

245 

I5O-4OO 

"           .... 

42 

0.60 

"          "         .     . 

310 

4200 

150-200 

(i 

2-5 

0.036   ' 

"          "         .     . 

310 

2  2OO 

150-300 

"           .... 

4-7 

0.067    ' 

"          "         .     . 

310 

1530 

I5O-4OO 

"           .... 

6.7 

0.095    ' 

Ethyl  chloride  .     . 

12.8 

156 

8.53-I3-9 

Amagat    .... 

66.3 

0.94 

"          "         .     . 

12.8 

I5l 

8.53-36.45 

"           .... 

68.5 

0.97 

"          "         .     . 

61.5 

256 

12.65-34.36 

it 

40-3 

0.57 

"          "         .     . 

99 

510 

12.79-19.63 

"           .... 

20.3 

0.29 

u          11 

99 

495 

12.79-34.47 

"           .... 

20.9 

0.30     ' 

Glycerine      .    .     . 

Quincke   .... 

411.2 

5-85     ' 

Mercury  .... 

o 

1-38 

1-30 

Colladon  &  Sturm 

3058.0 

43-5 

"         .... 

o 

3-92 



Amagat    .... 

2629.0, 

37-4       ' 

Methyl  alcohol  . 

11.  C. 

I.OI2 

Grassi  .     . 

1  14.5 

i.  61      ' 

J-j 
11-5 

91.1 

7.513 

1  11.  i 

"j 
:  1.61 

"            "       '.     '. 

J  j 
IOO 

221 

8-68-37.32 

Amagat    .     .  •   .     . 

*  ^O'  * 

046.3 

.  0.66     ' 

Nitric  acid    .     .     . 

20.3 

338.5 

'-32 

Colladon  &  Sturm 

030.2 

0.43 

Oils  :  Almond  .     . 

17 

55-19 

Quincke   .... 

i§7-7 

2.67 

•     Olive  .     .     . 

20.5 

63.3- 



"          .... 

163.0 

2.32 

Paraffine 

14.84 

62.69 



De  Metz  .... 

164.5 

2.34     ' 

Petroleum  . 

16.5 

69.58 



Martini     .... 

148.3 

2.1  1 

Rock  .     .     . 

19.4 

74^8 



Quincke   .... 

138.4 

1-97        ' 

Rape  seed   . 

20.3 

59-61 



"          .     .  •  .  .  . 

174-3 

2.48        ' 

Turpentine  . 

19.7 

79.14 



it 

130-7 

1.86    •' 

Sulphur  dioxide     . 

o 

302.5 

1-16 

Colladon  &  Sturm 

0344 

0-49 

Toluene   .... 

IO 

79 

— 

De  Heen.     .    .-  *] 

I30-7 

1.86 

Xylene     .... 

10 

73-8 

140.0 

1.99     « 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


82 


TABLE   93. 


COMPRESSIBILITY    AND    BULK    MODULI   OF    LIQUIDS. 


^  — 

c    ,  g 

£  8 

Calculated  values  of 

•If- 

o  £.5 

bulk  modulus  in  — 

Liquid. 

£•£  v 

3  °  c  m 

Authority. 

ss  5"o 

&    M'U    " 

Grammes 

Pounds 

u*lx 

«£il  It 

per  sq.  cm. 

per  sq.  in. 

Water  sea 

i  •> 

44* 

I 

Tait      

274.8  X  IO5 

7.14  X  IO5 

12 

47* 

I 

22O.O      " 

<           (i 

0 

49.65 

1-24 

Colladon  &  Sturm     . 

208.0      " 

2.96      " 

«            « 

176 

4^  o 

Amagat    

241.  1      " 

"I  A'i       " 

' 

O 

5°-3 

i-5 

Pagliani  &  Vincentini 

206.0    ' 

2-93       " 

'           " 

10 

47.0 

'-5 

" 

22O.O      " 

3-13       ' 

'           '• 

20 

44-5 

-5 

" 

232.0      " 

3-3°    ' 

'           " 

3° 

42.5 

-5 

" 

243.2       ' 

3.46    " 

<           K 

40 

40.9 

-5 

" 

253-1 

3.60    « 

'           " 

5° 

39-7 

-5 

a 

260.1 

3-70    ' 

<           " 

60 

38-9 

-5 

it 

265.0    " 

3-77     ' 

'           " 

70 

39-o 

-5 

u 

264.3    " 

3.76    " 

'           " 

80 

39-6 

« 

260.8    " 

3.71 

1           " 

90 

40.2 

-5 

" 

257-3    " 

3.66    " 

IOO 

41.0 

-5 

252.4    ' 

3-59    " 

TABLE  94. 


COMPRESSIBILITY    AND    BULK    MODULI    OF   SOLIDS. 


Solid. 

Compression 
per  unit  vol- 
ume per  atmo. 
X  io«. 

Authority. 

Calculated  values  of 
bulk  modulus  in  — 

Grammes 
per  sq.  cm. 

Pounds 
per  sq.  in. 

Crystals  :  Barite     

1-93 
0.747 
1.  2O 
I.I4 
2.67 
4.2t 
7-45t 
0.61 
0.113 

i.  02 
2.76 
0.68 
2.2-2.9 

Voigt  .     . 

Amagat  . 
Buchanan 
Amagat   . 

535  X  io« 
1384    " 
860    " 
906    " 

387     " 
246    ' 

1694    " 
9140    " 
1090    ' 
1  202    " 

IOI2      " 

374    " 
1518     " 
405     " 

7.61  X  i  o6 

19.68      " 
12.24     " 
12.89     " 
5-5°     " 

3-5°    ' 
i-97     ' 
24.11 
130.10    " 
15.48    " 
17.10    ' 
14.41 

21.61     " 
5.76    « 

Beryl  

Fluorspar   

Pyrites   

Quartz    

Rock  salt    .          .... 

Sylvine  

Topaz    

Tourmaline     
Brass     

Copper 

Delta  metal   

Lead     

Steel     

Glass     

*  Tait  finds  for  fresh  water  the  value  .0072  (i  —0.034 />)  and  for  sea  water  .00666  (i  —  0.034/0  where/  is  the  pres- 
sure in  tons  per  square  inch.  The  range  of  variation  of  p  was  from  i  to  3  tons. 

t  Rbntgen  and  Schneider  by  piezometric  experiments  obtained  5.0  X  io~ «  for  rock  salt  and  5.6  X  io~ *  for  sylvine 
(Wied.  Ann.,  vol.  31). 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  95. 

DENSITY  OR  MASS  IN  GRAMMES  PER  CUBIC  CENTIMETRE  AND  POUNDS 
PER   CUBIC   FOOT  OF  VARIOUS  SOLIDS.* 


Substance. 

Grammes 
per  cubic 
centimetre. 

Pounds 
per  cubic 
foot. 

Substance. 

Grammes 
per  cubic 
centimetre. 

Pounds 
per  cubic 
foot. 

Agate  .          .         .         »> 

2.5-2.7 

156-168 

Gas  carbon  . 

1.88 

119 

Alabaster  : 

Glass  : 

Carbonate 

2.69-2.78 

168-173 

Common  . 

2.4-2.8 

i  S0-'  75 

Sulphate  . 

2.26-2.32 

141-145 

Flint 

2.9-4.5 

180-280 

Alum,  potash       .        ..• 

1-7 

1  06 

Glauber's  salt 

1.4-1.5 

87-93 

Amber          .         .         .[ 

1.06-1.11 

66-69 

Glue     .... 

1.27 

80 

Anthracite  .         .  •  •    .1 

1.4-1.8 

87-112 

Gneiss          .  "      . 

2.4-2.7 

150-168 

Apatite         .         .         .: 

3.16-3.22 

197-201 

Granite        .       ...        .. 

2-5-3-0 

156-187 

Aragonite    .         .      .  .' 

3-o 

I87 

Graphite      .       *       'Z 

1.9-2.3 

120-140 

Arsenic        .       '  .         . 

5-7-5-72 

356-358 

Gravel          .        ,        . 

94-112 

Asbestos      .        .         .; 

2.O-2.8 

I25-i/5 

Gray  copper  ore 

4-4-5-4 

275-335 

Asphaltum  .         .        .•_ 

I.I-I.2 

69-75 

Green  stone 

2.9-3.0 

180-185 

Barite  .         .    /    .        J 

4-5 

281 

Gum  arable          .   ,     . 

1.3-1.4 

80-85 

Basalt 

2.7-3.1 

168-193 

Gunpowder  : 

Beeswax       .         .        . 

0.96-0.97 

60-6  1 

Loose 

0.9 

56 

Bole     .         .         .         .. 

2.2-2.5 

137-156 

Tamped   .         .        . 

1-75 

109 

Bone    .... 

1.7-2.0 

106-125 

Gypsum,  burnt    .        . 

1.81 

!'3 

Boracite       .         .         . 

2.9-3.0 

181-187 

Hornblende         .        .. 

3-o 

187 

Borax           .         .         ... 

i.  7-1  .8 

106-112 

Ice       .        ,-••/.* 

0.88-0.91 

55-57 

Borax  glass          . 

2.6 

162 

Iodine          .        . 

4-95 

309 

Boron 

2.68-2.69 

167-168 

Ivory  ...        .. 

1.83-1.92 

114-120 

Brick    .         . 

2.O—  2.2 

125-137 

Kaolin          .        .        J 

2.2 

J37 

Butter  .... 

0.86-0.87 

53-54 

Lava  : 

Calamine     . 

4-1-4-5 

255-280 

Basaltic    . 

2.8-3.0 

I75-18S 

Calcspar      . 

2.6-2.8 

162-175 

Trachytic 

2.O-2.7 

125-168 

Carbon. 

Lead  acetate  . 

2.4 

J5o 

See  Graphite,  etc. 

Leather: 

Caoutchouc 

0.92-0.99 

57-62 

Dry           ..       .        -, 

0.86 

54 

Celestine 

3-9 

243 

Greased    . 

i.  02 

64 

Cement  : 

Lime  : 

Pulverized  loose 

1.15-1.7 

72-105 

Mortar 

1.65-1.78 

103-1  i  i 

Pressed     . 

1.85 

H5 

Slaked 

1.3-1.4 

81-87 

Set    . 
Cetin    .... 

2.7-3.0 
0.88-0.94 

168-187 
55-59 

Lime    .         .         .    -     .. 
Limestone    .         .        . 

2.3-3.2 
2.46-2.86 

144-200 
154-178 

Chalk  .         .         ... 

i  .9-2.8 

118-175 

Litharge  : 

Charcoal  : 

Artificial  . 

9-3-9-4 

580-585 

Oak 

o-57 

35 

Natural     . 

7.8-8.0 

489-492 

Pine 

0.28-0.44 

!7-5-27-5 

Magnesia     . 

3-2 

200 

Chrome  yellow    . 

6.00 

374 

Magnesite    .        . 

3-° 

I87 

Cinnabar 

8.12 

5°7 

Magnetite    .         .        . 

4.9-5.2 

306-324 

Clay     .... 

1.8-2.6 

122-162 

Malachite     .        .        ..3 

3-7-4-1 

231-256 

Clayslate 

2.8-2.9 

175-180 

Manganese  : 

Coal,  soft     . 

1.2-1.5 

75-94 

Red  ore    . 

3-46 

216 

Cobaltite 

6-4-7-3 

400-455 

Black  ore         .  -     f* 

3-9-4-1 

243-256 

Cocoa  butter 
Coke    .... 

0.89-0.91 
1.0-1.7 

56-57 
62-105 

Marble          .         .  " 
Marl     .         .  :      . 

2.5-2.8 
1.6-2.5 

157-177 

100-156 

Copal  .... 

1.04-1.14 

65-71 

Masonry 

1.85-2.3 

116-144 

Corundum   .         .    <.    . 

3.9-4.0 

245-250 

Meerschaum 

.99-1.28 

61.8-79.9 

Diamond 

3-5-3-6 

220-225 

Melaphyre  . 

2.6 

162 

Anthracitic 

1.66 

104 

Mica    .... 

2.6-3.2 

165-200 

Carbonado 

3-01-3-25 

188-203 

Mortar 

1.75 

109 

Diorite         .         .        .  ; 

2.8-3.1 

I75~I93 

Mud     .... 

1.6 

102 

Dolomite     .         .         . 

3.8-2.9 

175-181 

Nitroglycerine 

1.6 

99 

Earth,  dry   . 

1.6-1.9 

100-120 

Ochre  .... 

3-5 

218 

Ebonite        .         .         .'• 

i-'S 

72 

Opal    ..*<.! 

2.2 

137 

Emery          .        .        », 

4.0 

250 

Orpiment     .         .        .  • 

3-4-3-5 

212-218 

Epsom  salts  : 

Paper  .... 

0.7-1.15 

44-72 

Crystalline 

1.7-1.8 

I06-II2 

Paraffin 

0.87-0.91 

54-57 

Anhydrous 

2.6 

162 

Peat     .... 

0.84 

52 

Feldspar      ...         . 

2.53-2.58 

158-161 

Phosphorus,  white 

1.82 

114 

Flint    .         .        . 

2.63 

164 

Pitch    .... 

1.07 

67 

Fluor  spar  . 

3.14-3.18 

196-198 

Porcelain 

2-3-2-5 

I43~r  56 

Gabronite    .        ..         . 

2.9-3.0 

I8I-I87 

Porphyry     . 

2.6-2.9 

162-181 

Gamboge     ... 

1.2 

75 

Potash 

2.26 

141 

Galena 

7-3-7-6 

460-470  ' 

Pyrites 

4-9-5-2 

306-324 

Garnet 

3-6-3-8 

230-335  ; 

Pyrolusite    . 

3-7-4-6 

231-287 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  For  metals,  see  Table  97. 
84 


DENSITY  OF  VARIOUS  SOLIDS. 


TABLE  95. 


Substance. 

Giammes 
per  cubic 
centimetre. 

Pounds 
per  cubic 
foot. 

Substance. 

Grammes 
per  cubic 
centimetre. 

Pounds 
per  cubic 
foot. 

Pumice  stone 

0.37-0.9 

23-56 

Soapstone,  Steatite 

2.6-2.8 

162-175 

Quartz 

2.65 

165 

Soda  : 

Resin   .... 

1.07 

67 

Roasted    . 

2-5 

156 

Rock  crystal 

2.6 

162 

Crystalline 

i-45 

90 

Rock  salt 

2.28-2.41 

142-150 

Spathic  iron  ore 

3-7-3-9 

231-243 

Sal  ammoniac 

1.5-1  6 

94-100 

Starch 

x-53 

95 

Saltpetre 

1.95-2.08 

122-130 

Stibnite 

4.6-4.7 

287-293 

Sand  : 

Strontianite 

3-7 

Dry  .... 

1.40-1.65 

87-103 

Syenite 

2.6-2.8 

162 

Damp       .         .       /. 

1.90-2.05 

119-128 

Sugar  .... 

1.61 

IOO 

Sandstone    . 

2.2-2.5 

1  37-i  S6 

Talc     . 

2-7 

168 

Selenium 

4.2-4.8 

262-300 

Tallow- 

.91  -.97 

570-605 

Serpentine  . 

2.43-2.66 

152-166 

Tellurium     . 

6.38-6.42 

398-401 

Shale   .         .         . 

2.6 

162 

Tile      .... 

1.4-2.3 

87-143 

Silicon 

2.0-2.5 

125-156 

Tinstone 

6.4-7.0 

399-437 

Siliceous  earth     . 

2.66 

166 

Topaz 

3-5-3-6 

219-223 

Slag,  furnace 

2-5-3-0 

156-187 

Tourmaline 

2.94-3.24 

183-202 

Slate    .... 

2.6-2.7 

162-168 

Trachyte 

2.7-2.8 

168-175 

Snow,  loose 

0.125 

7-8 

Trap     .... 

2.6-2.7 

162-170 

TABLE  96. 

DENSITY  OR  MASS  IN  GRAMMES  PER  CUBIC  CENTIMETRE  AND  POUNDS 
PER  CUBIC  FOOT  OF  VARIOUS  ALLOYS  (BRASSES  AND  BRONZES). 


Alloy. 

Grammes 
per  cubic 
centimetre. 

Pounds 
per  cubic 
foot. 

Brasses  :  Yellow,  7oCti  -)-  3oZn,  cast      

8.44 

527 

"                  "              rolled  

8.56 

534 

drawn           ..... 

8.70 

542 

Red,  goCu  -f-  roZn           

8.60 

536 

White,  5oCu  +  5oZn       

8.20 

5" 

Bronzes:  goCu  +  loSn  

8.78 

548 

8sCu  +  isSn  

8.89 

555 

8oCu  -j-  2oSn  

8.74 

545 

75Cu  -j-  25Sn  

8.83 

551 

German  Silver:  Chinese,  26-3Cu  -(-  36.6Zn  +  36.8  Ni  . 

8.30 

5'S 

Berlin  (i)  52Cu  -f-  26Zn  -f  22Ni  .... 

8.45 

527 

"            "             "      (2)  59Cu  -j-  3oZn  -j-  uNi  . 

8.34 

520 

"      (3)  63Cu  +  30211  +  6Ni    .... 

8.30 

5i8 

"             "         Nickelin         

8.77 

547 

Lead  and  Tin:  87_5Pb  -f-  i2-5Sn    

1  0.60 

661 

'       "      84?b  +  i6Sn          

iQ-33 

644 

'       "       77.8Pb  +  22.2Sn    

10.05 

627 

'      «      63.7Pb  +  36-3«n    

9-43 

588 

46.7Pb+  53-3Sn    

8-73 

545 

"      30-5Pb  +  69.5811    

8.24 

5'4 

Bismuth,  Lead,  and  Tin  :  ^Bi  +  4oPb  -f  7Cd      .... 

10.56 

659 

Wood's  Metal:  5oBi  +  25Pb  +  i2-5Cd  +  12.5811         .         .         . 

9.70 

605 

Cadmium  and  Tin  :  32Cd-f-  68Sn   ....... 

7.70 

480 

Gold  and  Copper  :  g8Au  -(-  2Cu     

18.84 

1176 

'         '          "         g6Au  +  4Cu     

18.36 

"45 

'         '          "          94  Au  -j-  6Cu     

17-95 

1  1  20 

92Au  -f  8Cu     

17.52 

1093 

'         '          "          goAu  -4-  ioCu   

17.16 

1071 

88Au  -f  i2Cu    

1  6.8  1 

1049 

'         '          "          86Au  -j-  i4Cu   

16.47 

1027 

Aluminium  and  Copper  :  loAl  +  ox»Cu           

7.69 

480 

5A1  +  95Cu           

8-37 

522 

3A1  +  97Cu           * 

8.69- 

542 

Aluminium  and  Zinc  :  grAl  -(-  gZn         ...... 

2.80 

'75, 

Platinum  and  Iridium  :  goPt  +  iolr       

21.62 

1348 

85?!  +  islr       ;'' 

21.62 

1348 

66.67  Pt  +  33-33  lr      .        .        .        -        .  '••' 

21.87 

i364 

5Pt  +  95lr        

22.38      , 

1396 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  97. 


DENSITY   OR    MASS  IN   GRAMMES   PER   CUBIC   CENTIMETRE   AND 
POUNDS   PER   CUBIC   FOOT   OF  THE    METALS.* 

When  the  value  is  taken  from  a  particular  authority  that  authority  is  given,  but  in  most  cases  the  extremes  or  average 

from  a  number  of  authorities  are  given. 


r 

Metal. 

Physical  state. 

Grammes  per 
cubic  centi- 
metre. 

Pounds  per 
cubic  foot. 

d 

d 
H 

Authority. 

Aluminium  .     .     . 

Cast      .     .     . 

2.56-2.58 

160-161 

"            ... 

Wrought  .     . 

2.65-2.80 

165-175 

Antimony    .     .     . 

Solid     .     .     . 

6.70-6.72 

418-419 

"           ... 

Amorphous   . 

About  6.22 

388 

Barium    .... 

— 

3.75-4.00 

234-250 

Solid     .     .     . 

Q.7O—  O  OO 

605-618 

sp/w3fty 

9-673 

604 

271 

)  Vincentini  and 

"       .... 

Liquid  .     .     . 

10.004 

624 

271 

)      Omodei. 

Cadmium     .     .     . 

Cast      .     .     . 

8.54-8.57 

533-535 

"       .... 

Wrought  .     . 

8.670 

54i 

"       .... 

Solid     .     .     . 

8.366 

522 

318 

I  Vincentini  and 

"       .... 

Liquid  .     .     . 

7.989 

498 

318 

)      Omodei. 

Caesium  .... 

— 

1.88-1.90 

117 

Calcium  .... 

— 

1.580 

98.6 

Cerium    .... 

— 

6.62-6.72 

475-482 

Chromium  .     .     . 

— 

6.52-6.73 

407-420 

Cobalt    .... 

Cast      .     . 

8.50-8.70 

530-542 

"         .... 

Wrought  .     . 

9.100 

563 

Columbium      .     . 

Liquid  .     .     . 

7.10-7.40 

443-462 

Copper    .... 

Cast      .     .     . 

8.80-8.95 

549-5S8 

"       .... 

Wrought  .     . 

8.85-8.95 

552-558 

"       .... 

Liquid  .     .     . 

8.217 

S'3 

Roberts  &  Wrightson. 

Didymium  .     .     . 

— 

6.540 

408 

Gallium  .... 

— 

5-930 

3?o 

24 

Lecoq  de  Boisbaudran. 

Germanium     .     . 

— 

5.460 

34i 

2O 

Winkler. 

Glucinium  .     .     . 

— 

1.86-2.06 

116-127 

Gold  

Cast      .     .     . 

19.26-19.34 

1202-1207 

"      ....'. 

Wrought  .     . 

I9-33~I9-34 

1207 

Indium    .... 

— 

7.27-7.42 

454-463 

Iridium   .... 

— 

21.78-22.42 

i  359-1  399 

Iron    

Gray  cast  . 

7.O?-7.I  -J 

4  ^Q—  44  ^ 

White  cast 

/                O           /                 J 

7.  C8-7.71 

Toy  *t*Tj 
477-482 

11 

Wrought  . 

/    .J       /   /  J 

7.80—7.00 

t/  j   *f-'*- 
48^—40"? 

it 

Liquid  . 

j  >*J^f       1  .*~J^ 

6.880 

*T^J      T^J 

42Q 

Roberts  &  Wrightson. 

Lanthanum 

6.05-6.16 

^      S 

377-384 

Hildebrand  &  Norton. 

Lead  

Cast 

1  1  .  "?4O 

708 

2/1 

Reich. 

Wrought  .     . 

o^ 

11.360 

f  *** 

7OQ 

^•T- 

24. 

ii 

Solid     .     .     . 

1  1.005 

/    s 

686 

T" 

•?2t; 

I  Vincentini  and 

it 

Liquid  . 

10.64^ 

664 

J^J 

32C 

)      Omodei. 

Lithium  .... 

V-T  J 

0.590 

39 

-J 

Magnesium      .     . 

— 

1.69-1.75 

105-109 

Manganese  .     .     . 

— 

6.86-8.03 

428-501 

"          ... 

— 

Av.  abt.  7.4 

462 

Mercury  .... 

— 

J3-596 

848 

Molybdenum    . 

— 

8.40-8.60 

524-536 

Nickel     .... 

— 

8.30-8.90 

S'7-555 

Osmium  .... 

— 

21.40-22.40 

1335-1398 

Palladium   . 

— 

1  1.  00-12.00 

686-749 

Platinum 

— 

2I.2O-2I.7O 

i322-i354 

Potassium    .     .     . 

Solid     .    .     . 

0.86-0.88 

54-55 

"            ... 

Solid     .     .    . 

0.8510 

53-7 

62.1 

\  Vincentini  and 

Rhodium     .     .     . 

Liquid  . 

0.8298 

II.OO-I2.IO 

686^755 

62.1 

J      Omodei. 

Ruthenium  .     .     . 

— 

II.OO-II.40 

686-711 

Silver      .... 

Cast.     .     .     . 

10.40-10.50 

649-655 

'*          .... 

Wrought  .     . 

•0.55-10.57 

658-659 

Liquid  .     .     . 

9.500 

593 

Roberts  &  Wrightson. 

*  This  table  has  been  to  a  large  extent  compiled  from  Clark's  "  Constants  of  Nature,"  and  Landolt  &  Bornstein's 
"  Phys.  Chem.  Tab." 

t  When  the  temperature  is  not  given,  ordinary  atmospheric  temperature  is  to  be  understood. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

86 


TABLE  97. 

DENSITY  OR    MASS   IN   GRAMMES   PER   CUBIC  CENTIMETRE   AND 
POUNDS   PER    CUBIC   FOOT   OF   THE   METALS. 


Metal. 

Physical  state. 

Grammes  per 
cubic  centi- 
metre. 

Pounds  per 
cubic  foot. 

f 
U 
n. 

H 

Authority. 

Sodium   .... 

« 

Strontium    .     .     . 
Thallium     .     .     . 
Tin     

Solid     .     .     . 
Liquid  .     .     . 
At  boiling  pt. 

Cast.     .     .     . 

0.97-0.99 
0.9519 
0.9287 
0.7414 
2.50-2.58 
II.8-II.9 
7.2QO 

605-618 

59-4 
58.0 

46.3 
156-161 
736-742 

4CC 

97.6 
97-6 

)  Vincentini  and 
)      Omodei. 
Ramsay. 
Matthieson. 

Matthieson. 

« 

Wrought   . 

7.7OO 

4CC 

„ 

Crystallized  . 

6.Q7—7.l8 

AT.  c-448 

„ 

Solid     .     .     . 

7.1871; 

4C4 

226 

)  Vincentini  and 

(i 

Liquid  . 

6.988 

f. 

4  TO 

226 

)      Omodei. 

Titanium  t  .     •     • 
Thorium  J   .     .     . 
Tungsten     .     .     . 
Uranium      .     .     . 
Zinc    

Cast      .     .     . 

5-300 
9.4-IO.I 
I9.I2O 
18.33-18.65 
7.O4—7.l6 

341 

587-630 

"93 
1143-1163 

470-447 

Roscoe. 

M 

\Vrought  . 

7-IQO 

440 

M 

Liquid  . 

6.480 

404 

Roberts  &  Wrightson. 

Zirconium   .     .     . 

4.140 

258 

Froost. 

TABLE  98. 

MASS    IN    GRAMMES    PER    CUBIC   CENTIMETRE    AND    IN    POUNDS    PER 
CUBIC    FOOT    OF    DIFFERENT    KINDS    OF   WOOD. 

The  wood  is  supposed  to  be  seasoned  and  of  average  dryness. 


Wood. 

Grammes 
per  cubic 
centimetre. 

Pounds 
per  cubic 
foot. 

Wood. 

Grammes 
per  cubic 
centimetre. 

Pounds 
per  cubic 
foot. 

Alder   '   . 

0.4  •'-o  68 

26-42 

Greenheart   

O.Q7—  I.O4 

c8-6i; 

Annie  . 

0.66-0.84 

4I-C2 

Hazel  

O.6o-O.8o 

77—4Q 

Ash      

0.65—0.85 

4O-  C7 

Hickory    

O.6O-O.Q7 

77-  c8 

Basswood.    See  Linden. 

Iron-bark      

I.O7 

64 

Beech            .     .     .     •  i  • 

O.7O-O.QO 

47—  C.6 

1  Laburnum     

O.Q2 

57 

084 

52 

Lancewood  

O.68—  I.OO 

42—62 

Birch    :  . 

O.CI-O.77 

72-48 

i  Lignum  vitae     .     .  •  . 

I.I7—I.77 

77-87 

Box      

O.QC—  I.l6 

CO—  72 

Linden  or  Lime-tree  . 

0.72-0.  CQ 

20—^7 

Bullet  tree    .     .          .  '-. 

1.05 

yj~/<- 
6c 

Locust      

0.67-0.71 

A2—  AA 

Butternut      
Cedar  

0.38 

O.4O-O.  C7 

24 
70—71; 

Mahogany,  Honduras    . 
"            Spanish    . 

0.56 
0.85 

35 

C7 

Cherry      •  . 

O.7O-O.QO 

47—  Co 

Maple  

0.62—0.7  c 

70-47 

Cork    

O.22-O.26 

^j  T* 

14—16 

Oak      

0.60-0.90 

-27—  c6 

Ebony  

I.I  I  —  1-33 

60-87 

Pear-tree  

0.61-0.73 

78-4C 

Elm      

0.54—0.60 

74—77 

Plum-tree      .     . 

0.66-0.78 

41—  4Q 

Fir  or  Pine,  American 

Poplar           

0.  7  C—  O.  S 

22—71 

White 

O  1  C—  O  CO 

22—71 

Satinwood    

O  QC 

CO 

Larch  . 

o  50—0  56 

71—7? 

o  40—0  60 

24—77 

Pitch    .     . 
Red     .     . 
Scotch 

0.83-0.85 
0.48-0.70 

O.47—  O.  C7 

52-S3 
3°-44 

27—77 

Teak,  Indian     .... 
'•      African   .... 
Walnut     

0.66-0.88 
0.98 
0.64—0.70 

41-55 

61 

4O—  47 

Spruce     . 

o  48—0  70 

7O—  44 

Water  gum  

I  OO 

^^T^J 
62 

O  77—  O  60 

27—77 

Willow     

o  40—0  60 

24—77 

*  When  the  temperature  is  not  given,  ordinary  atmospheric  temperature  is  to  be  understood. 

t  The  density  of  titanium  is  inferential,  and  actual  determination  a  year  or  two  ago  gave  a  lower  value. 

t  The  lower  value  for  thorium  represents  impure  material. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  99. 


DENSITY   OF    LIQUIDS. 


Density  or  mass  in  grammes  per  cubic  centimetres  and  in  pounds  per  cubic  foot  of  various  liquids. 


Liquid. 

Grammes  per 
cubic  centimetre. 

Pounds  per 
cubic  foot. 

Temp.  C. 

Acetone         

0.792 

49-4 

0° 

Alcohol,  ethyl       

0.791 

49.4 

0 

"         methyl    ....... 

0.810 

5°-5 

o 

"         proof  spirit     

0.916 

57-2 

o 

Anilin             ........ 

1-035 

64-5 

o 

Benzene         ........ 

0.899 

56.1 

0 

Bromine        

3-187 

199.0 

0 

Carbolic  acid  (crude)    

0.950-0.965 

59.2-60.2 

15 

Carbon  disulphide         ...... 

1.293 

80.6 

15 

Chloroform   

1.480 

92-3 

18 

Ether     .         .         .         •'.•••        •      '  • 

0.736 

45-9 

o 

Glycerine       

1.260- 

78.6 

o 

Mercury         

13-596 

836.0 

o 

Naphtha  (wood)    

0.848-0.810 

52-9-5o-5 

o 

Naphtha  (petroleum  ether)  

0.665 

4i-5 

15 

Oils:   Amber         

o.Soo 

49.9 

15 

Anise-seed  ....... 

0.996 

61.1 

16 

Camphor    

0.910 

56.8 

— 

Castor         

0.969 

60.5 

15 

Cocoanut    ....... 

0.925 

57-7 

15 

Cotton  seed        » 

0.926 

60.2 

16 

Creosot       ....... 

1.040-1.100 

64.9-68.6 

15 

Lard    .         .        . 

0.920 

57-4 

15 

Lavender    .                 .'       .         .        .        . 

0.877 

54-7 

16 

Lemon         ....... 

0.844 

52-7 

16 

Linseed  (boiled)          .         .         .        .        .  -'. 

0.942 

58.8 

IS 

Mineral  (lubricating)  .         .                 .        •.    '< 

0.900-0.925 

56.2-57.7 

20 

Olive  .         .         .         .         .         .         .     •    . 

0.918 

57-3 

15 

Palm   ........ 

0.905 

56-5 

15 

Pine    ........ 

0.850-0.860 

53.0-54.0 

15 

Poppy          *..••• 

0.924 

57-7 

— 

Rapeseed  (crude)        ..... 

0.915 

57-i 

15 

O.QI^ 

1:7.0 

I  c 

Resin           ....... 

**r   J 

0-955 

3   «• 
59-6 

J 

15 

Train  or  Whale  ...... 

0.918-0.925 

57-3-57-7 

15 

Turpentine          .         ...        .        . 

0.873- 

54-2 

16 

Valerian      .         .         .       ".'''..      *        . 

0.965 

60.2 

16 

Petroleum     .        .        .        .'•*".        . 

0.878 

54-8 

0 

(light).         .        ....',        .' 

0.795-0.805 

49.6-50.2 

15 

Pyrol  igneous  acid          ...... 

0.800 

49-9 

o 

Sea  water       ........ 

1.025 

64.0 

15 

Soda  lye         .        ...        .        .' 

I.2IO 

75-5 

17 

Water    ......... 

I.OOO 

62.4 

4 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  IOO 


DENSITY    OF   CASES. 


The  following  table  gives  the  specific  gravity  of  gases  at  o°  C.  and  76  centimetres  pressure  relative  to  air  at  o°  and 
76  centimetres  pressure,  together  with  their  mass  in  grammes  per  cubic  centimetre  and  in  pounds  per  cubic  foot. 


GM. 

Sp.'gr. 

Grammes  per 
cubic  centimetre. 

Pounds  per 
cubic  fooi. 

Air    .        .        .        ..  '    .        .        .        .     r- 

1.  000 

o.ooi  293 

0.08071 

Ammonia          -.        .        .        .               \.        » 

o-597 

0.000770 

0.04807 

Carbon  dioxide         .         .         .         .              •  .  •. 

1.529 

0.001974 

0.12323 

Carbon  monoxide     ........ 

0.967 

O.OOI234 

0.07704 

Chlorine   . 

2.422 

0.003133 

0-19559 

(  from 
Coal  gas  } 
(to 

0.340 
0.450 

O.OOO42I 

0.000558 

0.02628 
0.03483 

Cyanogen          .        

i.  806 

0.002330 

0.14546 

Hydrofluoric  acid     

2.370 

0.002937 

0-I8335 

1.  2  SO 

o.ooi  61  6 

0.10088 

0.0696 

0.000090 

0.00562 

Hydrogen  sulphide  .         .        . 

I.I9I 

0.001476 

0.09214 

O.  CCQ 

0.000727 

0.04  <;  T.8 

Nitrogen            .        .        .         .         .         ... 

0.972 

0.001257 

0.07847 

Nitric  oxide,  NO      .  

1.039 

0.001343 

0.08384 

1.  527 

0.001970 

0.12298 

Oxygen      . 

1.105 

0.001430 

0.08927 

Sulphur  dioxide        .         .         .        .        .        .  ~~ 

2.247 

0.002785 

0.17386 

Steam  at  100°  C  

0.469 

0.000581 

0.03627 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


89 


TABLE  1O1. 


DENSITY    OF    AQUEOUS   SOLUTIONS.* 


The  following  table  gives  the  density  of  solutions  of  various  salts  in  water.     The   numbers  give  the  weight  in 
grammes  per  cubic  centimetre.     For  brevity  the  substance  is  indicated  by  formula  only. 


Substance. 

Weight  of  the  dissolved  substance  in  100  parts  by  weight  of 
the  solution. 

u 

d 

E 

H 

Authority. 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

3° 

40 

5° 

60 

K2O  .... 

1.047 

1.098 

I-I53 

1.214 

1.284 

1-354 

!-503 

1.659 

1.809 

IS- 

Schiff. 

KOH      .     .     . 

1.040 

1.082 

I.O27 

1.076 

1.229 

1.286 

I.4IO 

L538 

1.666 

" 

Na2O      .     .     . 

1-073 

1.144 

1.218 

1.284 

!-354 

1.421 

L557 

1.689 

1.829 

J5- 

" 

NaOH    .     .     . 

1.058 

1.114 

I.l69 

1.224 

1.279 

1.331 

1.436 

!-539 

1.642 

'5- 

" 

NH3  .... 

0.978 

0.949 

0.940 

0.924 

0.909 

0.896 

- 

16. 

Carius. 

NH4C1   .     .     . 

I.OI5 

1.030 

1.044 

1.058 

1.072 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

I5. 

Gerlach. 

KC1   .... 

I  O7I 

1.065 

I  OQQ 

1.  175 





I  C 

t. 

NaCl.     .     .     . 

T  035 

I.O72 

i.  no 

-    J  J 

1.191 

1  _>• 

f  C 

H 

LiCl  .... 

I.O29 

l.\Jj  £. 
1.057 

1.085 

1.116 

1.147 

1.181 

1.255 

_ 

_ 

1  j- 

15- 

« 

CaCl2     .     .    . 

1.041 

I.  086 

1.132 

1.181 

1.232 

1.286 

1.402 

- 

- 

" 

CaCl2  +  6H2O 

I.OI9 

I.O4O 

1.  06  1 

1.083 

1.105 

1.128 

1.176 

1.225 

1.276 

18. 

Schiff. 

A1C13      .     .     . 

I.O35 

I.O72 

I.  Ill 

1.153 

1.196 

1.241 

1.340 

- 

- 

!5- 

Gerlach. 

MgCl2     .     .     . 

I.O4I 

1.085 

1.130 

1.177 

1.226 

1.278 

- 

- 

" 

MgCl2+6H2O 

I.OI4 

I.O32 

1.049 

1.067 

1.085 

1.103 

1.141 

1-183 

1.222 

24. 

Schiff. 

ZnCl2      .     .     . 

1.043 

1.089 

!-i35 

1.184 

1.236 

1.289 

1.417 

1-563 

1-737 

'9-5 

Kremers. 

CdCl2     .     .     . 

1.043 

1.087 

1.138 

1.193 

1.254 

1-319 

1.469 

t.653 

1.887 

19-5 

" 

SrCl2.     .     .     . 

T  O44 

I.OQ2 

1.  147 

1.198 

1.257 

1.  721 

_ 

__ 

— 

I  c. 

Gerlach. 

SrC)2  +  6H2O 

I.O27 

y 

!-°53 

i!o82 

i.  in 

1.042 

**O 
I.I74 

1.242 

1.317 

_ 

J 
'5- 

BaCl2     .     .     . 

1.045 

1.094 

1.147 

1.205 

1.269 

- 

- 

- 

- 

" 

BaCl2-f-2H2O 

1-035 

1-075 

1.119 

1.166 

1.217 

1-273 

- 

- 

- 

21. 

Schiff. 

CuCl2     .    .     . 

1.044 

1.091 

1.155 

1.  221 

1.291 

1.360 

1.527 

_ 

_ 

!7-5 

Franz. 

NC12  .... 

i  048 

1.098 

I.I  57 

1.227 

I  2QQ 



__ 

__ 

tt 

HgCl2     .     .     . 

1.041 

1.092 

j/ 

tj 

'_ 

- 

_ 

_ 

- 

20. 

Mendelejeff. 

Fe2Cl6    .     .     . 

1.041 

i.  086 

1.130 

I.I79 

1.232 

I.29O 

1-413 

r-545 

1.668 

'7-5 

Hager. 

PtCl4.     .     .     . 

T  O46 

I.OQ7 

I.I  57 

I.2I4 

I  2o  5 

1.362 

i  ^d.6 

I'recht. 

SnCl2+2H2O 

1.032 

y  / 
1.067 

DO 
I.IO4 

I-I43 

I.I85 

1.229 

1.329 

1-444 

1.580 

15- 

Gerlach. 

SnCl4-r-5H2O 

1.029 

1.058 

1.089 

1.  122 

I-I57 

I-I93 

1.274 

1-365 

1.467 

15- 

u 

LiBr  .... 

!-°33 

1.070 

I.  Ill 

I-I54 

I.2O2 

1.252 

1.366 

1.498 

- 

19.5 

Kremers. 

KBr   .... 

1-035 

1-073 

I.II4 

I-I57 

1.205 

1.254 

1.364 

- 

19.5 

" 

NaBr      .     .     . 

1.038 

1.078 

I.I23 

I.I72 

1.224 

1.279 

1.408 

1-563 

- 

195 

" 

MgBr2    .     .     . 

1.041 

1.085 

I-I35 

I.I89 

1.245 

1.308 

1.449 

1.623 

_ 

19-5 

» 

ZnBr2     .     .     . 

1.043 

1.091 

I.I94 

I.2O2 

1.263 

1.328 

1-473 

1.648 

1-873 

" 

CdBr2     .     .     . 

1.041 

1.  088 

I-I39 

I.I97 

1.258 

i-324 

1.479 

1.678 

- 

19-5 

" 

CaBr2     .     .     . 
BaBr2     .     .     . 

1.042 
1.043 

1.087 
1.090 

1-137 
1.142 

I.I92 
1-199 

2.250 
I.26O 

i-3'3 
1.327 

1.459 
1.483 

1.639 
1.683 

- 

19.5 
19-5 

' 

SrBr2      .     .     . 

1.043 

1.089 

1.140 

I.I98 

I.26O 

1-328 

1.489 

1.693 

1-953 

19-5 

« 

KI      .... 

i  076 

1.076 

1.118 

1.164 

1.2  1  6 

1.269 

1.732 

1  0.5 

t 

Lil      .... 

1.036 

1.077 

1.  122 

I.I70 

1.222 

1.278 

1.412 

!-573 

1-775 

*y  j 

19-5 

' 

Nal    .... 

i  078 

1.  080 

I.I26 

I.I77 

I  272 

1.292 

I  .4^0 

i.  808 

IQ.5 

< 

ZnI2   .     .     . 

1.043 

1.089 

1.138 

I.I94 

1-253 

1.366 

1.418 

1.648 

1.873 

y  j 
19-5 

' 

CdI2  .... 

1.042 

1.  086 

1.136 

I.I92 

I.25I 

i-3i7 

1-474 

1.678 

_ 

19-5 

« 

Mfflo 

i  041 

1.  086 

I.I  77 

I.IQ2 

I  2  C'7 

1.318 

I  A72 

1.666 

I  Q  I  7 

IQ.  t; 

<* 

CaI2  .... 

T  O42 

1.  088 

i'i  J/ 

y 
I.IQO 

1.258 

I.7IQ 

'TV  • 

1.663 

I.QOS 

y  j 
10.  C 

u 

SrI2    .... 

1.043 

1.089 

I.I4O 

y 

1.198 

I.26o 

*  o   y 
1.328 

1.489 

1.693 

•y^-' 

'•953 

x  j 

19-5 

" 

BaI2  .... 

T  QA.1 

1.089 

I.I4I 

I.IQQ 

I        "•(  i   " 

i-33' 

¥  AC\~i 

1.702 

1.968 

IQ.5 

** 

NaClOs  .     .     . 

1-035 

1.  068 

1.106 

yy 

I.I88 

1.233 

1.329 

y  j 
19-5 

» 

NaBrO3  .     .     . 

1.039 

I.oSl 

1.127 

1.176 

1.229 

1.287 

- 

- 

19.5 

(t 

KNO3     .    .     . 

1.031 

1.064 

1.099 

1-135 

- 

- 

- 

- 

15. 

Gerlach. 

NaNO3  .     .     . 

1.031 

1.065 

I.IOI 

1.140 

I.lSo 

1.222 

1.  717 

1.416 

- 

20.  2 

Schiff. 

AgNG-3  -     -     - 

1.044 

1.090 

1.140 

I.I95 

1.255 

1.322 

1.479 

1.675 

1.918 

15- 

Kohlrausch. 

'  Compiled  from  two  papers  on  the  subject  by  Gerlach  in  the  "  Zeit.  fiir  Anal.  Chim.,"  vols.  8  and  27. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

90 


DENSITY   OF    AQUEOUS   SOLUTIONS. 


TABLE  101 


Substance. 

Weight  of  the  dissolved  substance  in  100  parts  by  weight  of 
the  solution. 

CJ 
d. 

I 

Authority. 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

4° 

5° 

60 

NH4N03     .     .     . 
ZnN03    .     .     .     . 
ZnNO3+6H2O     . 
Ca(NO3)2     •     •     • 
Cu(N03)2    .     .     - 
Sr(N03)2     .     .     . 
Pb(N03)2     .     .     . 
Cd(N03)2    .    .     . 
Co(N03)2    .    .    . 
Ni(N03)2     .    ,    . 

Fe2(N03)6  •     •     • 
Mg(N03)2+6H20 
Mn(N03)2+6H2O 
K2CO3    .... 

I.O2O 
1.048 

I-°37 
1.044 

r-Q39 

1.043 

1.052 

1.045 
1.045 

1.039 
1.018 

1.025 

1.  044 

I.04I 
I.O95 
1.054 

1-075 
1.093 

1.083 
1.091 
1.097 
1.090 
I.O9O 

1.076 
1.038 
1.052 
1.092 
I.O72 

1.038 

!-o55 
1.096 

i  -°53 
1.104 

1.050 
1.039 
1.064 
1.064 
1.057 

1.045 

1-033 
i.  066 

1.058 
1.082 

1.071 
1.059 
1-053 

1.064 
1.042 

1.062 
1.146 

1.118 

1-143 

1.129 

1-143 

1.150 

1-137 
1-137 
1.117 

1.  060 

1.079 

1.141 

I.  IIO 

1-057 
1.084 
1.150 
1.081 

I.M.I 

I-07S 
1.059 
1.098 
1.099 
1.089 

1.  066 
1.051 
I.IOI 

1.090 
1.127 

1.108 
1.092 

1.145 

I.IOO 

1.066 

1.085 

I.2OI 
I.II3 
I.I62 
1.203 

I.I79 
I.I99 
1.  212 
I.I92 
I.I92 

1.160 

1.082 
I.IOS 
I.I92 
I.I5O 

1-077 
I.II3 
I.2O7 
I.  Ill 
1.  221 

r.ioi 

1.081 
1-134 

i-'3S 

1.  122 
1.  088 

i-°73 

1-138 

1.  122 
I.I74 

I.I26 
I-I79 

I-I37 
1.089 

1.107 
1.263 

1.  211 
1.263 

1.262 
1.283 
1.252 
1.252 

I.2IO 
I.IO5 
I.I38 

1-245 
I.I9I 

1.098 
I.I42 
1.270 
I.I4I 
1.284 

I.I29 
I.IO2 

I-I73 
I.I74 
1.156 

1.  112 
1.099 

I-I54 
1.225 

I.I77 
I.II4 

1.131 

1-325 
1.178 
1.260 
1.328 

I-332 

1-355 
1.318 
1.318 

1.261 
1.129 
1.169 
1.300 
1-233 
1.118 
1.170 
i-336 
i-i73 

i-iSS 
1.124 
1.213 
1.214 
1.191 

1.141 
1.126 

1.191 
1.279 

i.  220 
1.140 

1.178 
1.456 
1.250 

I-367 
I.47I 

1-536 
1.465 
1.465 

1-373 
1.179 

1-235 
1.417 
1.320 

1.226 
1.489 
1.238 

1.215 

1-303 
1.269 

1.188 
1-397 

i-3i5 
1.194 

1.229 

i-597 
1.329 
1.482 

1-759 

1.496 
1.232 
i-3°7 
1-543 
1-415 

1.287 

1.278 

I-398 
i-35i 

1.287 
1.426 

1.282 
1.604 

1-657 
1.386 
1.511 

1-443 
1-454 

17- 
17- 
14. 
17- 
17- 
19. 
17- 
17- 
17- 
17- 

X7-S 

21 

8 
15 
IS- 

15- 

IQ. 

17.2 

15 

15- 
15. 

15- 

20.5 

17-5 
17-5 
15- 

19. 

19-5 

19-5 
15- 
13 

15- 
14. 

15- 

4- 
15- 
iS- 
IS- 

17-5 

!S- 
14- 
13- 

'5- 

17-5 
r7-5 
iS- 
iS- 
15- 

Gerlach. 
Franz. 
Oudemans. 
Gerlach. 
Franz. 

Kremers. 
Gerlach. 
Franz. 

ci 

Schiff. 
Oudemans. 
Gerlach. 

« 

Schiff. 
Hager. 
Schiff. 
Gerlach. 
u 

Schiff. 
Gerlach. 
Schiff. 

Franz. 
u 

Schiff. 
« 

Kremers. 
Schiff. 

Gerlach. 
Schiff. 

Brineau. 
Schiff. 
Kolb. 
Gerlach. 

u 

Kolb. 
Topsoe. 

Kolb. 

Stolba. 
Hager. 
Schiff. 
Kolb. 
Oudemans. 

K2CO3  +  2H20  . 
Na2CO3ioH2O     . 
(NH4)2S04      .     . 
Fe2(S04)3    .     .     . 
FeS04  +  7.H2O    . 
MgSO4    .... 

1-037 

1.019 

1.027 

1.045 

1.025 
i.om 

MgSO  +7H2O   . 
Na2So4-(-  ioH2O 
CuS04+5H20    . 
MnS04  +  4H20  . 
ZnSO4+7H2O    . 

Fe2(SO)3+K2S04 
+  24H2O  .     .     . 
Cr2(SO)3-t-K2SO4 
+  24H20      .     . 
MgSO4  +  K2SO4 
+  6H20  .     .     . 
(NH4)2S04  + 
FeSO4  +  6H2O 
1  K2CrO4  .... 

1.025 
1.019 
1.031 
1.031 
1.027 

1.026 
1.016 
1.032 
1.028 

I.OT.Q 

K2Cr2O7      .     .     . 
Fe(Cy)6K4  .    .    . 
Fe(Cy)6K3  .     .     . 
Pb(C2H302)2  + 
3H2O  .... 

1-035 
1.028 
1.025 

I.  Oil 

2NaOH  +  As2O5 
+  24H2O      .    . 

SO8     

I.O2O 

5 

10 

15 

20 

3° 

4o 

60 

80 

ICO 

I.  O4O 

1.084 
1.028 
1.069 
1.047 
1.038 

1.039 

1.050 

1-073 
1.077 
1.069 

I.082 
1.077 
1.057 
1.056 
I.OI4 

1.132 

1.045 

2.104 
1.070 

1.058 

1.  060 

1-075 

1.114 
1.118 
1.106 

1.127 
1.119 
i.  086 
i.  088 
i.  02  1 

.179 
.063 
.141 

.oq6 
.079 

.082 
.101 

.158 
.165 
•145 

.174 

.167 

.119 
.119 
1.028 

1.277 

I.2I7 
I.I5O 
I.I23 

I.I29 
I.ISI 

1-257 
I.27I 
1.223 

1-273 
I.27I 

i88 
1.184 
1.041 

1.389 

1.294 
1.207 
1.170 

1.178 

i.  200 
i-376 
1.400 

i-3°7 

1-385 
1.264 
1.250 
1.052 

1.564 
1.422 

1-273 
1.289 

1.501 

1.676 
1.438 
1.373 

1.840 
1.506 

1-732 

1-459 
1-075 

1.838 

1.528 
1-055 

SO2     

I.OIl 

N2O5  

I.O'?'? 

C4HfiOB  . 

1.  02  1 

C6H8O7  .... 

1.018 

Cane  sugar  .     . 
HC1    

.019 

.025 

HBr    .     .     .     ;     . 

o-35 
•O17 

HI      

H2S04    ......    . 

H2SiFl6  
P2O5  

.032 
.040 

•O"?? 

P205  +  3H20.     . 
HNO  

.027 
.028 

.007 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  1O2. 

DENSITY    OF    WATER    AT    DIFFERENT    TEMPERATURES    BETWEEN    Oc 

AND    32°   C.* 


The  following  table  gives  the  relative  density  of  water  containing  air  in  solution,  —  the  maximum  density  of  water 
free  from  air  being  taken  as  unity.  The  correction  required  to  reduce  to  densities  of  water  free  from  air  are  given 
at  the  foot  of  the  table.  For  all  ordinary  purposes  the  correction  may  be  neglected.  The  temperatures  are  for  the 
hydrogen  thermometer. 


Temp.  C. 

.0 

.1 

.2 

.3 

.4 

.5 

.6 

.7 

.8 

.9 

—  0 

0.9998742 

8678 

8613 

8547 

8478 

8408 

8336 

8263 

8188 

8111 

+  o 

0.9998742 

8804 

8864 

8922 

8979 

9035 

9088 

9140 

9191 

9240 

I 

9287 

9332 

9376 

9419 

9460 

9499 

9536 

9572 

9607 

9640 

2 

9671 

9701 

9729 

9755 

9780 

9803 

982* 

9846 

9864 

9881 

3 

9897 

9911 

99^3 

9934 

9944 

9952 

9958 

9963 

9966 

9968 

4 

9968 

9966 

9964 

9959 

9953 

9946 

9933 

9927 

9915 

9901 

5 

0.9999886 

9870 

9852 

9833 

9812 

9790 

9766 

9740 

97H 

9685 

6 

9656 

9625 

9592 

955s 

9522 

9485 

9446 

9407 

9365 

9322 

7 

9278 

9232 

9185 

9137 

9087 

9035 

8982 

8928 

8873 

88n; 

8 

8758 

8697 

8636 

8J73 

8509 

8443 

8376 

8308 

8238 

8167 

9 

8095 

8021 

7946 

7791 

7712 

7631 

7549 

7466 

738i 

10 

0-9997295 

7208 

7119 

7029 

6937 

6844 

6750 

6654 

6558 

6459 

ii 

6360 

6259 

6i57 

6053 

5949 

5842 

5735 

5626 

55'6 

5405 

12 

5292 

5178 

5063 

4947 

4829 

47  10 

4590 

4468 

4345 

4221 

J3 

4096 

3969 

3841 

3712 

358i 

345° 

33'7 

3182 

3°47 

2910 

14 

2772 

2633 

2493 

235' 

2208 

2064 

1919 

1772 

1624 

H75 

15 

0.9991325 

"74 

IO2I 

0867 

0712 

°556 

0399 

0240 

0080 

9919 

16 

17 

89757 
8071 

7594 
7896 

9429 
7720 

9264 
7543 

9097 
7365 

8929 
7185 

8760 
7004 

8589 
6823 

8418 
6640 

8245 
6456 

18 

6270 

6084 

5897 

5/o8 

55i8 

5328 

5'36 

4943 

4749 

4553 

19 

4357 

4160 

396l 

3762 

356i 

3359 

3*57 

2953 

2748 

2542 

20 

21 

0-9982335 

0205 

4126 
9987 

1917 
9767 

1707 
9546 

1496 
9325 

1283 
9102 

1070 
8878 

o855 
8653 

0640 
8427 

0423 
8200 

22 

77972 

7744 

75'4 

7283 

7051 

6818 

6584 

6340 

6114 

5877 

23 

5639 

5400 

5160 

4920 

4678 

4435 

4191 

3947 

3701 

3455 

24 

3207 

2959 

2709 

2459 

2208 

1956 

1702  • 

1448 

"93 

0937 

25 

0.9970681 

0423 

0164 

9904 

9644 

93~S2 

9120 

8857 

8592 

81^7 

26 

68061 

7794 

7527 

7258 

6988 

6718 

6447 

6i75 

59°  J 

5628 

27 

5353 

5°77 

4801 

4523 

4245 

3966 

3686 

3405 

3I24 

2841 

28 

2558 

2274 

1989 

!7Q3 

1416 

1  129 

0840 

°55' 

0261 

9971 

29 

59679 

9387 

9094 

8800 

8505 

8209 

8913 

7616 

73i8 

7019 

30 

0.9956720 

6419 

6118 

5816 

55H 

5210 

4906 

4601 

4296 

3989 

3i 

3682 

3374 

3066 

2756 

2446 

2135 

1823 

1511 

1198 

0884 

If  we  put  D't  for  the  density  of  water  containing  air  and  D,  for  the  density  of  water  free 
from  air,  we  get  the  following  corrections  on  the  above  table  to  reduce  to  pure  water  :  — 

t=           0123456789          10 

io7(D,:-D't)  =  25         27        29         31        32         33        33         34        34         33         32 

t=           11        12      13        14       15       16        17        18        19       20  —  32 

io7(D,-D't)=  31          29        27          25         22         19          16         12                       4    negligible. 

*  This  table  is  given  by  Marek  in  :l  Wied.  Ann.,"  vol.  44,  p-  1721  l89'- 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


92 


TABLE  103. 


VOLUME  IN  CUBIC  CENTIMETRES  AT  VARIOUS  TEMPERATURES  OF  A 
CUBIC  CENTIMETRE  OF  WATER  AT  THE  TEMPERATURE  OF  MAXI- 
MUM DENSITY.* 

The  water  in  this  case  is  supposed  to  be  free  from  air.     The  temperatures  are  by  the  hydrogen  thermometer. 


Temp.  C. 

.0 

.1 

.2 

.3 

.4 

.5 

.6 

.7 

.8 

.9 

0° 

1.000127 

120 

114 

108 

1  02 

096 

091 

086 

080 

°75 

I 

070 

066 

061 

057 

052 

048 

044 

040 

037 

033 

2 

030 

027 

024 

02  1 

019 

017 

014 

012 

OIO 

009 

3 

007 

006 

004 

003 

002 

002 

OOI 

OOI 

ooo 

ooo 

4 

ooo 

OOO 

OOI 

OOI 

OOI 

OO2 

003 

OO4 

005 

007 

5 

1.000008 

010 

012 

014 

016 

018 

020 

023 

026 

029 

6 

032 

035 

038 

041 

045 

049 

°53 

057 

06  1 

065 

7 

069 

074 

079 

084 

089 

094 

099 

I05 

no 

116 

8 

122 

128 

'34 

141 

M7 

154 

160 

167 

174 

181 

9 

189 

196 

204 

211 

219 

227 

235 

244 

252 

260 

10 

I.OOO269 

278 

287 

296 

305 

314 

324 

334 

343 

353 

n 

363 

373 

383 

394 

405 

415 

426 

437 

448 

459 

12 
13 

471 
591 

482 

494 
616 

629 

l\l 

529 

655 

668 

566 
695 

578 
709 

14 

722 

736 

750 

765 

779 

794 

809 

823 

838 

853 

15 

1.  000868 

884 

899 

9*4 

930 

945 

961 

977 

993 

609 

16 

1025 

042 

058 

075 

091 

108 

125 

142 

159 

'7 

194 

211 

229 

247 

265 

283 

301 

3'9 

338 

356 

18 

374 

393 

412 

43  i 

45° 

469 

488 

5°7 

527 

546 

19 

566 

585 

605 

625 

645 

666 

686 

707 

727 

748 

20 

1.001768 

Z§2 

810 

8ji 

§52 

874 

§25 

916 

238 

960 

21 

981 

003 

025 

047" 

069 

092 

114 

137 

159 

TS2 

22 

2205 

228 

251 

274 

297 

320 

343 

367 

39  * 

414 

23 

438 

462 

486 

5ID 

534 

559 

583 

607 

632 

657 

24 

682 

707 

732 

757 

782 

807 

833 

858 

884 

910 

25 

1.002935 

961 

987 

014 

040 

666 

002 

"9 

146 

172 

26 

3199 

226 

253 

280 

307 

335 

362 

389 

417 

445 

27 

472 

500 

55*-* 

584 

612 

641 

669 

697 

726 

28 

754 

783 

812 

841 

870 

899 

928 

957 

987 

016 

29 

4045 

075 

105 

'34 

164 

194 

224 

254 

284 

3'5 

30 

1.004345 

375 

406 

436 

467 

498 

529 

560 

59I 

622 

32 

653 
971 

684 
003 

716 
036 

748 
068 

780 

IOI 

811 
133 

843 

166 

199 

22Z 
231 

239 
264 

33 

5297 

330 

363 

396 

43° 

463 

497 

53° 

564 

597 

34 

631 

665 

699 

733 

767 

801 

835 

870 

904 

939 

35 

[-005973 

ooS 

642 

077 

TTT 

146 

1ST 

217 

^52 

m 

*  The  table  is  quoted  from  Landolt  and  Bernstein's  "  Physikalische  Chemie  Tabellen,"  and  depends  on  experi- 
ments by  Thiesen,  Scheel,  and  Marek. 


SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


93 


TABLE  1O4. 


DENSITY    AND    VOLUME    OF   WATER.* 


The  mass  of  one  cubic  centimetre  at  4°  C.  is  taken  as  unity. 


Temp.  C. 

Density. 

Volume. 

Temp.  C. 

Density. 

Volume. 

—  10° 

0.998145 

1.001858 

25° 

0.99712 

1.00289 

—  9 

8427 

1575 

26 

687 

3M 

—  8 

8685 

i3!7 

27 

660 

34i 

—  7 

8911 

1089 

28 

633 

368 

—  6 

9118 

0883 

29 

605 

396 

—  5 

0.999298 

1.000702 

30 

0.99577 

1.00425 

—  4 

9455  ' 

0545 

31 

547 

455 

—  3 

9590 

0410 

32 

5'7 

486 

—  2 

9703 

0297 

33 

485 

5^8 

I 

9797 

0203 

34 

452 

551 

0 

0.999871 

1.000129 

35 

0.99418 

1.00586 

I 

9928 

0072 

36 

383 

621 

2 

9969 

0031 

37 

347 

657 

3 

9991 

0009 

38 

310 

694 

4 

i  .000000 

0000 

39 

273 

732 

5 

0.999990 

I.OOOOIO 

40 

0-99235 

1.00770 

6 

9970 

0030 

4i 

197 

809 

1 

9933 
9886 

0067 
0114 

42 
43 

158 
118 

849 
889 

9 

9824 

0176 

44 

078 

929 

10 

0.999747 

1.000253 

45 

0.99037 

i  .0097  1 

ii 

9655 

0345 

46 

8996 

014 

12 

9549 

0451 

47 

954 

°57 

13 

9430 

0570 

48 

910 

IOI 

H 

9299 

0701 

49 

865 

148 

15 

0.999160 

1.000841 

50 

0.98820 

1.00195 

16 
i7 

9002 
8841 

0999 

1160 

g 

582 
338 

439 
691 

18 
19 

8654 
8460 

1348 
1542 

65 

70 

074 
7794 

964 

256 

20 

0.998259 

1.001744 

75 

0.97498 

1.00566 

21 

8047 

'957 

80 

194 

887 

22 

7826 

2177 

85 

6879 

221 

23 

7601 

2405 

90 

556 

567 

24 

7367 

2641 

95 

219 

93  1 

25 

0.997120 

1.002888 

100 

0.95865 

1.00312 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  Rossetti,  "  Berl.  Her."  1867. 


94 


TABLE  105. 


DENSITY    OF    MERCURY. 


Density  or  mass  in  grammes  per  cubic  centimetre,  and  the  volume  in  cubic  centimetres  of  one  gramme 
of  mercury.  The  density  at  o°  is  taken  as  13.5956,*  and  the  volume  at  temperature  t  is  Vt  = 
V0(i+  .000181792*+  175  X  lo-'^-f  35116  X  jo-1;i*3).t 


Temp.  C. 

Mass  in 
grammes  per 
cub.  cm. 

Volume  of 
i  gramme  in 
cub.  cms. 

Temp.  C. 

Mass  in 
grammes  per 
cub.  cm. 

Volume  of 
i  gramme  in 
cub.  cms. 

—  10° 

13.6203 

0.0734195 

30° 

13.5218 

0-0739544 

—  9 

6178 

4329 

3i 

5'94 

9678 

—  8 

6153 

4463. 

32 

5169 

9812 

—  7 

6129 

4596 

33 

5M5 

9945 

—  6 

6104 

473° 

34 

5120 

40079 

—  5 

13.6079 

0.0734864 

35 

13.5096 

0.0740213 

—  4 

^SS 

4997 

36 

507! 

0346 

—  3 

6030 

5i3i 

37 

5047 

0480 

—  2 

6005 

5265 

38 

5022 

0614 

—  I 

598l 

5398 

39 

4998 

0748 

0 

'3-  5956 

0-0735532 

40 

13-4974 

0.0740882 

I 

2 

593i 
59°7 

5666 
5800 

£ 

473i 
4488 

2221 
356l 

3 

5882 

5933 

70 

4246 

4901 

4 

S8S7 

So 

4005 

6243 

5 

I3-5833 

0.0736201 

90 

I3-3764 

0.0747586 

6 

5808 

6334 

100 

3524 

8931 

7 

5783 

6468 

no 

3284 

50276 

8 

5759 

6602 

1  20 

3045 

1624 

9 

5734 

6736 

130 

2807 

2974 

10 

I3-5709 

0.0736869 

140 

13.2569 

0-0754325 

ii 

5685 

7003 

150 

233  ! 

5679 

12 

5660 

7137 

1  60 

2094 

7035 

13 

5635 

7270 

170 

1858 

8394 

14 

5611 

7404 

180 

l62I 

9755 

15 

I3-5586 

0-0737538 

190 

I3-I385 

0.0761  1  20 

16 

5562 

7672 

200 

II5O 

2486 

17 

5537 

7805 

2IO 

0915 

3854 

18 

55'3 

7939 

2  2O 

0680 

5230 

19 

5488 

8073 

230 

0445 

6607 

20 

I3-5463 

0.0738207 

240 

13.0210 

0.0767988 

21 

22 

5439 
54M 

8340 
8474 

250 
260 

12.9976 
9742 

9372 
70760 

23 

5390 

8608 

270 

9508 

1252 

24 

5365 

8742 

280 

9274 

3549 

25 

!3-534i 

0.0738875 

290 

12.9041 

0.0774950 

26 

53'  6 

9009 

300 

8807 

6355 

27 

5292 

9M3 

310 

8573 

7765 

28 

5267 

0277 

320 

8340 

9180 

29 

5243 

9411 

330 

8l07 

80600 

30 

13.5218 

0-0739544 

340 

12.7873 

0.0782025 

350 

7640 

3455 

360 

7406 

4891 

*  Marek,  "  Trav.  et  Mem.  du  Bur.  Int.  des  Poids  et  Mes."  2, 
,t  Broch,  1.  c. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

95 


TABLE  1O6. 

SPECIFIC   GRAVITY   OF    AQUEOUS    ETHYL    ALCOHOL. 


(a)  The  numbers  here  tabulated  are  the  specific  gravities  at  60°  F.,  in  terms  of  water  at  the  same  tempera- 
ture, of  water  containing  the  percentages  by  weight  of  alcohol  of  specific  gravity  .7938,  with  reference  to  the 
same  temperatures.* 

til 

"  a  * 
fVoxi 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8                9 

Specific  gravity  at  15°.  56  C.  in  terms  of  water  at  the  same  temperature. 

0 

10 
20 

30 
40 

50 

60 
70 
80 
90 

1.  0000 
.9841 
.9716 
.9578 
•9396 

0.9184 
.8956 
.8721 
.8483 
.8228 

.9981 
.9828 

•9703 
.9560 
•9376 

.9160 
.8932 
.8696 

•8459 
.8199 

•9965 
.9815 
.9691 
•9544 
•9356 

•9135 
.8908 
.8672 

.8434 
.8172 

•9947 
.9802 
.9678 
.9528 
•9335 

•9"3 

.8886 
.8649 
.8408 
.8145 

•993° 
•97»9 
.9665 
.9511 
•93  i  4 

.9090 
.8863 
.8625 
.8382 
.8118 

.9914 
•9778 
•9652 
•9490 
.9292 

.9069 

.8840 
.8603 

•8357 
.8089 

.9898 
.9766 
•9638 
.9470 
.9270 

.9047 
.8816 
.8581 

•833' 
.8061 

.9884 

•9753 
.9623 

•9452 
.9249 

.9025 
•8793 
•8557 
•8305 
.8031 

.9869       .9855 
.9741        .9728 
•9609       .9593 
•9434      -9416 
.9228       .9206 

.9001       .8979 
.8769      .8745 
.8533       .8508 
•8279       .8254 
.8001       -7969 

(b)  The  following  are  the  values  adopted  by  the  "  Kaiserlichen  Normal-Aichungs  Kommission."    They  are 
based  on  Mendelejeff's  formula,  t  and  are  for  a  cohol  of  specific  gravity  .79425,  at  15-'  C.,  in  terms  of  water 
at  15°  C.  ;  temperatures  measured  by  the  hydrogen  thermometer. 

II 

h^ 
fl* 

""rt  * 
(X'o^1 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Specific  gravity  at  15°  C.  in  terms  of  water  at  the  same  temperature. 

0 

10 
20 

30 
40 

50 

60 
70 
80 
90 

1.  00000 

•98393 
.97164 

•95770 

•93973 

0.91865 
89604 
87265 
84852 
82304 

.99812 
.98262 
.97040 
.95608 
•93773 

.91644 

•89373 
.87028 
.84606 
.82036 

.99630 

•98135 
.96913 

•95443 
•93570 

.91421 
.89141 
.86789 

•84358 
.81763 

•99454 
.98010 
.96783 
•95273 
•93365 

.91197 
.88909 
.86550 
.84108 
.81488 

.99284 
.97888 
.96650 
.95099 
•93157 

.90972 
.88676 
.86310 

•83857 
.81207 

.99120 
•97768 

•96513 
.94920 
.92947 

.90746 
.88443 
.86070 
.83604 
•80923 

•98963 
.97648 

•96373 
•94738 
•92734 

.90519 
.88208 
.85828 

•83349 
.80634 

.98812 

•97528 
.96228 

•94552 
.92519 

.90292 
.87974 
.85586 
.83091 
•80339 

.98667 
.97408 
.96080 

•94363 
.92303 

.90063 
•87738 
.85342 
.82832 
.80040 

.98528 
.97287 

•95927 
.94169 
.92088 

.89834 
.87502 
.85098 
.82569 
•79735 

(c)  The  following  values  have  the  same  authority  as  the  last  ;  the  percentage  of  a  cohol  being  given  by  volume 
instead  of  by  weight,  and  the  temperature  15°.  56  C.  on  the  mercury  in  Thuringian  glass  thermometer;  the 
specific  gravity  of  the  absolute  alcohol  being  .79391. 

Percentage 
of  alcohol 
by  volume. 

0 

1 

2 

3              4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Specific  gravity  at  is°.s6  C.  in  terms  of  water  at  same  temperature. 

0 

10 

20 

3° 
40 

50 

60 
70 
80 
90 

I.OOOOO 
.98657 
.97608 
.96541 

•95'85 

0-93445 
•9  13  58 
.89010 

.86395 
.83400 

.99847 
•98543 
•97507 
.96421 
.95029 

•9325° 
•9"  34 
.88762 
.86116 
.83065 

.99699 
.98432 
.97406 
.96298 
.94868 

•93052 
.90907 
.88511 

•85833 
.82721 

•99555 
.98324 

•97304 
.96172 
.94704 

.92850 
.90678 
.88257 

•85547 
•82365 

.99415 
.98218 
.97201 
.96043 
•94536 

.92646 

.90447 
.88000 
.85256 
.81997 

.99279 
.98114 
.97097 
.95910 
•94364 

•92439 
.90214 
.87740 
.84961 
.81616 

.99147 
.9801  1 
.96991 

•95773 
.94188 

.92229 
.89978 

•87477 
.84660 
.81217 

.90019 
.97909 
•96883 
•95632 
.94008 

.92015 
.89740 
.87211 

•84355 
.80800 

•98895, 
.97808 
.96772 

•95487 
.93824 

.91799 
.89499 

•86943 
.84044 

•80359 

.98774 
.97708 
.96658 

•9&£ 

•93636 

.91580 
.89256 
.86670 
.83726 
.79891 

*  Fownes,  "  Phil.  Trans.  Roy.  Soc."  1847. 
t  "  Pogg.  Ann."  vol.  138,  1869. 


SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


96 


DENSITY  OF  AQUEOUS   METHYL   ALCOHOL. 


TABLE   1O7. 


Densities  of  aqueous  methyl  alcohol  at  o°  and  15.56  C.,  water  at  4°  C.  being  taken  as  100000.  The  numbers  in  the 
columns  a  and  b  are  the  coefficients  in  the  equation  pt  =  p0 —  at  —  6C  where  pt  is  the  density  at  temperature  t. 
This  equation  may  be  taken  to  hold  between  o°  and  20"  C. 


Percent- 

Density 

Density 

Percent- 

Density 

Density 

age  of 

at 

at 

a 

b 

age  of 

at 

at 

a 

CH40. 

0°  C. 

,50.S6C. 

CH4O. 

o°C. 

.5°-56  C. 

0 

i 

99987 
99806 

99907 
99729 

—  6.0 
—  5-4 

0.705 
•694 

50 

92873 
92691 

91855 
91661 

65.41 
66.19 

2 

99631 

99554 

-4-8 

.681 

52 

92507 

91465 

66-95 

3 

99462 

99382 

—  3-9 

.670 

53 

92320 

91267 

67.68 

4 

99299 

99214 

•659 

54 

92130 

9IO66 

68.39 

5 

99M2 

99048 

—  2.2 

0.648 

55 

91938 

90863 

69.07 

6 

98990 

98893 

1.2 

•634 

56 

91742 

90657 

69.72 

7 

98843 

98726 

—  0.2 

.621 

57 

91544 

90450 

70-35 

8 

98701 

98569 

+  0-9 

.609 

58 

9'  343 

90239 

70.96 

9 

98563 

98414 

2.1 

•596 

59 

9U39 

9OO26 

71-54 

1O 

98429 

98262 

3-3 

0.581 

60 

90917 

89798 

71.96 

ii 

98299 

9811  1 

4.8 

•569 

61 

90706 

89580 

72-37 

12 

98171 

97962 

6.2 

•552 

62 

90492 

89358 

72.91 

13 

98048 

97814 

7-8 

•536 

63 

90276 

89133 

73-45 

M 

97926 

97668 

9-5 

•5*9 

64 

90056 

88905 

73-98 

15 

97806 

97523 

II.O 

0.500 

65 

89835 

88676 

74-51 

16 

97689 

97379 

12.5 

.480 

66 

89611 

88443 

75-05 

17 

97573 

97235 

14-5 

.461 

67 

89384 

88208 

75-57. 

18 

97459 

97093 

1  6.2 

•440 

68 

89154 

87970 

76.10 

19 

97346 

96950 

,8.3 

.420 

69 

88922 

87714 

76.62 

20 

97233 

96808 

2O.O 

0.398 

70 

88687 

87487 

77-M 

21 

97120 

96666 

22.2 

•373 

71 

88470 

87262 

77.66 

22 

97007 

96524 

24-3 

•350 

72 

88237 

87021 

78.18 

23 

96894 

96381 

26.4 

.321 

73 

88003 

86779 

78.69 

24 

96780 

96238 

29.0 

.291 

74 

87767 

86535 

79.20 

25 

96665 

96093 

3J-3 

0.261 

75 

87530 

86290 

79-71 

26 

96549 

95949 

33-8 

.230 

76 

87290 

86042 

80.22 

27 

96430 

95802 

36-0 

.191 

77 

87049 

85793 

80.72 

28 

96310 

95655 

38.8 

.151 

78 

868c6 

85542 

81.23 

29 

96187 

95506 

41.1 

.106  , 

79 

86561 

85290 

8i-73 

Equation  pt  —  Po  —  <rf 

80 

86314 

85035 

82.22 

81 

86066 

8y177O 

Q  fj   —  fy 

30 

96057 

95367 

44-36 

82 

85816 

°4//  y 

84521 

83.21 

3r 

95921 

95211 

45-66 

83 

85564 

84262 

83.70  . 

32 

95783 

95053 

46.93 

84 

85310 

84001 

84.19 

33 

95643 

94894 

48.17 

34 

95500 

94732 

49-39 

85 

85055 

83738 

84-67 

86 

84798 

83473 

85.16 

35 

95354 

94567 

50.58 

87 

84539 

83207 

85-64 

36 

95204 

94399 

51-75 

6 

88 

84278 

82938 

86.12 

37 

95051 

94228 

52.89 

3 

89 

84015 

82668 

86.59 

38 

94895 

94055 

54-01 

is? 

39 

94734 

93877 

55-10 

"Hb 

90 

83751 

82396 

87.07 

c 

91 

83485 

82123 

87-54 

40 

94571 

93697 

56.16 

• 

92 

83218 

81849 

88.01 

41 

94400 

57-20' 

4| 

93 

82948 

81572 

88.48 

42 

94239 

93335 

58.22 

£ 

94 

82677 

81293 

88.94 

43 

94076 

93155 

59-20 

<u 

44 

939H 

92975 

60.17 

f* 

95 

82404 

81013 

89.40 

96 

82129 

80731 

89.86 

45 

93744 

92793 

61.10 

97 

81853 

80448 

90.32 

46 

93575 

92610 

62.01 

98 

81576 

80164 

90.78 

47 

•  93403, 

92424 

62.90 

99 

81295 

79872 

91.23 

48 

93229 

92237 

63.76 

49 

93052 

92047 

64.60 

100 

81015 

79589 

91.68 

*  Quoted  from  the  results  of  Dittmar  &  Fawsitt,  "Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin."  vol.  33. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

97 


TABLE  108. 


VARIATION    OF    THE    DENSITY   OF   ALCOHOL    WITH    TEMPERATURE. 


(a)  The  density  of  alcohol  at  f-1  in  terms  of  water  at  4°  is  given  *  by  the  following  equation  : 

dt  •=.  0.80025  —  0.0008340^  —  oooooo  2t)P. 
From  this  formula  the  following  table  has  been  calculated. 


Density  or  Mass  in  grammes  per  cubic  centimetre. 


0 

10 
20 
3° 


.80625 
.79788 

•78945 
.78097 


.80541 
.79704 


.78012 


.80457 
.79620 

•78775 
.77927 


.80374 

•79535 
.78691 
.77841 


.80290 

•79451 
.78606 

•77756 


.80207 

•79367 
.78522 
.77671 


.80123 
.79283 
•78437 
•77585 


.80039 
.79198 

•78352 
.77500 


.79956 
.79114 
.78267 
•774H 


.79872 
.79029 
.78182 
•77329 


(b)  Variations  with  temperature  of  the  density  of  water  containing  different  percentages  of  alcohol.     Water 

at  4°  C.  is  taken  as  unity,  t 


Percent- 
age of 
alcohol  by 
weight. 


Density  at  temp.  C. 


Percent- 
age of 
alcohol  by 
weight. 


Density  at  temp.  C. 


25 

3° 
35 
40 

45 
50 


0.99988 

•99'35 
.98493 

•97995 
.97566 

0.97115 
.96540 
.95784 
•94939 
•93977 

0.92940 


099975 
•99"3 
.98409 
.97816 
.97263 

0.96672 
.95998 
•95'74 
•94255 
•93254 

0.92182 


0.99831 
.98945 


•97527 
.96877 

0.96185 
•95403 
•945H 
•935H 
•92493 

0.91400 


0-99579 
.98680 

•97892 
.97142 
.96413 

0.95628 
•94751 


.92787 
.91710 

0.90577 


50 

II 

65 
70 

75 

80 

85 
90 

95 
1OO 


0.92940 
.91848 
.90742 

•89595 
.88420 

0.87245 
.86035 
.84789 
.83482 
.82119 

0.80625 


0.92182 
.91074 

•89944 
.88790 
.87613 

0.86427 
.85215 
.83967 
.82665 
.81291 

0.79788 


0.91400 

•90275 
.891 29 
.97961 
.86781 

0.85580 
.84366 

•83U5 
.81801 

•80433 
0.78945 


0.90577 
.89456 


.87125 
•85925 

0.84719 

•83483 
.82232 
.80918 
•79553 

0.78096 


*  Mendelejeff,  "  Pogg.  Ann."  vol.  138. 

t  Quoted  from  Landolt  and  Bomstein,  "  Phys.  Chem.  Tab."  p.  223. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


98 


TABLE  109. 


VELOCITY    OF   SOUND    IN    AIR. 


Rowland  has  discussed  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vol.  15,  p.  144)  the  principal  determination  of  the  velocity  of  sound  in 
atmospheric  air.  The  following  table,  together  with  the  footnotes  and  references,  are  quoted  from  his  paper. 
Some  later  determinations  will  be  found  in  Table  in,  on  the  velocity  of  sound  in  gases. 


IJ 

i 

L 

A 

•d 
| 

3   ° 

Irs 

.i.  °  u 
hi 

PI  o  >  i  £ 

ll 

ii§ 

fj 

"o  ° 

3-d 
£  v 

2  £ 

2 
o 

JJ    ='« 
>>    .    ^ 

<u  *a 

i- 

o-s-c^. 
"S-O  £ 

>,  "  c  S 

i  5 

S3 

JO  O 

£" 

"5  rt 

«^ 

(A    <U 

£ 

| 

11 

8 

oo    c 

-2°o 

oljCj"^ 

E  o 

0(2 

P 

F 

>2 

>2 

"3  «o 
>  £  ° 

(2° 

i 

2 

1738 
1811 

France   .     . 
Dusseldorf 

40 

5°-7°-5  C- 

172.56  T. 

332.9m. 
333-7  " 

- 

332.6m. 
332-7 

2 
2 

3 

1821 

India  .     .    < 

1  20 

70 

83°-95  F. 
79°-9  F. 

1149.2  ft. 
1  131.5  ft. 

333-oc 
329.6° 

:  } 

330-9 

2 

4 

1822 

France   .     . 

3° 

i5°.9C. 

340.89  m. 

331.36 

- 

330-8 

4 

5 

1822 

Austria  .     . 

88 

9°.4  C. 

- 

332.96 

- 

332-5 

3 

6 

7 

1823 
1824-5 

Holland     j 
Port  Bowen 

22  Shots 

14    " 
51 

u°.6C. 
n°.oC.e 

-38°  F.  to  +33°  F- 

340-37 
339-27 

333-62 
332.62 
332-27r 

332.82" 
331.91" 

7 
i 

8 

1839 

— 

5°.  5  to  9°  C. 

336-50 

332.  2O» 

— 

33J-8 

i 

9 

10 

1844 
1868* 

Alps  .     .     . 
France   .     . 

34 
149 

8°.i7  C. 
2°  to  20°  C. 

338-oi 

332-11 

332-37 
330-71 

- 

4 
10 

General  mean  deduced  by  Rowland,  331.75. 

Correcting  for  the  normal  carbonic  acid  in  the  atmosphere,  this  becomes  331.78  metres 
per  second  in  pure  dry  air  at  o°  C. 


REFERENCES. 

1  French  Academy  :  "  Mem.  de  1'Acad.  des  Sci."  1738,  p.  128. 

2  Benzenburg  :  Gibberts's  "  Annalen,"  vol.  42,  p.  i. 

3  Goldingham  :  "  Phil.  Trans."  1823,  p.  96. 

4  Bureau  of  Longitude  :  "  Ann.  de  Chim."  1822,  vol.  20,  p.  210  ;   also,  "  CEuvres  d'Arago," 

"  Mem.  Sci."  ii.  i. 

5  Stampfer  und  Von  Myrbach  :  "  Pogg.  Ann."  vol.  5,  p.  496. 

6  Moll  and  Van  Beek  :  "  Phil.  Trans."  1824,  p.  424. 

7  Parry  and  Foster  :  "  Journal  of  the  Third  Voyage,"  1824-5,  Ap 

1828,  p.  97. 

8  Savant:  "  Ann.  de  Chim."  ser.  2,  vol.  71,  p.  20.     Recalculated. 

9  Bravais  and  Martins  :  "  Ann.  de  Chim."  ser.  3,  vol.  13,  p.  5. 
10  Regnault:  "  Rel.  des  Exp."  iii.  p.  533. 


p.  86  ;  "  Phil.  Trans." 


a  I  believe  that  I  calculated  these  reduced  numbers  on  the  supposition  that  the  air  was  rather  more  than 
half  saturated  with  moisture. 

b  Reduced  to  o°  C.  by  empirical  formula, 

c  Wind  calm. 

d  Moll  and  Van  Beek  found  332.049  at  o°  C.  for  dry  air.  They  used  the  coefficient  .00375  to  reduce.  I 
take  the  numbers  as  recalculated  by  Schroder  van  der  Kolk. 

*  An  error  of  0.21°  C.  was  made  in  the  original.     See  Schroder  van  der  Kolk,  "  Phil.  Mag."  1865. 

f  Corrected  for  wind  by  Galbraith. 

g  Recalculated  from  Savart's  results. 


*  This  is  given  as  1864  in  Rowland's  table.     The  original  paper  is  in  "  Me'm.  de  1'Institut,"  vol.  37,  1868. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


99 


TABLE  110. 


VELOCITY  OF  SOUND  IN   SOLIDS. 


The  numbers  given  in  this  table  refer  to  the  velocity  of  sound  along  a  bar  of  the  substance,  and  hence  depend  on  the 
Young's  Modulus  of  elasticity  of  the  material.  The  elastic  constants  of  most  of  the  materials  given  in  this  table 
vary  through  a  somewhat  wide  range,  and  hence  the  numbers  can  only  be  taken  as  rough  approximations  to  the 
velocity  which  may  be  obtained  in  any  particular  case.  When  temperatures  are  not  marked,  between  10°  and  20° 
is  to  be  understood. 


Substance. 

Temp.  C. 

o 

Velocity  in 
metres  per 
second. 

Velocity  in 
feet  per 
second. 

Authority. 

Metals:  Aluminium     .    -     . 

_ 

5104 

16740 

Masson. 

Brass      .... 

- 

3500 

11480 

Various. 

Cadmium 

- 

2307 

7570 

Masson. 

Cobalt    .... 

- 

4724 

15500 

" 

Copper  .... 

2O 

3560 

1  1670 

Wertheim. 

" 

100 

3290 

10800 

" 

" 

2OO 

2950 

9690 

" 

Gold  (soft)     . 

2O 

1743 

5717 

" 

ii 

IOO 

1720 

5640 

« 

"          .... 

2OO 

1735 

5691 

" 

Gold  (hard)    . 

- 

2IOO 

6890 

Various. 

Iron  and  soft  steel 

- 

5OOO 

16410 

" 

Iron        .... 

20 

5  '3° 

16820 

Wertheim. 

"           .... 

IOO 

53°o 

17390 

u 

"           .... 

2OO 

4720 

15480 

" 

"   cast  steel 

20 

4990 

16360 

" 

"      "      "     . 

IOO 

4920 

16150 

" 

"      "      "             .        . 

2OO 

4790 

15710 

" 

Magnesium    . 

— 

4602 

15100 

Melde. 

Nickel    .... 

— 

4973 

16320 

M  asson. 

Palladium 

— 

3t5° 

10340 

Various. 

Platinum 

20 

2690 

8815 

Wertheim. 

"               ... 

IOO 

2570 

8437 

" 

"               ... 

2OO 

2460 

8079 

" 

Silver     .... 

20 

2610 

8553 

" 

"         .... 

IOO 

2640 

8658 

" 

« 

20O 

2480 

8127 

" 

Tin          '..'.. 

- 

2500 

8200 

Various. 

Zinc        .... 

- 

3700 

12140 

" 

Various  :  Brick    .... 

- 

3652 

11980 

Chladni. 

Clay  rock 

- 

348o 

1  1420 

Gray  &  Milne. 

Granite 

- 

395° 

12960 

" 

Marble 

- 

3810 

12500 

>< 

Slate     .... 

- 

4510 

14800 

" 

Tuff      .... 

- 

2850 

9350 

u 

Glass    .        .         jf™ 

— 

5000 
6000 

16410 
19690 

Various. 

Ivory    .... 

- 

3013 

9886 

Ciccone  &  Campanile. 

Vulcanized  rubber          [ 

0 

54 

177 

Exner. 

(black)  $ 

5° 

31 

I  O2 

" 

"     (red)   . 

o 

69 

226 

" 

«            a        « 

7° 

34 

III 

" 

Woods  :  Ash,  along  the  fibre 

4670 

i53'o 

Wertheim. 

"     across  the  rings    . 

— 

1390 

4570 

" 

"     along  the  rings 

- 

1260 

4140 

" 

Beech,  along  the  fibre  . 

- 

3340 

10960 

" 

"       across  the  rings 

- 

1840 

6030 

i 

"       along  the  rings 

- 

1415 

4640 

< 

Elm,  along  the  fibre 

- 

4120 

I35J6 

' 

"      across  the  rings    . 

- 

1420 

4665 

' 

"     along  the  rings 

- 

1013 

3324 

' 

Fir,  along  the  fibre         .    ' 

- 

4640 

15220 

" 

Maple 

- 

4110 

13470 

" 

Oak 

- 

3850 

12620 

u 

Pine 

- 

332o 

10900 

u 

Poplar 

- 

4280 

14050 

n 

Sycamore 

4460 

14640 

« 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


IOO 


TABLE  1 1 1 


VELOCITY  OF  SOUND  IN   LIQUIDS  AND  CASES. 


Substance. 

Temp.  C. 
o 

Velocity  in 
metres  per 
second. 

Velocity  in 
feet  per 
second. 

Authority. 

Liquids:  Alcohol      .         ... 

8.4 

1264 

4148 

Martini. 

"            .... 

23 

1160 

3806 

Wertheim. 

Ether         .... 

o 

"59 

3803 

" 

Oil  of  turpentine 

24 

1212 

3977 

" 

.           Water  (  Lake  Geneva) 

9 

H35 

4708 

Colladon  &  Sturm. 

"       (from  Seine  river) 

15 

1437 

47M 

Wertheim. 

ii           ii          it          it 

3° 

1528 

5OI3 

" 

--«-          <i          ii          ii 

60 

1724 

5657 

" 

Water        .... 

3-9 

Martini. 

.         . 

13-7 

1437 

47H 

" 

H 

25.2 

1457 

4780 

" 

Gases:  Air       ..... 

o 

333 

1092 

Dulong. 

0 

33  '  -6 

1087 

Wertheim. 

. 

o 

333 

1092 

Masson. 

..... 

o 

33°-7 

1085 

Le  Roux. 

. 

0 

1089 

Schneebeli. 

. 

o 

332-5 

1091 

Kayser. 

. 

o 

33'  -9 

1089 

Wullner. 

. 

o 

33r-7 

1088 

Blaikley. 

o 

33  '  -2 

1086 

Violle  &  Vautier. 

—  10.9 

326.1 

1070 

Greely. 

—25-7 

317.1 

1040 

" 

-37-8 

3°9-7 

1016 

1  002 

u 

0 

332-4 

1091 

Stone. 

Ammonia      .         .         .         . 

o 

4i5 

1361 

Masson. 

Carbon  monoxide 

o 

337-1 

1106 

Wullner. 

11            « 

o 

337-4 

1107 

Dulong. 

"      dioxide    . 

0 

261.6 

858 

" 

Carbon  disulphide 

o 

189 

606 

Masson. 

Chlorine       .... 

0 

206.4 

677 

Martini. 

"              .... 

o 

2°5-3 

674 

Strecker. 

Ethylene       .... 

o 

3H 

1030 

Dulong. 

Hydrogen     .... 

0 

1269.5 

4165 

" 

"             .... 

0 

1286.4 

4221 

Zoch. 

Illuminating  gas  . 

o 

490.4 

1609 

" 

Methane       .... 

o 

422 

1385 

Masson. 

Nitric  oxide 

0 

325 

1066 

" 

Nitrous  oxide 

o 

261.8 

859 

Dulong. 

Oxygen          .... 

0 

3'7-2 

1041 

" 

Vapors  :  Alcohol      .... 

0 

230.6 

756 

Masson. 

Ether         .... 

o 

179.2 

588 

" 

Water        .... 

o 

401 

1315 

" 

96 

410 

1345 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


101 


TABLE  112. 
FORCE  OF  GRAVITY  FOR  SEA  LEVEL  AND  DIFFERENT  LATITUDES. 

This  table  has  been  calculated  from  the  formula  ^,  =  ^45  [i  —  .002662  cos2<£],*  where  <t>  is  the  latitude. 


Lati- 
tude <t>. 

ff 

in  cms.  per 
sec.  per  sec. 

Log. 

0 

in  inches  per 
sec.  per  sec. 

Log. 

a 

in  feet  per 
sec.  per  sec. 

Log. 

0° 

977.989 

2-990334 

385-034 

2-585498 

32.0862 

1.506318 

5 

8.029 

0352 

.050 

5517 

.0875 

6336 

10 

.147 

0404 

.096 

5570 

.0916 

6388 

'5 

•339 

0490 

•173 

5655 

•0977 

6474 

20 

.600 

0605 

•275 

5771 

.1062 

6590 

25 

978.922 

2.990748 

385.402 

2.585914 

32.1168 

1.506732 

3° 

9.295 

0913 

-548 

6079 

.1290 

6898 

31 

•374 

0949 

.580 

6114 

.1316 

6933 

32 

•456 

0985 

.6l2 

6150 

•1343 

6969 

33 

•538 

IO2I 

.644 

6187 

•1370 

7005 

34 

979.622 

2.991059 

385-677 

2.586224 

32.1398 

!•  507043 

35 

.707 

IO90 

•7" 

6262 

•1425 

7080 

36 

i9,3 

"35 

•745 

6300 

.1454 

7119 

37 

.880 

H73 

•779 

6339 

.1490 

7167 

38 

.968 

1212 

.813 

6377 

.I5II 

7196 

39 

980.057 

2.991251 

385-849 

2.586417 

32-I540 

1.507236 

40 

.147 

1291 

.884 

6457 

•1570 

7275 

4i 

•237 

1331 

.919 

6496 

.1607 

7325 

42 

•327 

1372 

•955 

6537 

.1630 

7356 

43 

.418 

I4II 

.990 

6577 

.1659 

7395 

44 

980.509 

2.991452 

386.026 

2.586617 

32.1688 

I-507436 

4£ 

.600 

1492 

.062 

6657 

.1719 

7476 

46 

.691 

'532 

.098 

6698 

.1748 

75i6 

47 

.782 

1573 

•134 

6738 

.1778 

7557 

48 

•873 

1613 

.170 

6778 

.1808 

7597 

49 

980.963 

2.991653 

386.205 

2.586818 

32.1838 

!•  507637 

5° 

i-°53 

1693 

.241 

6858 

.1867 

7677 

Si 

•143 

1732 

.276 

6898 

.1896 

77i6 

52 

.231 

1772 

•311 

6937 

.1924 

7756 

53 

.3,8 

1810 

•345 

6975 

•'954 

7794 

54 

981.407 

2.991849 

386  380 

2.587014 

32-1983 

1  -507833 

55 

•493 

1887 

.414 

7053 

.2011 

7871 

56 

•578 

1925 

•447 

7090 

.2039 

7909 

57 

.662 

1962 

.480 

7127 

.2067 

7946 

58 

•744  : 

1998 

•513 

7164 

.2094 

7983 

59 

981.825 

2.992034 

386.545 

2.587200 

32.2121 

1.508018 

60 

•903 

2070 

•576 

7235 

.2147 

8054 

65 

2.278 

2234 

•723 

7400 

.2276 

8229 

70 

.600 

2377 

.849 

7542 

•2375 

8361 

75 

.861 

2492 

•952 

7657 

.2460 

8476 

80 

983-053 

2.992577 

387.028 

2.587742 

32-2523 

1.508561 

85 

.171 

2629 

.074 

7794 

.2562 

8613 

90 

.210 

2646 

.090 

7812 

•2575 

8631 

*  The  constant  .002662  is  based  on  data  given  by  Harkness  (Solar  Parallax  and  Related  Constants,  Washington 
1891). 

The  force  of  gravity  for  any  latitude  0  and  elevation  above  sea  level  h  is  verv  nearly  expressed  by  the  equation 

^  =*45(i --002662  cos 2*)  [i-2|(i-2l)], 

where  R  is  the  earth's  radius,  5  the  density  of  the  surface  strata,  and  A  the  mean  density  of  the  earth.  When  S~o 
we  get  the  formula  for  elevation  in  air.  For  ordinary  elevations  on  land  is  nearly  J,  which  gives  for  the  correction 
at  latitude  45°  for  elevated  portions  of  the  earth's  surface 

f«-4=  980-6  X-5|  -  ,225.75  ^  in  dynes. 

4/C  4/t 


5*- 


h  . 


—  386.062  X  1-  =  482.562       in  inch  pound  units. 
4A  /? 

_i  / 

=  32.1719  X  -^5=  40.2149^-  in  poundals. 

4/f  K 

This  gives  per  100  feet  elevation  a  correction  of 

.00588  dynes  ) 

.00232  inch  pound  units  >  diminution, 
oooiq^  poundals  ) 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES.  IO2 


GRAVITY. 


TABLE  1  13. 


In  this  table  the  results  of  a  number  of  the  more  recent  gravity  determinations  are  brought  together.  They  serve  to 
show  the  degree  of  accuracy  which  may  be  assumed  for  the  numbers  in  Table  112.  In  general,  gravity  is  a  little 
lower  than  the  calculated  value.for  stations  far  inland  and  slightly  higher  on  the  coast  line. 


Place. 

Latitude. 

N.  +,  S.  —  . 

Elevation 
in  metres. 

Gravity  in  dynes. 

Refer- 
ence. 

Observed. 

Reduced  to 
sea  level. 

Singapore    

1°    if 
-7     56 
—  7     57 
-8    49 

—  IO      OO 

13   04 

—  15     55 
—  i5     57 
20    43 
20     52 
20     56 
21     18 
32     23 
—  33    52 
—  33     56 
35    4i 
—  36    S2 
37     20 
37     20 
37    47 
37     47 
38     53 
39     54 
39     58 
40     27 
40    28- 
40     44 
40     46 
41     49 
42    49 
45     31 

46       12 
46       12 

46    57 
47     23 
48     50 
51     28 
52     3° 
54    34 
55     59 
56    28 
57     03 
57     07 
58     18 
59     1° 
59     32 

14 

686 
46 

2 

18 

IO 

533 
3001 

3 
i'7 
3 

2 

43 
ii 
6 

43 
1282 
1282 
114 
114 

IO 

1645 

122 

651 
348. 
II 
1288 
I65 

45° 

IOO 

405 
405 
572 
466 
67 

7 
49 
6 
o 

8 

12 

5 
5 
4 

978.07 
978.24 
978.08 
978.14 
978.36 
978.16 
978.66 
978.52 
978.27 
978.85 
978.90 
978.96 

979-75 
979.67 
979.61 

979-94 
979.67 
979.64 
979.68 

979-95 
980.02 
980.10 
979.68 
980.12 
980.08 
980.09 
980.26 
979.82 

980.34 
980.34 
980.73 
980.58 
980.60 
980.61 
980.67 
980.96 
981.20 
981.26 
981.45 
981.49 
981.59 
981.68 
981.66 

981-73 
981.81 
981.82 

978.07 
978.24 
978.21 

978.15 
978.36 
978.16 
978.66 
978.58 
978.84 
978.85 
978.92 
978.96 

979-7,5 
979.68 
979.61 

979-94 
979.68 
979.89 
979.92 

979-97 
980.04 
980.10 
979.98 
980.14 
980.20 
980.15 
980.26 
980.05 

980-37 
980.42 
980.75 
980.64 
980.66 
980.69 
980.74 
980.97 
981.20 
981.27 
981.45 
981.49 
981.59 
981.68 
981.66 

98i-73 
981.81 
981.82 

I 
2 

2 
2 

3 
2 

2 
2 
3 

3 
3 
3 

2 
I 
2 
I 
I 

4 

5 
4 
5 
4 

6 
6 
4 

5 
5 
7 

9 
9 
9 
8 
8 
8 
4 
4 
4 
4 
^ 
4 
4 
4 

Georgetown,  Ascension     .... 
Green  Mountain,  Ascension  .     .     . 
Loanda,  Angola  

Caroline  Islands  

Bridgetown,  Barbadoes     .... 
Jamestown,  St.  Helena     .... 
Longwood,             "             .... 
Pakaoao,  Sandwich  Islands  .     .     . 
Lahaina,           "               "... 
Haiki,               "               "... 
Honolulu,         "               "... 
St.  Georges,  Bermuda      .... 
Sidney,  Australia      

Cape  Town      

Tokio,  Japan  . 

Auckland,  New  Zealand   .... 
Mount  Hamilton,  Cal.  (Lick  Obs.) 

San  Francisco,  Cal  

«             11             « 

Washington,  D.  C.*     

Denver,  Colo  

York,  Pa  

Ebensburgh,  Pa  

Allegheny,  Pa  

Hoboken,  N.  J.   .     .         ... 

Salt  Lake  Citv,  Utah  

Chicago,  111  

Pampaluna,  Spain    .... 

Montreal,  Canada    

Geneva,  Switzerland     

Berne,              "               

Zurich,             "               .... 

Paris,  France  

Kew,  England      .     .          .... 

Berlin,  Germany                      .     .     . 

Port  Simpson   B   C                      . 

Burroughs  Bay,  Alaska     .... 
Wrangell,                 "           .... 
Sitka,                        "           .... 
St.  Paul's  Island,    "           .... 
Juneau,                     "           .... 
Pyramid  Harbor,    "           .... 
Yakutat  Bay,           "           .... 

I   Smith  :   "  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  Report  for  1884,"  App.  14. 
2  Preston  :  "  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  Report  for  1860,"  App.  12. 
3  Preston  :   Ibid.  1888,  App.  14. 
4  Mendenhall  :   Ibid.  1891,  App.  15. 
5  Defforges  :  "  Comptes  Rendus,"  vol.  118,  p.  231. 
6  Pierce  :  "  U.  S.  C.  and  G.  S.  Rep.  1883,"  App.  19. 
7  Cebrian  and  Los  Arcos  :  "  Comptes  Rendus  des  Seances  de  la  Commission  Perma- 
nente  de  1'Association  Geodesique  International,"  1893. 
8  Pierce:  "  U.  S.  C.  and  G.  S.  Report  1876,  App.  15,  and  1881,  App.  17." 
9  Messerschmidt  :  Same  reference  as  7. 

*  In  all  the  values  given  under  references  1-4  gravity  at  Washington  has  been  taken  at  980. 100,  and  the  others 
derived  from  that  by  comparative  experiments  with  invariable  pendulums. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

103 


TABLE  1  14. 


SUMMARY  OF  RESULTS  OF  THE  VALUE  OF  GRAVITY  (</)  AT  STATIONS 
IN  THE  UNITED  STATES,  OCCUPIED  BY  THE  U.  S.  COAST  AND 
GEODETIC  SURVEY  DURING  THE  YEAR  1894.* 


Station. 

Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Elevation. 

a 

observed. 

Atlantic  Coast. 

0         1          II 

O         1          II 

Metres. 

Dynes. 

Boston,  Mass.     .         .         .        .         .. 

42  21  33 

71    03   50 

22 

980.382 

Cambridge,  Mass.       .... 

42    22    48 

7i  07  45 

14 

980.384 

Princeton,  N.  J.          .         »        .         . 

40  20  57 

74  39  28 

64 

980.164 

Philadelphia,  Pa  

39  57  06 

75  ii  40 

16 

980.182 

Washington,  C.  &  G.  S.     . 

3^  53  r3 

77  oo  32 

.    M 

980.098 

Washington,  Smithsonian.         .         * 

38  53  20 

77  oi  32 

10 

980.  toot 

Appalachian  Elevation. 

Ithaca,  N.  Y  

42  27  04 

76  29  oo 

247 

980.286 

Charlottesville,  Va  

38  02  01 

78  30  16 

1  66 

979.924 

Deer  Park,  Md.          .... 

39  25  02 

79  '9  5° 

770 

979.921 

Central  Plains. 

Cleveland,  Ohio                                   ». 

41    30    22 

81  36  38 

2IO 

980.227 

Cincinnati,  Ohio          .... 

39  08  20 

84  25  20 

245 

979.990 

Terre  Haute,  Ind.      .        .        .        ..    ! 

39  28  42 

87  23  49 

I51 

980.058 

Chicago,  111  

4i  47  25 

87  36  °3 

182 

980.264 

St.  Louis,  Mo  

38  38  03 

90  12  13 

J54 

979.987 

Kansas  City,  Mo.        .... 

39  05  5° 

94  35  21 

278 

979.976 

Ellsworth,  Kan.  ..... 

38  43  43 

98  13  32 

469 

979.912 

Wallace,  Kan  

38  54  44 

101  35  26 

1005 

979.741 

Colorado  Springs,  Col. 

38  5°  44 

104  49  02 

1841 

979.476 

^Q  4O   "?6 

104.  c6  cc 

1618 

Q7Q.  CQC 

Rocky  Mountains. 

jy  t^  O 

1  ^-t    J^    J  3 

^j 

y/  y-jVj 

Pike's  Peak,  Col.        .... 

1.8  co  20 

105  02  02 

42cn 

O78.O4O 

Gunnison,  Col.    ..... 

o      jw 

38  32  33 

i  06  56  02 

t~yj 
2340 

y/  *-"vH 
979.328 

Grand  Junction,  Col. 

39  04  °9 

108  33  56 

1398 

979.619 

Green  River,  Utah     .... 

38  59  23 

i  10  09  56 

1243 

979.622 

Grand  Canyon,  Wyo. 

44  43  !6 

no  29  44 

2386 

979.885 

Norris  Geyser  Basin,  Wyo. 

44  44  09 

i  10  42  02 

2276 

979-936 

Lower  Geyser  Basin,  Wyo. 

44  33  21 

no  48  08 

22OO 

979.918 

Pleasant  Valley,  Jet.,  Utah 

39  5°  47 

in  oo  46 

2191 

979.498 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 

40  46  04 

i"  53  46 

1322 

979.789 

TABLE  1 15. 

LENGTH  OF  SECONDS  PENDULUM  AT  SEA  LEVEL  FOR  DIFFERENT 

LATITUDES,  t 


ri 

=  i! 

c 

c  H 

c 

1 

•2 

-  o> 

n 

ti 

SI'S 

b« 

"S 

if 

c  t; 

tub 

—  !-> 
|| 

bO 

2 

"l  § 

M    0 

_) 

>-) 

J 

S 

If 

,3 

_i 

O 

J 

0 

99.0910 

1.996034 

39.0121 

1.591200 

50 

99.4014 

1-997393 

39-1344 

1-592558 

5 

.0950 

6052 

•0137 

1217 

ss 

•4459 

7587 

.1520 

2753 

10 

.1079 

6104 

.0184 

1270 

60. 

.4876 

7770 

.1683 

2935 

15 

.1265 

6190 

.O26l 

1356 

6S 

•5255 

7935 

.1832 

3100 

20 

.1529 

6306 

•0365 

1471 

70 

•558i 

8077 

.1960 

3242 

25 

99-1855 

1.996448 

39-0493 

1.591614 

75 

99^845 

1.998192 

39.2065 

1-593358 

30 

.2234 

6614 

.0642 

1779 

80 

.6040 

8277 

.2141 

•3442 

35 

.2651 

6796 

.0806 

1962 

8S 

.6160 

8329 

.2188 

•3494 

40 

.3096 

6991 

.0982 

2157 

90 

.6200 

8347 

.2204 

•3512 

45 

•3555 

7192 

.1163 

2357 

*  G.  R.  Putnam,  Phil.  Soc.  of  Washington,  Bull.  vol.  xiii. 

t  Taken  as  standard.     The  other  values  were  obtained  from  this  by  means  of  invariable  pendulums, 
t  Calculated  from  force  of  gravity  table  by  the  formula  l  =  g]  ir-.     For  each  100  feet  of  elevation  subtract  0.000596 
centimetres,  or  0.000235  inches,  or  .0000196  feet. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

IO4 


TABLE  116. 


LENGTH  OF  THE  SECONDS  PENDULUM.* 


Date  of 
determi- 
nation. 

IJj.i 
1^1 

Range  of  latitude  included  by 
the  stations. 

Length  of  pendulum  in  metres 
for  latitude  <t>. 

Correspond- 
ing length 
of  pendulum 
forlat.  45°. 

Refer- 
ence. 

1799 

15 

From  +  67°  05'  to  —  33°  56' 

0.990631  -}-  -005637  sin2  9 

0-99345° 

I 

1816 

31 

"     +74°  53'       —5i°  2  1' 

0.990743  +  -005466  sin'2  ^ 

0.993976 

2 

1821 

8 

"      +38°  40'       -60°  45' 

0.990880  -f-  -00534°  sin2  <{> 

0-99355° 

3 

1825 

25 

"     +79°50/       —i  2°  59' 

0.990977  -j-  -005142  sin'2<t> 

0.993548 

4 

1827 

4i 

"     +  79°  So'       —  51°  35' 

0.991026-)-  .005072  sin2<t> 

0.993562 

5 

1829 

5 

o°    o'       -f  67°  04' 

0-990555  +  -0°  5679  sin2  $ 

0-993395 

6 

1830 

49 

'     +  79°  S1'       —  5l0  35' 

0.991017  -f-  .005087  sin'2® 

0.993560 

7 

1833 

'           —                  — 

0.990941  -j-  .005142  sin2? 

0.993512 

8 

1869 

5' 

'     +  79°  5o'       -  51°  35' 

0.990970  -j-  .005185  sin2  9 

Q-9935  54t 

9 

1876 

73 

.    •     +79°  50'       -62°  56' 

0.991011  +  -005105  sin'20 

°-993563 

10 

1884 

123 

'     +79°  5°'       —62°  56' 

0.990918  -j-  .005262  sin2  9 

0-993549 

ii 

Combining  th< 

*  above  results  

0.990910  -f-  .005290  sin'2  9 

0-993555 

12 

In  1884,  from  the  series  of  observations  used  by  Ur.  Fischer,  Dr.  G.  W.  Hill  1S  found 
/=     0.9927148  metre 

+  0.0050890  p~4  (sin2  0  —  | 


51') 


--  0.0000979  p~4  cos2  0  cos  (2w'  +29°  04') 

—  00001355  p~5  (sin3^  —  f  sin  )0 

+  0.0005421  p~5  (sin2^  —  |)  cos  $  cos  («'  +  217° 

-j-  0.0002640  p~5  sin  (f>  cos2  <}>  cos  (2ta  +  4°  49') 

-j-  0.0001248  p~5  cos8  <j>  cos  (30)'  -j-  1  10°  24') 

-j-  0.0001489  p-6  (sin4  <t>  —  f  sin2  <j>  +  ^) 

-j-  0.0007386  p~6  (sin3  0  —  f  sin  <j>)  cos  <j>  cos  («'  -(-  3°  02') 

-f-  0.0002175  p~8  (sin2  <j>  —  |)  cos2  <t>  cos  (2«'  -f  262°  17') 

-j-  0.0003126  p~6  sin  <t>  cos3  ^  cos  (30*'  +  148°  20') 

-f-  0.0000584  p~6  cos4  0  cos  (40)'  +  248°  19') 


where  <f>  is  the  geocentric  latitude,  «'  the  geographical  longitude,  and  p  a  factor,  varying 
with  the  latitude,  such  that  the  radius  of  the  earth  at  latitude  <t>  is  ap  where  a  is  the  equa- 
torial radius  of  the  earth. 


1  Laplace  :  "Traite  de  Mecanique  Celeste,"  T.  2,  livre  3,  chap.  5,  sect.  42. 

2  Mathieu :  "  Sur  les  experiences  du  pendule;"  in  "  Connaissance  des  Temps  1816," 
Additions,  pp.  314-341,  p.  332. 

3  Biot  et  Arago  :  "Recueil  d'Observations  geodesiques,  etc."     Paris,  1821,  p.  575. 

4  Sabine :  "  An  Account  of  Experiments  to  determine  the  Figure  of  the  Earth,  etc.,  by 
Sir  Edward  Sabine."     London,  1825,  p.  352. 

5  Saigey  :  "  Comparaison  des  Observations  du  pendule  a  diverses  latitudes  ;  faites  par 
MM.  Biot,  Kater,  Sabine,  de  Freycinet,  et  Duperry ;  "in  "  Bulletin  des  Sciences  Mathe- 
matiques,  etc.,"  T.  i,  pp.  31-43,  and  171-184.     Paris,  1827. 

6  Pontecoulant :  "  Theorie  analytique  du  Systeme  du  monde,"  Paris,  1829,  T.  2,  p.  466. 

7  Airy  :  "  Figure  of  the  Earth ; "  in  "  Encyc.  Met."  2d  Div.  vol.  3,  p.  230. 

8  Poisson :  "  Traite  de  Mecanique,"  T.  i,  p.  377  ;  "  Connaissance  des  Temps,"  1834, 
pp.  32-33 ;  and  Puissant :  "  Traite  de  geodesic,"  T.  2,  p.  464. 

9  Unferdinger:  "Das  Pendel  als  geodatisches  Instrument;"  in  Grunert's  "Archiv," 
1869,  p.  316. 

10  Fischer :  "  Die  Gestalt  der  Erde  und  die  Pendelmessungen ;  "  in  "  Ast.  Nach."  1876, 
col.  87. 

11  Helmert :  "Die  mathematischen  und  physikalischen  Theorieen  der  hbheren  Geo- 
dasie,  von  Dr.  F.  R.  Helmert,"  II.  Theil.     Leipzig,  1884,  p.  241. 

12  Harkness. 

13  Hill,  Astronomical  paper  prepared  for  the  use  of  the  "American  Ephemeris  and 
Nautical  Almanac,"  vol.  3,  p.  339. 


*  The  data  here  given  with  regard  to  the  different  determinations  which  have  been  made  of  the  length  of  the 
seconds  pendulum  are  quoted  from  Harkness  (Solar  Parallax  and  its  Related  Constants,  Washington,  1891). 
t  Calculated  fr«m  a  logarithmic  expression  given  by  Unferdinger. 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 

105 


TABLE  1  -?7. 

MISCELLANEOUS   DATA  WITH   REGARD  TO  THE   EARTH  AND  PLANETS.* 


Length  of  the  seconds  pendulum  at  sea 

level =  7  =  39.01 2540  +  0.208268  sin2  0  inches. 

=  3.251045  -f-  0.017356  sin2  <j>  feet. 
=  0.9909910  +  0.005290  sin-  <j>  metres. 
Acceleration  produced  by  gravity  per  sec- 
ond per  second  mean  solar  time     .         .     =^=32.086528  -{-  0.171293  sin2  <p  feet. 

=  977.9886  +  5.2210  sin2  <j>  centimetres. 

Equatorial  semidiameter    .        .        .        .    =«  =  20925293  -j-  409.4  feet. 

=  3963.124  -j-  0.078  miles. 
=  6377972-!-  124.8  metres. 

Polar  semidiameter    .....    =£  =  20855590-!-  325.1  feet. 

=  3949.922  -I-  0.062  miles. 
=  6356727  -j-  99.09  metres. 

One  earth  quadrant =393775819-)- 4927  inches. 

=  32814652  -j-  410.6  feet. 
=  62 1 4.896 -J-  0.078  miles. 
=  10001816  -J-  125.1  metres. 

Flattening    =a—t  = l 

a          300.205  -j-  2.964 

Eccentricity  = —  =  0.006651018. 

Difference  between  geographical  and  geocentric  latitude  =  0  —  0' 

=  688.2242"  sin  2  0  —  1. 1482"  sin  4  <j>  -f-  0.0026"  sin  6  ty. 

Mean  density  of  the  Earth  =  5.576  ^  0.016. 
Surface  density  of  the  Earth  =  2.56  -j-  0.16. 

Moments  of  inertia  of  the  Earth ;  the  principal  moments  being  taken  as  A,  B,  and  C, 
and  C  the  greater : 

C—  A  i 

— 7: —  =  0.00326521  =  — 7 ; 

C  306.259 

C  —  A  =  0.001064767  Ed1 ; 
A  =  B  =  0.325029  Eaz ; 
C  =  0.326094  Ea* ; 
where  E  is  the  mass  of  the  Earth  and  a  its  equatorial  semidiameter. 

Length  of  sidereal  year  =  365.2563578  mean  solar  days  ; 

=  365  days  6  hours  9  minutes  9.314  seconds. 

Length  of  tropical  year 

=  365.242199870  —  0.0000062124  —         —  mean  solar  days  ; 

=  365  days  5  hours  48  minutes  (  46.069  —  0.53675  —         —  )  seconds. 
Length  of  sidereal  month 

=  27.321661 162  —  0.00000026240  —         —  days ; 

=  27  days  7  hours  43  minutes  f  11.524  — 0.022671  -         —  j  seconds. 
Length  of  synodical  month 

=  29.530588435  —  0.00000030696  —         —  days  ; 

=  29  days  i? hours  44  minutes  (  2.841  —0.026522  —         —  j  seconds. 
Length  of  sidereal  day  =  86164.09965  mean  solar  seconds. 

N.  B.  —  The  factor  containing  t  in  the  above  equations  (the  epoch  at  which  the  values  of 
the  quantities  are  required)  may  in  all  ordinary  cases  be  neglected. 


*  Harkness,  "  Solar  Parallax  and  Allied  Constants." 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

106 


TABLE  117, 
MISCELLANEOUS   DATA  WITH    REGARD  TO  THE   EARTH  AND   PLANETS. 


MASSES  OF  THE  PLANETS. 

Reciprocals  of  the  masses  of  the  planets  relative  to  the  Sun  and  of  the  mass  of  the  Moon 
relative  to  the  Earth  : 

Mercury  =8374672-!-  1765762. 
Venus      =  408968  -[-  1874. 
Earth*    =327214-^-624. 
Mars        =  3093500  J-  3295. 
Jupiter    =  1047.55  zt  °-2a 
Saturn     =  350 1.6^  0.78. 
Uranus    =  22600  ±  36. 
Neptune  =  18780  -J-  300. 

Moon       =81.068-1-0.238. 


Mean  distance  from  Earth  to  Sun  =  92796950  -J-  59715  miles  ; 

=  149340870^-96101  kilometres. 

Eccentricity  of  Earth's  orbit  =  e\ 

=  0.016771049  —  0.0000004245  (/ — 1850) — 0.000000001367  (—        —  )  . 

\     loo    / 

Solar  parallax  =  8.80905"  -j-  0.00567". 
Lunar  parallax  =  3422.54216"  -J-  0.12533". 

Mean  distance  from  Earth  to  Moon  =  60.2693 r  5 -J- 0.002502  terrestrial  radii; 

=  238854.75  -J-  9.916  miles ; 
=  384396.01  ^-  15.958  kilometres. 

Lunar  inequality  of  the  Earth  =  L  =  6.52294"  -[-  0.01854". 

Parallactic  inequality  of  the  Moon  =  Q  =  124.95126"  J-  0.08197". 

Mean  motion  of  Moon's  node  in  365.25  days=/t=  —19°  21'  19.6191" +  0.14136"  *          °°. 

Eccentricity  and  inclination  of  the  Moon's  0^1  =  ^2  =  0.054899720. 

Delaunay's  y  =  sin  \  I—  0.044886793. 
/  =  5°  08'  43-3546". 

Constant  of  nutation  =  9.22054"  -|-  0.00859"  +  0.00000904"  (t —  1850). 
Constant  of  aberration  =  20.45451"  J-  0.01258". 

Time  taken  by  light  to  traverse  the  mean  radius  of  the  Earth's  orbit 

=  498.00595  -j-  0.30834  seconds. 

Velocity  of  light  =  186337.00  -{-  49.722  miles  per  second. 

=  299877.64  -[-  80.019  kilometres  per  second. 


*  Earth  +  Moon. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

lO/ 


TABLE  1 18. 


AERODYNAMICS. 

The  pressure  on  a  plane  surface  normal  to  the  wind  is  for  ordinary  wind  velocities  expressed  by 


where  k  is  a  constant  depending  on  the  units  employed,  w  the  mass  of  unit  volume  of  the  air, 
a  the  area  of  the  surface  and  v  the  velocity  of  the  wind.*  Engineers  generally  use  the  table  of 
values  of  P  given  by  Smeaton  in  1759.  This  table  was  calculated  from  the  formula 

P==.  00492  z/'2 

and  gives  the  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  foot  when  v  is  expressed  in  miles  per  hour.  The 
corresponding  formula  when  v  is  expressed  in  feet  per  second  is 

/)=.OO228z/2. 

Later  determinations  do  not  agree  well  together,  but  give  on  the  average  somewhat  lower 
values  for  the  coefficient.  The  value  of  w  depends,  of  course,  on  the  temperature  and  the  baro- 
metric pressure.  Langley'st  experiments  give  kw=.  00166  at  ordinary  barometric  pressure  and 
10°  C.  temperature. 

For  planes  inclined  at  an  angle  a  less  than  90°  to  the  direction  of  the  wind  the  pressure  may 
be  expressed  as  Pa  =  FaPw 

Table  118,  founded  on  the  experiments  of  Langley,  gives  the  value  of  fa  for  different  values  of 
a.  The  word  aspect,  in  the  headings,  is  used  by  him  to  define  the  position  of  the  plane  relative  to 
the  direction  of  motion.  The  numerical  value  of  the  aspect  is  the  ratio  of  the  linear  dimension 
transverse  to  the  direction  of  motion  to  the  linear  dimension,  a  vertical  plane  through  which  is 
parallel  to  the  direction  of  motion. 

TABLE  118.—  Values  of  Fa  In  Equation  Pa  =  PaP9o. 


Plane  30  in.  X  4.8  in. 

Plane  12  in.  X  12  in. 

Plane  6  in.  X  24  in. 

Aspect  6  (nearly). 

Aspect  i. 

Aspect  J. 

a 

Fm 

a 

*; 

a 

Fa 

0° 

o.oo 

0° 

o.oo 

0° 

O.OO 

5 

0.28 

5 

0.15 

5 

0.07 

10 

0.44 

10 

0.30 

TO 

0.17 

IS 

0.55 

15 

0.44 

15 

0.29 

20 

0.62 

20 

o-57 

20 

o-43 

25 

0.66 

25 

0.69 

25 

0.58 

3° 

0.69 

3° 

0.78 

30 

0.71 

35 

0.72 

35 

0.84 

40 

0.74 

40 

0.88 

— 

- 

45 

0.76 

45 

0.91 

- 

- 

50 

0.78 

50 

- 

- 

- 

*  The  pressure  on  a  spherical  surface  is  approximately  0.36  that  on  a  plane  circular  surface  of  the  same  diameter 
as  the  sphere  ;  on  a  cylindrical  surface  with  axis  normal  to  the  wind,  about  0.5  that  on  a  rectangular  surface  of  length 
equal  to  the  length,  and  breadth  equal  to  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder. 

t  The  data  here  given  on  Professor  Langley's  authority  were  communicated  by  him  to  the  author. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

108 


TABLE    1 1  9. 


AERODYNAMICS. 

On  the  basis  of  the  results  given  in  Table  118  Langley  states  the  following  condition  for  the 
soaring  of  an  aeroplane  76.2  centimetres  long  and  12.2  centimetres  broad,  weighing  500  grammes, 
—  that  is,  a  plane  one  square  foot  in  area,  weighing  i.i  pounds.  It  is  supposed  to  soar  in  a 
horizontal  direction,  with  aspect  6. 

TABLE  119.  -  Data  for  the  Soaring  of  Planes  76.2  X  12.2  cms.  weighing  500  Grammes,  Aspect  6. 


Weight  of  planes  of  like 

Inclination 

Soaring  speed  •». 

Work  expended  per  minute 
(activity). 

form,  capable  of  soaring 
at  speed  v  with  the  ex- 
penditure of  one  horse 

to  the  hori- 

power. 

zontal  a. 

Metres  per 
sec. 

Feet  per 
sec. 

Kilogramme 
metres. 

Foot 
pounds. 

Kilogrammes. 

Pounds. 

2° 

20.0 

66 

24 

174 

95-o 

209 

5 

I5.2 

5° 

41 

297 

55-5 

122 

10 

I2.4 

4i 

65 

474 

34-8 

77 

15 

II.  2 

37 

86 

623 

26.5 

58 

3° 

10.6 

35 

17S 

1268 

13.0 

29 

45 

II.  2 

37 

33° 

2434 

6.8 

'5 

In  general,  if  p  =  — - — 
area 

Soaring  speed  v—\    £ - — 

V    k  Fg.  cos  a 

Activity  per  unit  of  weight  =v  tan  a 


The  following  data  for  curved  surfaces  are  due  to  Wellner  (Zeits.  fur  Luftschifffahrt,  x.,  Oct. 
1893). 

Let  the  surface  be  so  curved  that  its  intersection  with  a  vertical  plane  parallel  to  the  line  of 
motion  is  a  parabola  whose  height  is  about  ^  the  subtending  chord,  and  let  the  surface  be 
bounded  by  an  elliptic  outline  symmetrical  with  the  line  of  motion.  Also,  let  the  angle  of  incli- 
nation of  the  chord  of  the  surface  be  a,  and  the  angle  between  the  direction  of  resultant  air 
pressure  and  the  normal  to  the  direction  of  motion  be  )8.  Then  ft  <  a,  and  the  soaring  speed  is 


-,  while  the  activity  per  unit  of  weight  =z>tan  /3. 


k  />a  cos  j3' 

The  following  series  of  values  were  obtained  from  experiments  on  moving  trains  and  in  the 
wind. 

Angle  of  inclination  a  =   —3°              o°         +3°             6°  9°            12° 

Inclination  factor  Fa=    0.20          0.50          0.75          0.90  i.oo          1.05 

tanj8=    o.o  i          0.02          0.03          0.04  o.io          0.17 

Thus  a  curved  surface  shows  finite  soaring  speeds  when  the  angle  of  inclination  a  is  zero  or  even 
slightly  negative.  Above  a=  12°  curved  surfaces  rapidly  lose  any  advantage  they  may  have  for 
small  inclinations. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

109 


TABLES  12O,  121. 


TERRESTRIAL    MAGNETISM. 


TABLE  120.  -  Total  Intensity  of  the  Terrestrial  Magnetic  Field. 

This  table  gives  in  the  top  line  the  total  intensity  of  the  terrestrial  magnetic  field  for  the  longitudes  given  in  the  first 
column  and  the  latitudes  given  in  the  body  of  the  table.  Under  the  headings  13,  13.5,  and  13.75  there  are  some- 
times several  entries  for  one  longitude.  This  indicates  that  these  lines  of  total  force  cut  the  same  longitude  line 
more  than  once.  The  isodynamic  lines  are  peculiarly  curved  and  looped  north  of  Lake  Ontario.  The  values  are 
for  the  epoch  January  i,  1885,  and  the  intensities  are  in  British  and  C.  G.  S.  units. 


Longi- 
tude* 

10.5 
or 

11.  0 

or 

11.5 

or 

I2.O 

or 

12.5 

or 

13.0  or  .5994 

13.5  or  .6225 

13.75  or  .6340 

.4841 

.5072 

•53°i 

•5533 

•5764 

67 

o 

o 

0 

0 

o 

o 

O 

0 

o 

o 

o 

o 

0 

44-5 

5-5 

68 

/iX  •> 

43-  l 

70 

- 

- 

- 

- 

— 

41.9 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

— 

72 

— 

- 

- 

- 

- 

40.6 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

75 

if\  -> 

3°-7 

76 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

36-4 

_ 

44-7 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

77 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

36.0 

- 

43-6 

45-4 

- 

- 

- 

- 

78 

- 

22.6 

24-5 

- 

- 

34-i 

— 

43-3 

45-2 

- 

— 

- 

- 

80 

- 

22.8 

24-5 

27.9 

31.2 

35-  ! 

- 

43-9 

44-6 

- 

- 

- 

- 

81 

- 

22.8 

24-5 

27.1 

31.2 

35-5 

- 

41.4 

41.9 

44-3 

45-8 

- 

— 

82 

_ 

22.8 

24.6 

26.4 

3!-3 

35-5 

_ 

4F.2 

42.1 

43-6 

45-8 

- 

- 

83 

— 

22.7 

24.8 

26.6 

31.2 

35-2 

- 

41.0 

46.2 

— 

- 

- 

- 

85 

19.6 

22.2 

25.0 

27.9 

30.8 

34-4 

- 

40.8 

47.6 

- 

- 

45-5 

46.1 

86 

19.8 

22-3 

- 

28.3 

30.6 

35-3 

- 

41.1 

48.0 

- 

- 

45.2 

47-4 

87 

2O.O 

22.5 

- 

28.6 

3°-4 

35-5 

- 

41.9 

48.4 

- 

- 

43-2 

47-7 

90 

2O.  I 

22.5 

- 

29.9 

3i-9 

36.6 

- 

41.6 

49.1 

- 

- 

43-2 

48.2 

92 

2O.  I 

22-3 

- 

29-3 

33-3 

37-4 

- 

41.7 

50.2 

- 

- 

44-7 

48.2 

95 

20.0 

22-3 

- 

28-3 

33-i 

37-2 

- 

41.2 

- 

- 

- 

43-7 

- 

IOO 

2O.O 

22.8 

- 

30.0 

34-i 

39-o 

- 

41.4 

- 

- 

- 

42.7 

- 

105 

21.7 

24.4 

- 

33-1 

36.1 

39-8 

- 

43-6 

- 

- 

- 

44-8 

- 

110 

23.2 

26.9 

31.2 

34-4 

37-7 

41.6 

- 

45.2 

- 

- 

- 

47.0 

- 

"5 

- 

29.1 

31.8 

36.2 

40.1 

44-5 

- 

- 

- 

— 

- 

- 

- 

120 

- 

3°-7 

34-7 

37-8 

42-3 

46.4 

- 

-  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

124 

39-6 

44.2 

TABLE  121.  —Secular  Variation  of  the  Total  Intensity. 

Values  in  British  units  of  total  intensity  of  terrestrial  magnetic  force  at  stations  given  in  the  first  column  and  epochs 
January  i  of  the  years  given  in  the  top  line. 


Station. 

1840 

1845 

1850 

18S5 

1860 

1865 

1870 

1875 

1880 

1885 

Cambridge  .  . 
New  Haven  . 
New  York 
Sandy  Hook  . 
Albany       .     . 

13.48 
13-47 
'3-56 
13-7° 
13.68 

13-33 

13.40 

'3-Si 
13-59 
'3-65 

13.21 

'3-25 
'3-39 
I3-36 
I3-72 

13.22 
13.11 

'3-27 
I3-I7 
13.80 

13-37 
13.20 

'3-32 
13-23 
13-87 

13-45 
13-33 
I3-36 
13-35 
13-93 

13-49 
I3-4I 
'3-36 
13.40 
13.92 

13-39 
I3-4I 
I3-31 
13-39 
13.82 

I3-T4 
13.29 

i3-!9 
I3-30 
13.61 

12.79 

13-OS 

12.99 

I3-I3 

I3-27 

Philadelphia  . 
Baltimore  . 
Washington  . 
Toronto     .     . 
Cleveland 

!352 
'3-56 
13-43 
14.03 

13-85 

13-44 
1345 
13-36 
!3-93 
I3-78 

'3-45 
1338 
'3-31 
13-95 
I3-76 

13-47 
13-37 
'3-34 
I3-9I 
12.75 

I3-5I 
13-44 
13-39 
1382 

I3-78 

13-55 
13.46 
I3-42 
13.82 

I3-83 

I3-58 
13.48 
I3-42 
13-77 
13.84 

13-57 

13.48 

I3-38 
I3-78 
13.81 

'3-49 
I3-38 
13.29 
I3-78 
13-74 

!3-25 
13.22 
13.20 
13-76 
13.61 

Detroit  .     .     . 

13-85 

13.80 

i3-7i 

13.68 

I3-72 

'3-75 

13-76 

I3-78 

13-73 

13.62 

*  Tables  120-125  have  been  compiled  from  a  very  full  discussion  of  the  magnetic  dip  and  intensity  for  the  United 
States  and  adjacent  countries,  given  in  Appendix  6  of  the  Report  of  the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey 
for  1885.     Later  Reports  of  the  survey  have  been  consulted,  particularly  in  connection  with  the  extrapolation  of  the 
values  of  horizontal  intensity  to  1890  and  1895,  but  most  of  the  data  are  taken  from  Mr.  Schott's  Appendix  to  the  1885 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


IIO 


TERRESTRIAL    MAGNETISM. 


TABLES  122,  123. 


TABLE  122.  —  Values  of  the  Magnetic  Dip. 

This  table  gives  for  the  epoch  January  i,  1885,  the  values  of  the  magnetic  dip,  stated  in  first  column,  corresponding 
to  the  longitudes  given  in  the  top  line  and  the  latitudes  given  in  the  body  of  the  table.  Thus,  for  longitude  95° 
and  latitude  30°  the  dip  was  59°  on  January  i,  1885.  The  longitudes  are  west  of  Greenwich.  For  positions  above 
the  division  line  in  the  table  the  dip  was  increasing,  and  for  positions  below  that  line  decreasing,  in  1885. 


Dip. 

Longitudes  west  of  Greenwich. 

66° 

70° 

75° 

80° 

85° 

90° 

95° 

I003 

105° 

IIO° 

.15° 

120° 

124° 

o 

o 

o 

0 

0 

0 

o 

o 

0 

0 

o 

o 

O 

0 

44 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

17.9 

18.4 

19.1 

19.6 

- 

- 

- 

- 

45 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

18.7 

19.2 

19.8 

20.3 

•- 

_ 

_ 

_ 

6 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

19.2 

19.8 

20.6 

21.  1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

7 

— 

- 

- 

— 

- 

2O.O 

20.S 

21.2 

21.8 

- 

- 

- 

— 

8 

- 

- 

17.9 

- 

- 

20-5 

21.2 

21-9 

22-5 

23-3 

- 

- 

- 

9 

- 

- 

I8.7 

- 

- 

21.2 

21.9 

22.6 

23.2 

24.0 

- 

- 

- 

50 

- 

- 

- 

- 

21.4 

22.1 

22.7 

23-5 

24.1 

24.7 

_ 

- 

_ 

i 

- 

- 

- 

- 

22.2 

22.8 

23.6 

24-3 

24.8 

25-5 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

- 

— 

22.4 

23.0 

23-7 

24.4 

25.1 

25.6 

26.3 

27.4 

- 

- 

3 

— 

- 

- 

23-3 

23-9 

24-5 

25.2 

25-9 

26.5 

27.1 

28.2 

- 

- 

4 

- 

- 

- 

24.0 

24.7 

25-3 

26.O 

26-7 

27.2 

28.1 

29.0 

- 

- 

55 

- 

- 

- 

24.8 

2S-S 

26.1 

26.8 

27-5 

28.1 

28.9 

29.9 

- 

_ 

6 

- 

- 

24.7 

25.6 

26.3 

26.9 

27.5 

28.1 

28.9 

29.7 

30.6 

- 

- 

7 

- 

- 

- 

26.4 

27.1 

27.7 

28.3 

28.9 

29.7 

30.6 

3M 

- 

- 

8 

- 

- 

- 

27-3 

27.9 

28.5 

29.1 

29.8 

30-5 

3M 

32-3 

- 

- 

9 

- 

- 

- 

28.0 

28.7 

29.4 

30.0 

30.6 

31-5 

32-4 

33-3 

34-4 

- 

60 

- 

- 

- 

28.6 

29.6 

30.2 

30.8 

3J-5 

32-4 

33-4 

34-3 

,W 

- 

i 

- 

- 

- 

29.9 

30-3 

3°-9 

3'-7 

32-4 

33-3 

34-2 

35-3 

.36.2 

- 

2 

- 

- 

- 

30.6 

y>3 

3*-9 

32-5 

33-3 

34-3 

35-2 

36.3 

37-i 

- 

3 

- 

- 

- 

31.6 

32.0 

32-7 

33-6 

34-2 

35-2 

36.2 

37-i 

38.1 

39-° 

4 

- 

- 

- 

32-7 

33-2 

33-6 

34-5 

35-2 

36.1 

37-2 

38.1 

39-o 

40-3 

65 

- 

- 

- 

33-5 

34-o 

34-6 

35-5 

36.2 

37-i 

38-2 

39-2 

40-3 

4i-5 

6 

- 

- 

— 

34-3 

35-o 

35-8 

36-5 

37-2 

38.1 

39-2 

40.3 

4«-5 

42.5 

7 

- 

- 

35-1 

35-3 

35-9 

36.6 

37-2 

38.2 

39-i 

40.2 

41.4 

42-5 

43-6 

8 

- 

- 

35-8 

36.0 

36.6 

37-5 

38.2 

39-2 

40.0 

41.2 

42.4 

43-6 

44-7 

9 

- 

- 

37-o 

37-5 

37-6 

38-5 

39-2 

40.0 

41.2 

42.2 

43-5 

44-6 

45-7 

70 

- 

- 

38.0 

38.5 

39-o 

39-6 

40.4 

41.0 

42-1 

43-3 

44-5 

456 

46.9 

i 

- 

- 

39-i 

39-5 

39-8 

40.7 

41.1 

41.8 

43-2 

44-3 

45-7 

47-2 

47-9 

2 

- 

- 

40.4 

40-3 

40.9 

41.6 

42.1 

43-i 

44-3 

45-5 

47.1 

48.6 

49-2 

3 

- 

41.7 

41.2 

41.9 

42.2 

42-7 

43-4 

44-4 

45-5 

46.9 

48.6 

50.0 

4 

43-5 

43-  i 

42.9 

43-  ! 

43-4 

43-9 

44-5 

45-6 

46.7 

48-3 

49-7 

- 

- 

75 

44.9 

44-5 

44-3 

44.0 

44-5 

45-° 

45-7 

46.7 

48.0 

49-5 

51.0 

- 

_ 

6 

45-7 

45-9 

45-5 

45-4 

45-5 

46.1 

47.1 

48.2 

49-5 

5°-7 

— 

— 

7 

47-3 

47-6 

46.7 

46.9 

47.0 

47-4 

48-3 

49-4 

50.6 

- 

- 

- 

8 

- 

- 

- 

48.2 

48.0 

48.8 

49-7 

50-7 

51-8 

- 

- 

- 

- 

9 

- 

- 

- 

49-3 

49-3 

- 

51.0 

5*-9 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

80 

- 

- 

- 

50.4 

5°-4 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

TABLE  123.  —  Secular  Variation  of  the  Magnetic  Dip. 

Values  of  magnetic  dip  at  stations  given  in  the  first  column,  and  epochs,  January  i,  of  the  years  given  in  the  top  line. 


Station. 

1840 

1845 

1850 

1855 

1860 

1865 

1870 

1875 

1880 

1885 

Cambridge  . 

74.25 

74.29 

74-35 

74-40 

74-42 

74.38 

74.26 

74.02 

73-65 

73-  1  2 

New   Haven 

73-47 

73-51 

73-56 

73-6i 

73-64 

73.62 

73-54 

73..18 

73-" 

72.72 

New  York   . 

72-75 

72-73 

72.75 

72.78 

72.80 

72./8 

72.71 

72-56 

72.31 

71-93 

Sandy  Elook 

72.63 

72.61 

72-63 

72.66 

72.68 

72.66 

72.59 

72-44 

72.19 

71.81 

Albany    .     . 

74-75 

74.80 

74-88 

74-96 

75.02 

75.02 

74-95 

74-77 

74.46 

73-99 

Philadelphia 

71.99 

72.02 

72.08 

72-15 

72.20 

72.21 

72.16 

72.02 

71.77 

71-38 

Baltimore     . 

71-74 

71.66 

71.66 

71.69 

71-74 

71.77 

71.76 

71.67 

71.48 

71.16 

Washington 

71-39 

71-39 

71-38 

7I-36 

7J-32 

71.25 

7«-i3 

71.00 

70.80 

70-55 

Toronto  .     . 

75.28 

75-25 

75-32 

75-39 

75-4' 

75-35 

75-27 

75-20 

75-03 

74.88 

Cleveland     . 

73-22 

73-!9 

73-21 

73-24 

73.28 

73-29 

73-27 

73-i8 

73-°3 

72-78 

Detroit    .     . 

73-61 

73-61 

73-63 

73-66 

73-68 

73-69 

73-67 

73.60 

73-47 

73-28     , 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


Ill 


TABLES  124,  125. 


TERRESTRIAL   MAGNETISM. 

TABLE  124.  —  Horizontal  Intensity. 


This  table  gives,  for  the  epoch  January  i,  1885,  the  horizontal  intensity,  H,  corresponding  to  the  longitudes  in  the  top 
line  and  the  latitudes  in  the  body  of  the  table.  At  epoch  1885  the  force  was  increasing  for  positions  above  the 
division  line,  and  was  decreasing  for  positions  below  the  division  line. 


H 
in  British 
units. 

Longitudes  west  of  Greenwich.        , 

H 
inC.G.S. 
units. 

65° 

7°° 

75° 

80° 

85° 

90° 

o 

95° 

100° 

,05° 

110° 

1.5° 

120° 

124° 

2.50 

2-75 
3-°° 
3-25 
3-5° 

3.75 

4.00 
4-25 
4-5° 
4-75 

5.00 

5-25 
5-5° 

I75 
o.oo 

6.25 

6.50 

6-75 
7.00 

7-25 

0 

o 

o 

° 

o 
An  8 

o 

0 

o 

o 

° 

° 

o 

.1153 

.1268 

•1383 
.1498 
.1614 

1729 

.1844 
•1959 
•2075 
.2190 

.2305 

.2422 

•2536 
.2651 
.2766 

.2881 

.2997 
.3112 
.3228 
•3343 

48.3 

45-5 
43-2 

47-3 
45-6 
43-8 

42.2 
40.7 

46.6 

45-5 
43-6 

42.5 
41.2 
39-6 
38.1 
36-6 

35-  * 

48-5 
47-2 
45-8 
44-o 

42.6 

4J-5 
40.2 

38-7 
37-4 

35-8 
34-6 

33-o 
31.0 
28.8 

27-4 
25.8 
23.6 

20.8 

48.8 
47.6 
46.1 
44.6 

43-2 
42.1 
40.4 

39-2 
37-6 

36.2 

,"?5'2 

49.8 
48.5 
46.7 
45.I 

43-6 
42.4 
41.0 

39-7 
38-4 

49-1 

47.6 

45-8 

44.6 

43-4 
41.8 

40.4 

5O.I 
48.5 

47-2 

45-8 
44.6 
43-° 
41.6 

47-3 
45-7 
44-2 
42.8 

48.4 
46.8 

454 
43-8 
42.0 

40-3 

37-7 

36.7 
34-8 
32.3 

28.4 
26.1 
24.0 

21.2 

49.4 

48.7 
47-0 

45-2 
43-6 

41.9 
39-6 

37-7 
35-6 
33-6 

49.6 
47.6 

45-7 
44-2 

42.6 
39-8 
37-4 

47-7 
46-3 
44.6 
42.8 

41.1 
39-2 
37-2 
35-2 
33-i 

3i-i 
28.6 

39-i 

37-8 
35-9 
34-5 
32-7 
31.0 

29.8 
27.7 

22.8 
19.9 

39-9 

38.5 
37-o 

35-3 
33-6 
31.6 

29.9 
28.0 

23.0 
20.3 

41.0 

39-3 

38.0 

36-3 
34-7 
3i-9 

28.2 

23.2 
20.5 

36-9 
35-4 

33-8 
32.1 

3°-3 
28.1 
27-3 

22.5 
I9-S 

33-8 
32.2 
30.6 

29.2 

27-3 

22.1 

24.1 
18.2 

TABLE  125.  —  Secular  Variation  of  the  Horizontal  Intensity. 

Values  of  the  horizontal  intensity,  H,  in  British  units,  for  stations  given  in  first  column  and  epochs  given  in  top  line. 
The  values  for  1890  and  1895  have  been  extrapolated  from  the  values  up  to  1885.  The  epochs  are  for  January  i  of 
the  different  years  given. 


Station. 

1840 

1845 

1850 

1855 

1860 

1865 

1870 

1875 

1880 

1885 

1890 

1895 

Cambridge    .     . 

3-66 

3.61 

3-56 

3-55 

3-59 

3.62 

3.66 

3-68 

3-70 

3-71 

3-73 

3-74 

New  Haven  .     . 

3-83 

3.80 

3-75 

3-7° 

3-72 

3-76 

3.80 

3-83 

3.86 

3-87 

3-87 

3-86 

New  York    .    . 

4.02 

4.01 

3-97 

3-93 

3-94 

3-95 

3-97 

3-99 

4.01 

4-03 

4-05 

4.07 

Sandy  Hook 

4.09 

4.06 

3.99 

3-92 

3-94 

3-98 

4.01 

4.04 

4.07 

4.10 

4-i3 

4.16 

Albany      .     .     . 

3.60 

3.58 

3-58 

3-58 

3-58 

3.60 

3-6i 

3-63 

3-64 

3-66 

3-67 

3-69 

Philadelphia 

4.18 

4.15 

4.14 

4-13 

4-13 

4.14 

4.16 

4.19 

4.22 

4-23 

4.24 

4.24 

Baltimore      .     . 

4-25 

4-23 

4.21 

4.20 

4.21 

4.21 

4.22 

4.24 

4-25 

4.27 

4.28 

4-3° 

Washington 

4.28 

4.26 

4-25 

4.26 

4.29 

4-3i 

4-33 

4-35 

4-37 

4-39 

4.41 

4.42 

Toronto    .     .     . 

3-56 

3-54 

3-53 

3-51 

3-48 

3-49 

3-5° 

4.52 

3-56 

3-58 

4.60 

4.61 

Cleveland      .     . 

4.00 

3-98 

3-97 

3-96 

3-96 

3-97 

3-98 

3-99 

4.01 

4-03 

4-05 

4.07 

Detroit     .     .     . 

3-9i 

3-89 

3-86 

3-85 

3-85 

3-86 

3-87 

3-89 

3-90 

3-92 

3-93 

3-94 

San  Diego     .     . 

6.12 

6.19 

6.22 

6.25 

6.26 

6.24 

6.  20 

6.15 

6.10 

6.07 

6.04 

6-03 

Santa  Barbara  . 

5-87 

5-93 

5-94 

5-95 

5-0 

5-95 

5-94 

5-92 

5.88 

5.84 

5.80 

5-77 

Monterey      .     . 

5-63 

5-71 

5-75 

5-77 

5-76 

5-75 

5-72 

5.69 

5-66 

5-65 

5-64 

5-63 

San  Francisco  . 

5-49 

5-54 

5-56 

5-57 

5-59 

5-59 

5-58 

5-54 

5-51 

5-49 

5-47 

5-45 

Fort  Vancouver 

4.44 

4.51 

4-55 

4-56 

4.58 

4-58 

4-57 

4.56 

4-54 

4-53 

4-52 

4.52 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


112 


TERRESTRIAL    MAGNETISM. 


TABLE  126. 


Secular  Variation  of  Declination  in  the  Form  of  a  Function  of  the  Time  for  a  Number  of  Stations. 

More  extended  tables  will  be  found  in  App.  7  of  the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  Report  for  1888,  from 
which  this  table  has  been  compiled.     The  variable  m  is  reckoned  from  the  epoch  1850  and  thus—  t  —  1850. 


Station. 

Latitude. 

West 
longitude. 

The  magnetic  declination  (D)  expressed  as 
a  function  of  time. 

(a)  Eastern  Series  of  Stations. 

St.  Johns,  N.  F.  .         ...      . 

0           1 

47  34-4 

0          / 

52  41.9 

O                             O                                                                 0 

21.94+    8.89  sin  (1.05  m  +  63.4)* 

Quebec,  Canada  .... 

46  48.4 

71   14-5 

14.66+    3.03  sin  (1.4  m    --    4.6) 

+    0.61  sin  (4.0  m    +    0.3) 

Charlottetown,  P.  E.  I. 

46  14.0 

63  27.0 

'5-95  +    7-78  sin  (1.2  m    +  49.8) 

Montreal,  Canada 

45  30-5 

7334-6 

11.88+    4.17  sin  (1.5  m    —  18.5) 

+    0.36  sin  (4.9  m    +  19.0) 

Bangor,  Me.         .... 

44  82.2 

6846.9 

13-86+    3.55  sin  (1.30*7  +    8.6) 

Halifax,  N.  S  

44  39.6 

63  35-3 

16.18+    4.53  sin  (i.oom  +  46.1)* 

Albany,  N.  Y. 

42392 

73  45-8 

8.17  +    3.02  sin  (1.44  m  —   8.3) 

Cambridge,  Mass. 

42  22.9 

71  07.7 

9.54  +    2.69  sin  (1.30  m  +    7.0) 

+    0.18  sin  (3.20  m  +  44.0) 

New  Haven,  Conn. 

41  18.5 

72  55-7 

7-78+    3.11  sin  (1-40  m  —  22.1) 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

40  42.7 

7400.4 

7.04+    2.77  sin  (1.30  m  —  18.1) 

+    0.14  sin  (6-3ow  +  64.0) 

Harrisburg,  Pa.  .         .         . 

40  15.9 

70  52.6 

2.93+    2.98  sin  (1.50  /»  +    0.2) 

Philadelphia,  Pa.         ... 

39  56-9 

7509.0 

5.36+    3.17  sin  (1.50  m  —  26.1) 

+    0.19  sin  (4-oow/  +  14.6) 

Washington,  D.  C. 

38  53-3 

77  00.6 

2-73+    2-57  sin  (1.45  m  —  21.6) 

+    0.14  sin  (12.00  m  +  27) 

Cape  Henry,  Va. 

36  55-6 

76  00.4 

2.42+    2.25  sin  (1.47  m  —  30.6) 

Charleston,  S.  C.         .         . 

32  46.6 

70  55-8 

—  1.82+    2.75  sin  (1.40  m  —  1  2.1)* 

Paris,  France       .        .         . 

48  50.2 

t  2  2O.2 

6-479  4~  16.002  sin  (0.765  m  +  1  18.77) 

+  [0.85  —  0.35  sin  (0.69/2)]  sin  [(4.04 

+  0.0054  //  +  .000035  «2)wJt 

St.  George's  Town,  Bermuda 

32  23.0 

64  42.O 

6.95  +  0.0145  m  +  0.00056  »/2  * 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil         .       :  . 

—  22  54.8 

4309-5 

2.19  +  9.91  sin  (0.80  m  —  10.4)* 

(6)  Central  Series  of  Stations. 

York  Factory,  B.  N.  A.      .       •  . 

56  59-9 

92  26.O 

7.34+16.03  sin  (i.io  m  —  97.9) 

Fort  Albany,  B.  N.  A.         .       ;  . 

52  22.0 

8238.0 

J5-78+  6.95  sin  (  i.  20  m  —  99.6)* 

Sault  Ste  Marie,  Mich.        .       ,. 

46  29.9 

84  20.1 

1.54  +  2.70  sin  (1.45  m  —  58.5) 

Toronto,  Canada         .         .       ;. 

43  39-4 

7923.5 

3.60  +  2.82  sin  (1.40  m  —  447) 

+  0.09  sin  (9.30  m  +  136) 

+  0.08  sin  (19.00  m  +  247) 

Chicago,  111  

41  50.0 

87  36-8 

—    3-77  +  2.48  sin  (1.45  m  —  62.5) 

Cleveland,  Ohio           .    '.    . 

41  30.4 

81  41.5 

0.47  +  2.39  sin  (1.30  m  —  14.8) 

Denver,  Colo  

39  45-3 

104  59.5 

—  15.30  +  o.oi  i  m  +  0.0005  m2 

Athens,  Ohio       .i       .         . 

39  I9-° 

82  02.0 

—    1.51  +  2.63  sin  (1.40  m  —  24.7) 

Cincinnati,  Ohio          .     '    . 

39  °8-4 

84  25.3 

—    2.59+  2.43  sin  (1.42^  —  37.9) 

St.  Louis,  Mo. 
New  Orleans,  La.        ... 

38  38.0 
29  52.2 

9O  12.2 
9003.9 

—    5.91  +  3.00  sin  (1.40  m  —  51.1)* 
—    5.20  +  2.98  sin  (  i  .40  m  —  69.8) 

Key  West,  Fla  

24  33-5 

81  48.5 

—   4.31  +  2.86  sin  11.30  m  —  23.9) 

Kingston,  Port  Royal,  Jamaica  . 

i7  55-9 

76  50.6 

—    3-8  1  +  2.39  sin  (i.io  m  —  10.6) 

(£)  Stations  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  etc. 

City  of  Mexico,  Mex. 

19  26.0 

9911.6 

—    5-34  +  3-  28  sin  (i.  oom—   87.9)* 

Cerros  Island,  Lower  Cal.,  Mex. 

28  04.0 

115   12.0 

—    7.40  +  4.61  sin  (1.05  tn  —  107.0) 

San  Francisco,  Cal.   '.         .'      |. 

37  47-5 

122  27.3 

—  13.94  +  2.65  sin  (1.05  m  —  135.5) 

Vancouver,  Wash.      .         .       ;. 

45  37-5 

12239.7 

—  17-93  +  3-12  sin  (1.35  w  —  '34-i) 

Sitka,  Alaska      .... 

57  02.9 

135  '9-7 

—  25.79  +  3.30  sin  (1.30  m  —  104.2) 

Port  Etches,  Alaska  .         .  •    J. 

60  20.7 

.  146  37-6 

—  23.71  +  7.89  sin  (1.35  m  —    80.9) 

Petropavjovsk,  Siberia      .  .       i  . 

530..0 

ti58  43.0 

—   3-35  +  2.97  sin  (  i  .30  m  +    1  2.  2) 

*  Approximate  expression.  t  East  longitude. 

t  Compiled  from  a  series  of  observations  extending  back  to  1541.  The  primary  wave  follows  the  sum  of  the  con- 
stant and  first  periodic  term  closely.  The  period  seems  to  be  about  470  years.  In  the  expression  for  the  secondary 
wave  n  =  t  —  1700. 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


TABLE  127. 


TERRESTRIAL    MAGNETISM. 

Secular  Variation  of  the  Declination.  —  Eastern  Stations.* 


Station. 

1800 

1810 

1820 

1830 

1840 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1890 

1900 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

0 

o 

o 

0 

St.  Johns,  N.  F.  .     . 

23-5 

25.0 

26.5 

28.0 

29.0 

29.9 

35-° 

30.8 

30.8 

3°-5 

29.9 

Quebec,  Canada  .     . 

12.  1 

12.1 

12.3 

12.9 

13.8 

14.9 

16.0 

16.9 

17.4 

!7-5 

'7-5 

Charlottetown, 

P.  E.  I.     .... 

_ 

_ 

_ 

I  Q.  -I 

2O.7 

2I.Q 

22.8 

21.4 

21.7 

21  7 

2T  •? 

Montreal,  Canada    . 

8.0 

7-8 

7-9 

y  j 

8.4 

^.w.  / 

94 

y 
10.7 

I2.O 

•"j"fr 
13.0 

~  O'/ 

I3.8 

^•Jv 
14.4 

J  J 
15.0 

Eastport,  Me.  .     .     . 

13.2 

I4.O 

14.8 

15.6 

16.4 

I7.I 

I7.8 

I8.3 

18.7 

18.9 

19.0 

Bangor,  Me.     .     .     . 

10.9 

II.4 

12.1 

12.8 

13.6 

144 

IS'2 

15-9 

16,5 

16.9 

17-3 

Halifax,  N.  S.  .     .     . 

15-9 

I6.7 

17.4 

lS.2 

18.9 

19.4 

19.9 

2O-3 

2O.6 

2O-7 

20.7 

Burlington,  Vt.     .     . 

7-3 

7.2 

7-5 

8.1 

8.9 

9-7 

10-3 

I  I.O 

11.9 

12.8 

!3-5 

Hanover,  N.  H.  .     . 

5-8 

6.0 

6-5 

7.2 

7-9 

8.8 

9-8 

10.8 

11.7 

12-5 

!3-! 

Portland,  Me.  .     .     . 

8.5 

8.9 

9-5 

IO.I 

10.8 

1  1.6 

12-3 

13.0 

13-6 

I4.I 

14.4 

Rutland,  Vt.    .     .     . 

6-3 

6.2 

6.5 

6.9 

7.6 

8-5 

94 

10.4 

"•3 

12-3 

13.0 

Portsmouth,  N.  H.  . 

74 

7-7 

8.1 

8.7 

9-5 

10.3 

n.  i 

11.9 

12.7 

l3-3 

J3-7 

Chesterfield,  N.  H.  . 

6.0 

6.4 

7-o 

7-7 

8-5 

94 

10.3 

11.2 

I2.O 

12.6 

Newburyport,  Mass. 

7-3 

7-6 

8.1 

8.6 

9-3 

1  0.0 

10.7 

11.4 

12.0 

12-5 

12.8 

Williamstown,.Mass. 

5-7 

5-9 

6-3 

6.8 

74 

8.1 

8.8 

9.6 

10-3 

IO-9 

11.4 

Albany,  N.  Y.      .     . 

- 

5-4 

5-8 

6-3 

7-o 

7-7 

8-5 

9.2 

9-9 

10-5 

10.9 

Salem,  Mass.   .     .     . 

6-3 

6.6 

7-2 

7-9 

8.7 

9.6 

10.6 

11.5 

12.3 

13.0 

13-S 

Oxford,  N.  Y.  .     .     . 

3-o 

3-1 

34 

3-9 

4-5 

S-1 

5-9 

6.6 

74 

8.0 

8.6 

Cambridge,  Mass.     . 

7-i 

7-5 

8.0 

8.6 

9-3 

1  0.0 

10.6 

II.  2 

1  1.6 

11.9 

12.0 

Boston,  Mass.  .     .     . 

6.9 

7-3 

7.8 

8.4 

9.0 

9-7 

10.3 

10-9 

"•5 

11.9 

12.2 

Provincetown,  Mass. 

7.2 

7-7 

8.2 

8.9 

9.6 

10.2 

10.9 

"•5 

I2.O 

12.4 

12.6 

Providence,  R.  I.  .     . 

6-5 

6-5 

6.7 

7-3 

8.2 

9-2 

9.8 

10.2 

10.8 

1  1.6 

12.  1 

Hartford,  Conn.  .     . 

S-2 

5-2 

5-5 

5-8 

6.2 

6.8 

74 

8.0 

8.6 

9.2 

9.8 

New  Haven,  Conn.  . 

4-7 

4-7 

5-° 

54 

5-9 

6.6 

7-3 

8.1 

8.8 

9-5 

IO.I 

Nantucket,  Mass. 

6.8 

7-2 

7-7 

8.7 

9.0 

9.6 

IO.I 

10.6 

I  I.O 

"•3 

II.5 

Cold  Spring  Harbor, 

N.  Y  

4-7 

4-9 

S-2 

5-6 

6.1 

6.7 

7-3 

7-9 

8.4 

8.9 

9-3 

New  York,  N.  Y.     . 

4-3 

4-5 

4.6 

S-o 

5-6 

6-3 

6.9 

74 

7-9 

8.5 

9.1 

Bethlehem,  Pa.    .     . 

2.6 

2-3 

2-3 

2-5 

2.9 

3-5 

4.2 

5-° 

5-8 

6.7 

74 

Huntingdon,  Pa.  .     . 

I.O 

0.8 

0.9 

i.i 

!-5 

2.1 

2.7 

3-5 

4.2 

4.9 

5-6 

New  Brunswick, 

N.J  

2-5 

2-9 

34 

4.0 

4-7 

5-3 

6.0 

6.6 

7-i 

7-5 

7-9 

Jamesburg,  N.  J.  .     . 

3-1 

3-i 

34 

3-8 

4-3 

4-9 

5-6 

6-3 

7.0 

7.6 

8.2 

Harrisburg,  Pa.    .     . 

0.0 

o-3 

0.8 

1.4 

2.2 

2.9 

3-7 

44 

5-o 

5-5 

5-8 

Hatboro,  Pa.   .     .     . 

1.8 

2.O 

2-5 

3-o 

3-7 

4-3 

5.0 

5-7 

6.7 

7.6 

8.0 

Philadelphia,  Pa.      . 

2.1 

2.2 

2.4 

2.9 

34 

4.1 

4-7 

54 

6.2 

7.0 

7-7 

Chambersburg,  Pa.  . 

-o-3 

—0-5 

—0-3 

O.2 

o-7 

1.4 

2.O 

2-7 

34 

4.2 

5-° 

Baltimore,  Md.     .     . 

0.6 

0-7 

0.9 

1.2 

1-7 

2.3 

2-9 

3-5 

4.2 

4-7 

5-2 

Washington,  D.  C.  . 

0.2 

O.2 

0.4 

0-7 

i.i 

i.o 

2-5 

2-9 

3-7 

4-3 

4.6 

Cape  Henlopen,  Del. 

0.8 

0-9 

i.i 

!-5 

2.O 

2.6 

2.4 

4.1 

4.9 

5-6 

6.2 

Williamsburg,  Va.     . 

—  O.2 

—o-3 

—  O.2 

0.0 

0.4 

0.9 

1.5 

2.1 

2-7 

3-3 

3-9 

Cape  Henry,  Va.  . 

0.2 

O.2 

O;2 

0.5 

0.8 

i-3 

1.8 

2-4 

2-9 

3-5 

.    3-9 

New  Berne,  N.  C.     . 

—  1.9 

—  1.9 

—1.6 

—  1.2 

—0.7 

0.2 

o-5 

I.I 

i-7 

2-3 

2.7 

Milledgeville,  Ga.     . 

—S-o 

—5-3 

-5.6 

-5-6 

—5-5 

—5-3 

—  s-° 

—4-5 

—4.0 

-34 

—2.7 

Charleston,  S.  C. 

—4-5 

—4-4 

—4.0 

-3-6 

—3-° 

—2.4 

—i-7 

—  i.i 

—0.4 

O.I 

o-5 

Savannah,  Ga.      .     . 

—47 

—4-7 

—4-2 

-3-8 

—3-3 

—2-7 

—  2.1 

—  1.4 

—0.9 

Paris,  France  .     .     . 

22.6 

22.3 

21.9 

21.8 

21.8 

20.9 

19.1 

17-5 

16.6 

15.1 

St.   George's  Town, 

B.  I  





m 

60 

60 

60 

71 

*7    C 

7  O 

8  d 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  Bra- 

u.y 

u.y 

u.y 

" 

/•b 

/•y 

o.^ 

zil    .....     .^ 

C    A 

A  C 

7    A 

—-2.2 

f>  f\ 

f\     A 

1.8 

31 

A    C 

c» 

J'T 

4-5 

J-4 

u.y 

O.4 

•* 

4-  5 

5-° 

*  This  table  gives  the  secular  variation  of  the  declination  since  the  year  1800  for  a  series  of  stations  in  the  Eastern 
States  and  adjacent  countries.  Compiled  from  a  paper  by  Mr.  Schott,  forming  App.  7,  Report  of  the  United  States 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  for  1888.  The  minus  sign  indicates  eastern  declination. 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 

114 


TABLE  1  28. 


TERRESTRIAL    MAGNETISM. 

Secular  Variation  of  the  Declination.  —  Central  Stations.* 


Station. 

1800 

1810 

1820 

1830 

1840 

1850 

I860 

1870 

1880 

1890 

1900 

York  Factory,  Brit. 

N.  A  

O.I 

—2.5 

—4-7 

-6-5 

-7-8 

-8-5 

—8.6 

—8.2 

—7-2 

-5-6 

-3-6 

Fort  Albany,  Brit. 

N.  A  

134 

I  2.  1 

10.9 

IO.O 

9-3 

8.9 

8.8 

9.1 

9.6 

10.3 

11.4 

Duluth,  Minn.   . 

j 

Superior  City,  Wis. 

r- 

~ 

— 

~* 

*"* 

-9.8 

—  IO.O 

—  IO.I 

—  IO.I 

—9.9 

-9-5 

Sault    Ste.    Marie, 

Mich  

—  o.  t; 

—  O.Q 

—  i.i 

—1.6 

—  i.o 

—0.8 

—  O.T 

O.2 

0.8 

I.C 

2.2 

Pierrepont   Manor, 

j 

v.y 

J 

j 

N.  Y  

_ 

_ 

2.6 

3.0 

1-5.7 

A.  e 

C.A 

6.^ 

7.2 

8.0 

8.8 

Toronto,  Canada    . 

_ 

- 

0.8 

J  / 

'•3 

T"    .} 

1.6 

j"r 

2.2 

3 

2-7 

/ 

3-6 

4.1 

4.8 

Grand  Haven,  Mich. 

- 

- 

—5.0 

—5.2 

—5-2 

—4-9 

—4-4 

—2.7 

—i-5 

Milwaukee,  Wis.    . 

- 

- 

—7-4 

-6.9 

6.2 

—5-4 

—4-5 

-3-6 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.    .     . 

O.2 

0.2 

0.4 

0.8 

i-3 

2.O 

2.8 

3-7 

4-5 

5-3 

6.0 

Detroit,  Mich.   .     . 

—3-2 

—  3-1 

—  2.9 

—2-5 

2.1 

—1.6 

I.O 

—0.4 

O.I 

0.6 

0.9 

Ypsilanti,  Mich. 

—4-1 

-3-6 

—3-o 

2.2 

—1.4 

—0.6 

O.2 

0.9 

i-5 

1.9 

Erie,  Pa  

—  °-5 

-o-5 

—0.4 

0.4 

0.9 

1.6 

2-3 

3-° 

3-6 

4.2 

Chicago,  111.  .     .     . 

—6.2 

-6-3 

—6.2 

—6.0 

-5.6 

—5-1 

-4.6 

—4.0 

—3-3 

Michigan  City,  Ind. 

- 

- 

- 

-5.6 

—5-4 

—5-0 

-4.6 

—4.0 

—3-5 

—2.9 

—2-3 

Cleveland,  Ohio 

—1.9 

—i-7 

—  1-5 

—  i.i 

—0.6 

—O.I 

0.4 

0.9 

1.4 

1.9 

2-3 

Omaha,  Neb.     .    . 

—12.5 

—12.6 

—  12.6 

—12.4 

—  12.0 

—11.5 

—  10.9 

IO.2 

—9-5 

-8-7 

Beaver,  Penn.    .    . 

—  I.I 

—'•3 

—  1-2 

—  I.I 

—0.8 

—  o-3 

O.2 

0.9 

!-5 

2.2 

2.8 

Pittsburg,  Pa.    .     . 

- 

- 

- 

O.2 

0.7 

i-3 

1.9 

2-5 

3-1 

3-5 

Denver,  Colo.    .     . 

- 

- 

— 

- 

- 

—'5-1 

—14.9 

—14.5 

—14.1 

Marietta,  Ohio  .     . 

_ 

—2.9 

—2.8 

—2.7 

—2-3 

—1.9 

—  !-3 

—0.6 

O.I 

0.8 

1.4 

Athens,  Ohio     . 

—4.1 

—4.1 

—3-9 

-3-6 

—  3-1 

—2.6 

2.O 

—1.4 

—0.7 

—  O.I 

0.4 

Cincinnati,  Ohio     . 

—4-9 

—5.0 

—5.0 

-4-8 

—4-5 

—4.1 

-3-6 

—3-0 

—2.4 

—1.8 

—'•3 

St.  Louis,  Mo.   . 

—8.9 

—8.6 

—8.2 

—7-7 

—7-i 

-6.4 

-5.6 

—4-9 

Nashville,  Tenn.    . 

— 

- 

-6.7 

-6.9 

—6.9 

-6.7 

-6-3 

-5-8 

-5-1 

—4-4 

-3-6 

Florence,  Ala.    .     . 

- 

-6-5 

-5-6 

-6.5 

-6.4 

—6.1 

—  5-7 

—5-3 

-4.8 

—4-3 

-3-8 

Mobile,  Ala.  .     . 

-5-8 

-6-3 

-6.7 

—7.0 

—7-1 

—7.0 

—  6.7 

-6.4 

-5-8 

—5-2 

-4.6 

Pensacola,  Fla.  .     . 

—6.8 

—7.2 

—7-5 

-7-6 

—7-4 

—7.1 

—6.6 

—6.0 

—5-3 

-4-6 

-3-8 

New  Orleans,  La.  . 

—7-i 

-7.6 

—8.0 

-8.1 

—  8.2 

—8.0 

—7-7 

—7-2 

-6.6 

—5-2 

San  Antonio,  Texas 

— 

- 

-9.8 

—  IO.I 

—10.3 

—  10.2 

IO.I 

-9-7 

—9-3 

—8.7 

—8.1 

Key  West,  Fla.      . 

- 

- 

-6.9 

-6-5 

-6.0 

—5-5 

-4.8 

—4-2 

-3-6 

—3-° 

—2.4 

Havana,  Cuba  .     . 

—7.0 

-6.9 

—6.6 

-6-3 

-5-8 

—5-3 

-4.8 

—4.2 

-3-6 

—3-0 

—2-5 

Kingston,  Port 

Royal,  Jamaica  . 

—6.0 

-5-8 

—5-5 

—5-i 

—4-7 

—4-3 

-3<8 

—3-3 

—2.9 

—2-5 

2.1 

Barbadoes,  Car.  Isl. 

—3-4 

—3-0 

—2-5 

2.O 

—  1-5 

—0.9 

—0.4 

O.I 

o-5 

0.9 

1.2 

Panama,  New  Gra- 

nada     .... 

—7-9 

-7-8 

-7.6 

—7-3 

—7.0 

-6.7 

-6-3 

—5-9 

—5-5 

—5-0 

-4.6 

*  This  table  gives  the  secular  variation  of  the  declination  since  the  year  1800  for  a  series  of  stations  in  the  Central 
States  and  adjacent  countries.     The  minus  sign  indicates  eastern  declination.     Reference  same  as  Table  127. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  129. 


TERRESTRIAL    MAGNETISM. 

Secular  Variation  of  the  Declination.  —  Western  Stations.  • 


Station. 

1800 

1810 

1820 

1830 

1840 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1890 

1900 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

Acapulco,  Mex.     .... 

7  6 

8.1 

8.c 

8  7 

80 

80 

87 

8.5 

8.1 

7  6 

7T 

Vera  Cruz,  Mex  

/  w 

8.6 

9.0 

"  J 

9-3 

**•-/ 

9-3 

u.y 
9-2 

o.y 
8.9 

o./ 

8.4 

7.0 

/.u 
6.2 

.,1 

5-3 

City  of  Mexico,  Mex.     .     . 

7-5 

7-9 

8.2 

8-5 

8.6 

8.6 

8.5 

84 

8.1 

7.8 

7-4 

San  Bias,  Mex.      ..... 

7-i 

7.8 

8.4 

8.9 

9-3 

9.4 

9.4 

9-3 

9.0 

8-5 

7-9 

Cape  San  Lucas,  Mex.  .     . 

6.2 

6.9 

7.6 

8-3 

8.8 

9.2 

9-5 

9.6 

9.6 

9-4 

9.0 

Magdalen  a  Bay,  L.  Cal.     . 

6.6 

7-4 

8.2 

8.9 

9-5 

IO.O 

10.3 

10.5 

10.5 

10.3 

IO.O 

Ceros  Island,  Mex.   .     .'   . 

9.0 

9.8 

10.5 

II.O 

"•5 

1  1.8 

12.0 

12.0 

11.9 

1  1.6 

II.2 

El  Paso,  Mex.  .    ,.     . 

- 

12.3 

12.5 

12.4 

12.3 

11.9 

11.4 

San  Diego,  Cal.    .     .     .:    . 

IO.3 

10.8 

114 

II.O 

12.7 

12.7 

I7.O 

I  T..2 

J-3-7 

1  1  1 

17  •» 

Santa  Barbara,  Cal.  .     .     . 

•  w\? 

n.6 

12.3 

*  *«t 

12.9 

V 

13-4 

*••  o 

*3-9 

**/ 

14-3 

*o 
14.6 

*O*r 

14.8 

JO 
14.8 

1  j-j 
14.8 

1  J-- 
14.6 

Monterey,  Cal.      .... 

12.3 

12.9 

13.4 

r3-9 

14.4 

14.9 

J5-3 

1  6.6 

15-9 

1  6.0 

16.1 

San  Francisco,  Cal.  .     .     . 

13.6 

14.1 

14.5 

15.0 

iS-4 

15.8 

16.1 

16.3 

16.5 

16.6 

1  6.6 

Cape  Mendocino  .... 

'5-1 

15.6 

16.0 

16.5 

16.9 

17.2 

17.4 

17.6 

17.7 

17.7 

17.6 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah     .     . 

- 

- 

16.0 

16.4 

1  6.6 

1  6.6 

16.3 

!5-7 

Vancouver,  Wash.     .     .     . 

16.8 

'7-5 

18.2 

18.9 

19.6 

20.2 

20.6 

20.9 

21.0 

2I.O 

20.8 

Walla  Walla,  Wash.      .     . 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

20-4 

20.8 

2I.O 

21.  1 

21.0 

20.8 

Cape  Disappointment, 

Wash  

17.7 

18.2 

187 

IO  2 

19.8 

2O  1 

20.8 

21.2 

21.6 

21.8 

2T   O 

Seattle,  Duwanish  Bay, 

/  / 

!<_»./ 

ly.  ^ 

•**J 

f*t'y 

Wash  

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

21.  1 

21.8 

22.1 

22.  T 

22.2 

22.1 

Port  Townsend,  Wash. 

18.1 

1  8.8 

19.6 

20-3 

20.9 

"1-O 
21.4 

21.7 

21.8 

21-5 

21.  1 

Nee-ah  Bay,  Wash.  .     .     . 

18.3 

18.9 

19.6 

20-3 

21.0 

21.6 

22.1 

22.5 

22-7 

22.7 

22.6 

Nootka,  Vancouver  Island 
Captain's  and  Iliuliuk  Har- 

19.6 

20.  i 

20.7 

21.3 

22.O 

22.5 

23.0 

23-5 

23.8 

23-9 

24.0 

bors,  Unilaska  Island     . 

19-3 

19.6 

19.7 

19.8 

19.7 

19.7 

19-5 

19-3 

18.9 

1  8.6 

18.2 

Sitka,  Alaska    

26.4 

27.1 

278 

28.1 

28.7 

2Q.O 

20.  1 

2Q.O 

28.8 

28.4 

^7  O 

St.  Paul,  Kadiak  Island     . 

*\Mf 

25-5 

*/  *A 

26.4 

*/  •*J 

27.0 

•*"O 

27-3 

*'«-'•/ 

27.4 

—  y.w 

27.1 

^.y.  « 

26.6 

^.y.w 

25-9 

25.0 

23-9 

"/•y 
22.7 

Port  Mulgrave,  Yakutat 

Bay,  Alaska  

27.8 

29.2 

7O  A 

11  2 

11  7 

->i  8 

11.  A 

7O.7 

2O  7 

28.4 

26.8 

Port  Etches,  Alaska  .     .     . 

*/•** 

27.8 

29-3 

Jw"+ 

3°-4 

ji.i 
31.2 

J1'/ 
31.6 

O*'° 

3!-5 

J"1 

31.0 

J***/ 

30.1 

*yv 

28.8 

27-3 

25-5 

Port  Clarence,  Alaska  .     . 

- 

26.6 

27.0 

26.9 

26.4 

25-6 

24.4 

22.9 

21.2 

'9-5 

Chamisso    Island,    Kotze- 

bue  Sound     

_ 

_ 

ii.  i 

11   1 

•31.  1 

-?o  t; 

29.6 

28  1 

26.8 

2C  ^ 

->-j  r 

Petropavlovsk,  Kamchatka, 

i}*** 

J1-J 

Jl    * 

JUO 

mf'J 

•y« 

~OO 

Siberia      

c  7 

52 
.^ 

A  7 

A    T 

1  A 

2  7 

2.1 

1    r 

I  .O 

O  7 

O  £ 

0  •/ 

*•/ 

*T  * 

j-4 

••/ 

1-J 

**/ 

(J.ij 

*  This  table  gives  the  secular  variation  of  the  declination  since  the  year  1800  for  a  series  of  stations  in  the  Western 
States  and  adjacent  countries.    The  declinations  are  all  east  of  north.     Reference  same  as  Table  127. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

116 


TABLE  13O. 


TERRESTRIAL    MAGNETISM. 


Agonic  Lines.* 


The  line  of  no  declination  is  moving  westward  in  the  United  States, 
and  east  declination  is  decreasing  west  of,  while  west  declination  is 
increasing  east  of  the  agonic  line. 


Lat.  N. 

Longitudes  of  the  agonic  line  for  the  years  — 

1800 

1850 

1875 

1890 

o 

0 

o 

o 

o 

25 

- 

- 

- 

75-5 

3° 

- 

- 

- 

78.6 

35 

- 

76.7 

79.0 

79-9 

6 

75-2 

77-3 

79-7 

80.5 

7 

76-3 

77-7 

80.6 

82.2 

8 

76.7 

78.3 

81.3 

82:6 

9 

76.9 

78.7 

81.6 

82.2 

40 

77-o 

79-3 

81.6 

82.7 

i 

77-9 

80.4 

81.8 

82.8 

2 

79.1 

81.0 

82.6 

83-7 

3 

179-4 

81.2 

83.1 

84-3 

4 

79-8 

- 

83.3 

84.9 

45 

1    - 

- 

83.6 

85.2 

6 

- 

- 

84.2 

84.8 

7 

- 

- 

85.1 

854 

8 

- 

- 

86.0 

85-9 

9 

— 

— 

86.5 

86.3 

*  Reference  same  as  Table  127. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


I!/ 


TABLE  131 . 


TERRESTRIAL   MAGNETISM. 


Date  of  Maximum  East  Declination.* 


This  table  gives  the  date  of  maximum  east  declination  for  a  number  of 
stations,  beginning  at  the  northeast  of  the  United  States  and  ex- 
tending down  the  Atlantic  coast  to  New  York  and  west  to  the  Pacific. 


Station. 

Date. 

Halifax.t  N.  S.                          .  .       . 

1714 

Eastport,  Me.          .  .  '     . 

17  C7 

Bangor,  Me  

1  1  JJ 
1774 

Portland,  Me.           .... 

1779 

Boston,  Mass.          .... 

1780 

New  Haven,  Conn. 

I8OO 

New  York,  N.  Y  

1784 

Jamesburg,  N.  J. 

1802 

Philadelphia,  Pa  

1802 

Pittsburg,  Pa.          .... 

1808 

Cincinnati,  Ohio      .... 

l8l4 

Florence,  Ala.          .... 

1821 

l822 

Nashville,  Tenn  

1834 

Chicago,  111.    ..... 

I83I 

Denver,  Colo.          .... 

1839 

Salt  Lake,  Utah      .... 

1873 

Vancouver,  Wash. 

I883 

Cape  Mendocino,  Cal.     .        « 

1886 

San  Francisco,  Cal.        .         .        . 

1893 

*  Reference  same  as  Table  127. 

t  The  opposite  phase  of  maximum  west  declination  is  now  located 
at  Halifax. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


118 


TABLE    132. 

PRESSURE    OF    COLUMNS    OF    MERCURY    AND   WATER. 

British  and  metric  measures.     Correct  at  o°  C.  for  mercury  and  at  4°  C.  for  water. 


METRIC  MEASURE. 

BRITISH  MEASURE. 

Cms.  of 
Hg. 

Pressure 
in  grammes  per 
sq.  cm. 

Pressure 
in  pounds  per 
sq.  inch. 

Inches  of 
Hg. 

Pressure 
in  grammes  per 
sq.  cm. 

Pressure 
in  pounds  per 
sq.  inch. 

1 

I3-S956 

0.193376 

1 

34-533 

0.491174 

2 

27.1912 

0.386752 

2 

69.066 

0.982348 

3 

40.7868 

0.580128 

3 

103.598 

1.473522 

4 

54.3824 

0-773504 

4 

latop 

1.964696 

5 

67.9780 

0.966880 

5 

172.664 

2.455870 

6 

81.5736 

1.160256 

6 

207.197 

2.947044 

7 

95.1692 

I-353632 

7 

241.730 

3.438218 

8 

108.7648 

1.547008 

8 

276.262 

3.929392 

9 

122.3604 

1.740384 

9 

3<o-795 

4.420566 

10 

I35-9560 

I-933760 

10 

345-328 

4.911740 

Cms.  of 
HjO. 

Pressure 
in  grammes  per 
sq.  cm. 

Pressure 
in  pounds  per 
sq.  inch. 

Inches  of 
H,O. 

Pressure 
in  grammes  per 
sq.  cm. 

Pressure 
in  pounds  per 
sq.  inch. 

1 

I 

0.0142234 

1 

2-54 

0.036227 

2 

2 

0.0284468 

2 

5.08 

0.072255 

3 

3 

0.0426702 

3 

7.62 

0.108382 

4 

4 

0.0568936 

4 

10.16 

0.144510 

5 

5 

0.0711170 

5 

12.70 

0.180637 

6 

6 

0.0853404 

6 

i5-24 

0.216764 

7 

7 

0.0995658 

7 

17.78 

0.252892 

8 

8 

0.1137872 

8 

20.32 

0.289019 

9 

9 

0.1280106 

9 

22.86 

0.325147 

10 

10 

0.1422340 

10 

25.40 

0-361274 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


119 


TABLE  133. 

REDUCTION   OF   BAROMETRIC  HEIGHT  TO   STANDARD    TEMPERATURE.* 


Corrections  for  brass  scale  and 
English  measure. 

Corrections  for  brass  scale  and 
metric  measure. 

Corrections  for  glass  scale  and 
metric  measure. 

Height  o£ 
barometer  in 
inches. 

a 

in  inches  for 
temp.  F. 

Height  of 
barometer  in 
mm. 

a 

in  mm.  for 
temp.  C. 

Height  of 
barometer  in 
mm. 

a 

in  mm.  for 
temp.  C. 

150 

0.00135 

400 

0.0651 

50 

0.0086 

16.0 

.00145 

410 

.0668 

IOO 

.0172 

17.0 

.00154 

420 

.0684 

!5° 

.0258 

«7-5 

.00158 

43° 

.0700 

2OO 

•°345 

18.0 

.00163 

440 

.0716 

2SO 

.0431 

18.5 

.00167 

45° 

.0732 

300 

•0517 

19.0 

.00172 

460 

.0749 

35° 

.0603 

19.5 

.00176 

470 

.0765 

;.     480 

.0781 

400 

0.0689 

200 

0.00181 

49° 

.0797 

45° 

•0775 

20.5 

.00185 

500 

.0861 

2I.O 

.00190 

500 

0.0813 

520 

.0898 

21-5 

.00194 

5W 

.0830 

540 

•0934 

22.O 

.00199 

520 

.0846 

560 

.0971 

22-5 

.00203 

53° 

.0862 

580 

.1007 

23.0 

.00208 

540 

.0878 

23-5 

.00212 

55° 

.0894 

GOO 

0.1034 

560 

.0911 

610 

.1051 

24.0 

0.00217 

570 

.0927 

620 

.1068 

24-5 

.00221 

i        580 

•0943 

630 

.1085 

25.0 

.00226 

i,    590 

.0959 

640 

.1103 

25-5 

.00231 

650 

.1120 

26.0 

.00236 

600 

0.0975 

660 

•"37 

26.5 

.00240 

610 

.0992 

27.0 

.00245 

620 

.1008 

670 

0.1154 

27-5 

.00249 

;'       630 

.1024 

680 

.1172 

640 

.1040 

690 

.1189 

28.0 

0.00254 

650 

.1056 

700 

.1206 

28.5 

.00258 

660 

•1073 

710 

.1223 

29.0 

.00263 

670 

.1089 

720 

.1240 

29.2 

.00265 

680 

.1105 

73° 

.1258 

29.4 

.00267 

690 

.1121 

29.6 

.00268 

740 

0.1275 

29.8 

.00270 

700 

O.II37 

75° 

.1292 

30.0 

.00272 

710 

•"54 

760 

.1309 

j      720 

.1170 

770 

,       -1327 

30.2 

0.00274 

73° 

.1186 

780 

•1344 

3°-4 

.00276 

740 

.I2Q2 

790 

.1361 

30.6 

.00277 

75° 

.I2r8 

800 

•1378 

30.8 

.06279 

i        760 

•I235 

1 

31.0 

.00281 

!         77° 

.1251 

850 

0.1464 

31.2 

i       .00283 

780 

.1267 

900 

•1S51 

3.M 

.00285 

i         790 

.1283 

950 

.1639 

31.6 

.00287 

8OO 

.1299 

IOOO 

.1723 

.  *  The  height  of  the  barometer  is  affected  by  the  relative  thermal  expansion  of  the  mercury  and  the  glass, 
in  the  case  of  instruments  graduated  on  the  glass  tube,  and  by  the  relative  expansion  of  the  mercury  an<}  the 
metallic  inclosing  case,  usually  of  brass,  in  the  case  of  instruments  graduated  on  the  brass  case.  This  relative 
expansion  is  practically  proportional  to  the  first  power  of  the  temperature.  The  above  tables  of  values  of 


lemperaiuie  ui  «tpfjiuAiiii<ttciy  ma  .5  r.,  DCGBUVC   ifi   me  idci 
at  62°  F.,  while  mercury  has  the  standard  density  at  32°  F. 

EXAMPLE.  —  A  barometer  having  a  brass  scale  gave  t/  =  76$  mm.  at  25°  C. ;  required,  the  corresponding 
reading  at  o°  C.  Here  the  value  of  a  is  the  mean  of  .1235  ar>d  .1251,  or  .1243;  .'.  a  (t1  —  t)  =  .1243  X  25  =  3.11. 
Hence  //0  =  765  —  3.11  —  761.89. 

N.  B.  —  Although  o  is  here  given  to  three  and  sometimes  to  four  significant  figures,  it  is  seldom  worth  while 
to  use  more  than  the  nearest  two-figure  number.  In  fact,  all  barometers  have  not  the  same  values  for  a,  and 
when  great  accuracy  is  wanted  the  proper  coefficients  have  to  be  determined  by  experiment. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

1 2O 


TABLE  134. 


CORRECTION    OF    BAROMETER    TO   STANDARD    GRAVITY. 


Height 

Observed  height  of  barometer  in  millimetres. 

above  sea 

level  in 

metres. 

400 

450 

500 

55° 

600 

650 

700 

750 

800 

IOO 

.014 

.015 

.016 

200 

.028 

.030 

.032 

300 

Correction   in   millime- 

.041 

.044 

.047 

400 

tres  for  elevation   above 

•°55 

•°59 

.063 

500 
600 

sea  level  in   first  column 
and  height  of  barometer 
in  top  line. 

.064 

.077 

.068 
.082 

.oy  "? 

.078 

7OO 

.OOX) 

.096 

.102 

800 

.103 

.109 

.117 

900 

.115 

.123 

•T3' 

IOOO 

.108 

.118 

.128 

•137 

.146 

I  IOO 

.118 

.130 

.141 

.150 

1200 

.129 

.142 

•154 

.164 

1300 

.140 

•153 

.166 

.178 

I4OO 

•'51 

.165 

.I79 

.191 

I5OO 

.147 

.162 

.176 

.191 

.205 

I600 

•'  57 

.172 

.188 

.204 

I7OO 

.167 

.183 

.200 

.217 

l8oo 
I90O 
2OOO 
2IOO 
22OO 
2300 
24OO 

.176 
.185 
.194 
.203 
.212 

•177 
.187 
.196 
.206 
.216 
.226 
.236 

.194 
.204 
•215 
.226 

•237 
.248 

•259 

.212 
.224 

•235 
.247 

•259 
.271 
.283 

•230 
.242 
.255 

i-345 
.291 

•340 
.292 
.244 
.196 
.149 

1.245 
1.203 
.162 
.I2O 
.088 
.046 
.004 

15000 
14500 
14000 
13500 
13000 
12500 

12000 

25OO 

.195 

.220 

•245 

.270 

•295 

•237 

.101 

.962 

II5OO 

27OO 
2800 
20X)0 
3OOO 
3IOO 
3200 

•203 
'211 
.219 
.227 
•235 
•243 
.251 

.229 
.238 

•247 
.256 
.265 
.274 
.283 

•255 
.265 

.294 

I.O5O 

•984 
.918 

•3IS 

.196 
.136 
.076 
.Ol6 

•957 

.184 
.130 
.076 

.022 
.969 

•915 
.861 

•053 
.005 

•957 
•909 
.861 
.813 
•765 

.920 
.879 
•837 

•795 
•753 

I  IOOO 
10500 
lOOOO 

9500 

9000 
8500 
8000 

3300 
3400 

•259 
.267 

.292 
.201 

1.077 
1.005 

.787 

.721 

.897 
•837 

.807 

•753 

7500 

7000 

35°° 

^83 

•3°9 

•934 
.862 

.655 
.789 

•777 
.718 

.700 

6500 
6000 

3700 
3800 
3900 
4OOO 

.291 
.299 
•307 
•314 

•779 
.701 
.623 

.790 
.718 
.646 
•574 

•724 
.658 

•592 
.526 

.658 
•598 

5500 

5000 

4500 

4000 

•5°3 
.419 

•545 
.467 

•389 

•503 
•43  ! 
•359 

.461 

•395 

Corrections   in   hundredths 
of  an  inch  for  elevation  above 
sea  level  in  last  column  and 

3500 
3000 
2500 

.269 

•335 
•251 

•233 

.287 
.215 

height  of  barometer  in  bottom 
line. 

2OOO 
I5OO 

.192 

.179 

.167 

•155 

IOOO 

.096 

.OOX) 

.084 

.078 

500 

32 

3° 

28 

26 

24 

22 

20 

18 

16 

14 

Height 

above  sea 

level  in 

Observed  height  of  barometer  in  inches. 

feet. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


121 


TABLE  135. 

REDUCTION    OF    BAROMETER    TO    STANDARD    GRAVITY.* 

Reduction  to  Latitude  45  .  —  English  Scale. 

N.  B.     From  latitude  o"  (o  44°  the  correction  is  to  be  subtracted. 
From  latitude  90°  to  46°  the  correction  is  to  be  added. 


Latitude. 

Height  of  the  barometer  in  inches. 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

0° 

90° 

0.051 

0.053 

0.056 

0.059 

0.06  1 

0.064 

0.06/ 

0.069 

0.072 

0.074 

0.077 

0.080 

5 

85 

0.050 

0.052 

0-055 

0.058 

O.o6o 

0.063 

0.066 

0.068 

O.O7I 

0-073 

0.076 

0.079 

6 

84 

.049 

.052 

•055 

•057 

.060 

.062 

.065 

.068 

.070 

•073 

.076 

.078 

7 

83 

.049 

.052 

•054 

•057 

•059 

.062 

.065 

.067 

.070 

.072 

•075 

.077 

8 

82 

.049 

.051 

•054 

.056 

•059 

.061 

.064 

.067 

.069 

.072 

.074 

.077 

9 

81 

.048 

.051 

•°53 

.056 

.058 

.061 

.063 

.066 

.068 

.071 

•073 

.076 

10 

80 

0.048 

0.050 

0-053 

0.055 

0.058 

O.o6o 

0.063 

0.065 

0.068 

0.070 

0.073 

0.075 

ii 

79 

.047 

.049 

.052 

.054 

•057 

•°59 

.062 

.064 

.067 

.069 

.072 

•074 

12 

78 

.046 

.049 

.051 

•054 

.056 

.058 

.061 

.063 

.066 

.068 

.071 

•073 

'3 

77 

•045 

.048 

.050 

•053 

•055 

.057 

.060 

.062 

.065 

.067 

.069 

.072 

14 

76 

.045 

.047 

•049 

.052 

•054 

.056 

.059 

.06: 

.063 

.066 

.068 

.071 

15 

75 

0.044 

0.046 

0.048 

0.051 

0.053 

0.055 

0.058 

O.O6O 

0.062 

0.065 

0.067 

0.069 

16 

74 

•043 

•045 

•047 

.050 

.052 

•054 

.056 

•059 

.061 

.063 

.065 

.068 

17 

73 

.042 

•044 

.046 

.049 

.051 

•053 

•055 

•057 

.060 

.062 

.064 

.066 

18 

72 

.041 

•043 

•045 

.047 

.050 

.052 

•054 

.056 

.058 

.060 

.062 

.065 

'9 

7' 

.040 

.042 

.044 

.046 

.048 

•050 

.052 

.055 

.057 

.059 

.061 

.063 

20 

70 

0.039 

0.041 

0.043 

0.045 

0.047 

0.049 

0.051 

0-053 

0.055 

0.057 

0.059 

0.06  1 

21 

69 

.038 

.040 

.042 

•044 

.045 

•047 

.049 

.051 

•053 

•055 

•057 

•°59 

22 

68 

.036 

.038 

.040 

.042 

.044 

.046 

.048 

.050 

.052 

•054 

.056 

•057 

23 

67 

•°35 

•037 

•039 

.041 

•043 

.044 

.046 

.048 

.050 

.052 

.054 

•055 

24 

66 

•034 

.036 

•037 

•039 

.041 

•043 

.045 

.046 

.048 

.050 

.052 

•053 

25 

65 

o-033 

0.034 

0.036 

0.038 

0.039 

0.041 

0.043 

O.O44 

0.046 

0.048 

0.050 

0.051 

26 

64 

031 

•033 

•034 

.036 

•038 

•039 

.041 

•043 

.044 

.046 

.048 

.049 

27 

63 

.030 

.031 

•033 

•034 

.036 

.038 

•039 

.041 

.042 

.044 

•045 

.047 

28 

62 

.028 

.030 

.031 

•033 

•034 

.036 

•037 

•039 

.040 

.042 

•043 

•045 

29 

61 

.027 

t.028 

.030 

.031 

.032 

•034 

•035 

•037 

.038 

•039 

.041 

.042 

30 

60 

0.025 

0.027 

0.028 

0.029 

0.031 

0.032 

0-033 

0.035 

0.036 

0.037 

0.039 

O.040 

31 

59 

.024 

.025 

.026 

.027 

.029 

.030 

.031 

.032 

•034 

•°35 

.036 

•037 

32 

58 

.022 

.023 

.025 

.026 

.027 

.028 

.029 

.030 

.032 

•033 

•034 

•035 

33 

57 

.021 

.022 

.023 

.024 

.025 

.026 

.027 

.028 

.029 

.030 

.031 

.032 

34 

56 

.OI9 

.020 

.O2I 

.022 

.023 

.024 

.025 

.026 

.027 

.028 

.O2Q 

.030 

35 

55 

0.017 

0.018 

O.Oig 

O.O2O 

O.O2I 

O.O22 

0.023 

O.O24 

O.O25 

0.025 

O.O26 

O.027 

36 

54 

.Ol6 

.016 

.017 

.018 

.019 

.020 

.O2I 

.021 

.022 

•023 

.024 

.025 

37 

53 

.OI4 

.015 

.015 

.Ol6 

.017 

.018 

.018 

.OI9 

.O2O 

.O2I 

.021 

.022 

38 

52 

.012 

.013 

.014 

.OI4 

.015 

.015 

.Ol6 

.017 

.017 

.018 

.Dig 

.019 

39 

5i 

.Oil 

.Oil 

.OI2 

.OI2 

.013 

.013 

.014 

.OI4 

.015 

.015 

.Ol6 

.017 

40 

50 

O.OO9 

0.009 

O.OIO 

O.OIO 

O.OII 

O.OII 

O.OI2 

O.OI2 

O.OI2 

0.013 

0.013 

O.OI4 

4' 

49 

.007 

.007 

.008 

.008 

.009 

.009 

.OO9 

.OIO 

.OIO 

.OIO 

.Oil 

.Oil 

42 

48 

.OO5 

.006 

.006 

.006 

.006 

.007 

.007 

.007 

.008 

.008 

.008 

.008 

43 

47 

.OO4 

.004 

.004 

.004 

.004 

.004 

.005 

.OO5 

.005 

.005 

.005 

.co6 

44 

46 

;002 

.002 

.002 

.002 

.002 

.002 

.002 

.002 

.003 

.003 

.003 

.003 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  "  Smithsonian  Meteorological  Tables,"  p.  58. 
122 


TABLE  136. 
REDUCTION    OF    BAROMETER    TO   STANDARD   GRAVITY.* 

Reduction  to  Latitude  45°.  —Metric  Scale. 

N.  B.  —  From  latitude  o°  to  44°  the  correction  is  to  be  subtracted. 
From  latitude  90°  to  46°  the  correction  is  to  be  added. 


Latitude. 

Height  of  the  barometer  in  millimetres. 

520 

S6o 

600 

620 

640 

660 

680 

700 

720 

740 

760 

780 

mm. 

mm. 

mm. 

mm. 

mm. 

mm. 

mm. 

mm. 

mm. 

mm. 

mm. 

nun. 

0° 

90° 

I.38 

1.49 

1.  60 

1.65 

1.70 

I.76 

1.81 

1.86 

1.92 

1.97 

2.O2 

2.08 

5 

85 

1.36 

1.47 

•57 

1.63 

.68 

x-73 

1.81 

1.84 

1.89 

1-94 

•99 

2.04 

6 

84 

J-35 

1.46 

•56 

i.  61 

•67 

1.72 

1.78 

1.82 

1.87 

i-93 

.98 

2.03 

7 

83 

i-34 

i-45 

•55 

.60 

•65 

1.70 

1.77 

1.81 

1.86 

1.91 

.96 

2.01 

8 

82 

•54 

•59 

.64 

1.69 

1.76 

1.79 

1.84 

1.89 

•94 

2.OO 

9 

81 

1.32 

1.42 

•52 

•57 

.62 

1.67 

1.74 

i-77 

1.82 

1.87 

.92 

1-97 

10 

80 

1.30 

1.40 

.50 

•55 

.60 

1.65 

1.70 

i-75 

i.  80 

1.85 

.90 

1-95 

ii 

79 

1.28 

1.38 

.48 

•53 

•58 

1.63 

1.68 

1.73 

1.78 

1.83 

.88 

'•93 

12 

78 

1.26 

1.36 

.46 

•51 

.56 

i.  60 

1.65 

1.70 

1.75 

i.  80 

•85 

1.90 

13 
14 

77 
76 

1.24 

1.22 

i-34 
1.32 

•44 
.41 

.48 
.46 

•53 

•5° 

1-58 

'•55 

1.63 
i.  60 

1.67 
1.65 

1.72 
1.69 

i-77 
1-74 

.82 
•79 

1.87 
1.83 

15 

75 

1.  2O 

1.29 

•38 

•43 

.48 

1.52 

i-57 

1.61 

1.66 

1.71 

•75 

i.  80 

16 

74 

I.I7 

1.26 

•35 

.40 

•44 

1.49 

t-54 

1-58 

1.63 

1.67 

•72 

1.76 

17 

73 

*•*& 

1.24 

•32 

•37 

.41 

1.45 

1.50 

i-54 

i-59 

1.63 

.68 

1.72 

18 

72 

1.  12 

1.  21 

.29 

•34 

•38 

1.42 

1.46 

I-5I 

'•55 

i-59 

.64 

1.68 

19 

I.O9 

I.I7 

.26 

•3° 

•34 

1.38 

i-43 

1.47 

1.51 

i-55 

•59 

1.64 

20 

70 

1.  06 

I.I4 

.22 

.26 

•3i 

r-35 

i-39 

i-43 

1.47 

1.51 

i-55 

i-59 

21 

69 

1.03 

I.  II 

.19 

•23 

•27 

1-31 

i-35 

1-38 

1.42 

1.46 

1.50 

1.54 

22 

68 

I.OO 

1.07 

•15 

.19 

.23 

1.26 

1.30 

i-34 

1.38 

1.42 

.46 

1.49 

23 

67 

0.96 

I.O4 

.11 

.18 

1.22 

1.26 

1.29 

1.33 

'•37 

.41 

1.44 

24 

66 

•93 

I.OO 

1.07 

.10 

.14 

1.18 

I.2I 

1.25 

1.28 

1.32 

•35 

i-39 

25 

65 

0.89 

0.96 

1.03 

i.  06 

.10 

I-I3 

1.16 

I.2O 

1.23 

1.27 

•3° 

1-33 

26 

64 

•85 

•92 

0.98 

i.  02 

.05 

1.  08 

i.  ii 

I-I5 

1.18 

I.2I 

•25 

1.28 

27 

63 

.81 

.88 

•94 

0.97 

.00 

1.03 

i.  06 

I.IO 

"3 

1.  16 

.19 

1.22 

28 

62 

•77 

•83 

.89 

.Q2 

0.95 

0.98 

I.OI 

1.04 

1.07 

I.IO 

.13 

1.16 

29 

61 

•73 

•79 

•85 

.87 

.90 

•93 

0.96 

0.99 

i.  02 

1.04 

.07 

I.IO 

30 

60 

0.69 

0-75 

0.80 

0.83 

0.85 

0.88 

0.91 

0.94 

0.96 

0.98 

I.OI 

1.04 

31 

59 

•65 

.70 

•75 

•77 

.80 

.82 

•85 

.87 

.90 

.92 

0.95 

0.97 

32 

58 

.61 

•65 

.70 

.72 

•75 

•77 

•79 

.82 

.84 

.86 

.89 

.91 

33 

57 

.56 

.61 

.65 

.67 

.69 

.71 

•74 

.76 

•78 

.80 

.82 

.84 

34 

56 

.52 

•56 

.60 

.62 

.64 

.66 

.68 

.70 

.72 

•74 

.76 

.78 

35 

55 

0.47 

0.51 

o-55 

0.56 

0.58 

0.60 

0.62 

0.64 

0.66 

0.67 

0.69 

0.71 

36 

54 

•43 

.46 

•49 

.51 

•53 

•54 

•56 

•58 

•59 

.61 

•63 

.64 

!     37 

53 

-38 

.41 

•44 

•45 

•47 

.48 

•5° 

•51 

•53 

•54 

.56 

•57 

38 

52 

•33 

.36 

•39 

.40 

.41 

•43 

•44 

•45 

.46 

.48 

•49 

.50 

39 

51 

.29 

•33 

•34 

•35 

•37 

•38 

•39 

.40 

.41 

.42 

•43 

40 

50 

0.24 

0.26 

0.28 

0.29 

0.30 

0.31 

0.31 

0.32 

0.33 

0.34 

o-3<; 

0.36 

41 

49 

.19 

.21 

.22 

•23 

.24 

.24 

•25 

.26 

•27 

.27 

.28 

•29    , 

42 

48 

.14 

.16 

•17 

•17 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.19 

.20 

.21 

.21 

.22 

43 

47 

.10 

.10 

.11 

.12 

.12 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.13 

.14 

.14 

.14 

44 

46 

.05 

•05 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.07 

.07 

.07 

.07 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  "  Smithsonian  Meteorological  Tables,"  p.  59. 
123 


TABLE  137. 


CORRECTION   OF  THE   BAROMETER   FOR  CAPILLARITY.* 


i.   METRIC  MEASURE. 

HEIGHT  OF  MENISCUS  IN  MILLIMETRES. 

Diameter 
of  tube 

04 

0.6 

0.8 

1.0 

1.2 

1.4 

1.6 

1.8 

in  mm. 

Correction  to  be  added  in  millimetres. 

4 

0.83 

1.22 

i-54 

1.98 

2-37 

_ 

_ 

_ 

5 

•47 

0.65 

0.86 

I.IQ 

i-45 

i.  80 

- 

_ 

6 

.27 

.41 

.56 

0.78 

0.98 

1.  21 

i-43 

- 

7 

.18 

.28 

.40 

•53 

.67 

0.82 

0.97 

"3 

8 

- 

.20 

.29 

•3! 

.46 

•56 

•65 

o-77 

9 

- 

•'5 

.21 

.28 

•33 

•  40 

.46 

•52 

10 

- 

- 

•!5 

.20 

.25 

.29 

•33 

•37 

ii 

— 

- 

.10 

.14 

.18 

.21 

•24 

•27 

12 

- 

- 

.07 

.10 

•r3 

•'5 

.18 

.19 

J3 

.04 

.07 

.10 

.12 

•'3 

.14 

2.   BRITISH  MEASURE. 

HEIGHT  OF  MENISCUS  IN  INCHES. 

Diameter 
of  tube 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.06 

.07 

.08 

in  inches. 

Correction  to  be  added  in  hundredths  of  an  inch. 

•J5 

2.36 

4.70 

6.86 

9-23 

11.56 

_ 

_ 

_ 

.20 

1.  10 

2.20 

3.28 

4-54 

5-94 

7.85 

- 

- 

•25 

o-55 

1.20 

1.92 

2.76 

3.68 

4.72 

5.88 

- 

•3° 

•36 

o-79 

1.26 

1.77 

2.30 

2.88 

3-48 

4.20 

•35 

•51 

0.82 

i-i5 

1.49 

1.85 

2.24 

2.65 

.40 

- 

.40 

.61 

0.81 

i.  02 

1.22 

1.42 

1.62 

•45 

- 

•32 

•Si 

0.68 

0.83 

0.96 

1-15 

•50 

- 

- 

.20 

•35 

•47 

.<6 

.64 

0.71 

•55 

.08 

.20 

•31 

.40 

•47 

•52 

*  The  first  table  is  from  Kohlrausch  (Experimental  Physics),  and  is  based  on  the  experiments  of  Mendelejeff  and 
Gutkowski  (Jour,  de  Phys.  Chem.  Geo.  Petersburg,  1877,  or  Wied.  Beib.  1867).  The  second  table  has  been  calcu- 
lated from  the  same  data  by  conversion  into  inches  and  graphic  interpolation. 

A  number  of  tables,  mostly  based  on  theoretical  formulae  and  the  capillary  constants  of  mercury  in  glass  tubes  in 
air  and  vacuum,  were  given  in  the  fourth  edition  of  Guyot's  Tables,  and  may  be  there  referred  to.  They  are  not 
repeated  here,  as  the  above  is  probably  more  accurate,  and  historical  matter  is  excluded  for  convenience  in  the  use 
of  the  book. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


124 


TABLE  138. 


ABSORPTION  OF  CASES  BY   LIQUIDS.* 


ABSORPTION  COEFFICIENTS,  at,  FOR  GASES  IN  WATER. 

Temperature 

Centigrade. 

1 

Carbon 
dioxide. 
C02 

Carbon 
monoxide. 
CO 

Hydrogen. 
H 

Nitrogen. 

Nitric 
oxide. 
NO 

Nitrous 
oxide. 
N2O 

Oxygen. 

O 

1.797 

0-0354 

O.O2IIO 

0.02399 

0.0738 

I 

305 

0.04925 

5 

1.450 

•03  *  5 

.O2O22 

.02134 

.0646 

I 

095 

•04335 

IO 

I.I 

8S 

.0282 

.01944 

.01918 

•0571 

0.920 

.03852 

15 

I.OO2 

.0254 

.01875 

.01742 

•OS'S 

0.778 

•03456 

20 

O.9OI 

.0232 

.Ol8O9 

.01599 

.0471 

0.670 

•°3'37 

25 

0.772 

.0214 

.  -01745 

.01481 

.0432 

- 

.02874 

30 

.0200 

.01690 

.01370 

- 

- 

.02646 

40 

0.506 

.0177 

.01644 

.01195 

- 

- 

.02316 

50 

.Ol6l 

.01608 

.01074 

— 

— 

.02080 

IOO 

0.244 

.01600 

.01011 

— 

— 

.01690 

Temperature 
Centigrade. 
t 

Air. 

Ammonia. 
NH3 

Chlorine. 
Cl 

Ethylene. 
C2H4 

Methane. 
CH4 

Hydrogen 
sulphide. 
H2S 

Sulphur 
dioxide. 
SO2 

O 

0.0247  ! 

1174.6 

3-036 

0.2563 

0-05473 

4-371 

79-79 

5 

.02179 

971-5 

2.8o8 

•2I53 

.04889 

96s 

67.48 

IO 

•01953 

840.2 

2.585 

•1837 

.04367 

3-586 

56-65 

IS 

•01795 

756.0 

2.388 

.1615 

•03903 

3-233 

47.28 

20 

.01704 

683.1 

2.156 

.1488 

•03499 

2.905 

39-37 

25 

610.8 

1.950 

•02542 

2.604 

32-79 

ABSORPTION  COEFFICIENTS,  at,  FOR  GASES  IN  ALCOHOL,  C,H5OH. 

Centigrade.      Carbon 

.                dioxide. 
C02 

Ethylene. 
C.H4 

Methane.   Hydrogen. 
CH4              H 

Nitrogen. 

N 

Nitric 
oxide. 
NO 

Nitrous 
oxide. 
N20 

Hydrogen    Sulphur 
sulphide,     dioxide. 
H2S            SO, 

o             4-329 

3-595 

0.5226       0.0692 

o.  1  263 

0.3161 

4.190 

17.89        328.6 

5            3-891 

3-323 

.5086         .0685 

.1241 

.2998 

3.838 

14.78        251.7 

10            3.514 

3.086 

•4953        -0679 

.1228 

.2861 

3-525 

11.99       r9°-3 

IS            3-'99 

20                 2.946 
25                  2.756 

2.882 

2-713 
2.578 

.4828        .0673 
.4710        .0667 
.4598        .0662 

.1214 
.1204 
.1196 

.2748 
.2659 
•2595 

3-215 
3-015 
2.819 

9.54       144.5 
7.41        114.5 
5.62         99.8 

*  This  table  contains  the  volumes  of  different  gases,  supposed  measured  at  o°  C.  and  76  centimetres'  pressure,  which 
unit  volume  of  the  liquid  named  will  absorb  at  atmospheric  pressure  and  the  temperature  stated  in  the  first  column. 
The  numbers  tabulated  are  commonly  called  the  absorption  coefficients  for  the  gases  in  water,  or  in  alcohol,  at  the 
temperature  t  and  under  one  atmosphere  of  pressure.  The  table  has  been  compiled  from  data  published  by  Bohr  & 
Bock,  Bunsen,  Carius,  Dittmar,  Hamberg,  Henrick,  Pagliano  &  Emo,  Raoult,  Schonfeld,  Setschenow,  and  Winkler. 
The  numbers  are  in  many  cases  averages  from  several  of  these  authorities. 

NOTE.  —  The  effect  of  increase  of  pressure  is  generally  to  increase  the  absorption  coefficient.     The  following  is 
approximately  the  magnitude  of  the  effect  in  the  case  of  ammonia  in  alcohol  at  a  temperature  of  23°  C. : 
|  P    =  45  cms.        50  cms.        55  cms.        60  cms.        65  cms. 
I  0,3  =  69  74  79  84  88 

According  to  Setschenow  the  effect  of  varying  the  pressure  from  45  to  85  centimetres  in  the  case  of  carbonic  acid  in 
water  is  very  small. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

•  125 


TABLE  139. 


VAPOR    PRESSURES. 


The  vapor  pressures  here  tabulated  have  been  taken,  with  one  exception,  from  Regnault's  results. 
The  vapor  pressure  of  Pictet's  fluid  is  given  on  his  own  authority.  The  pressures  are  in  centimetres  o( 
mercury. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture 
Cent. 

Acetone. 
C3H60 

Benzol. 
C6He 

Carbon 
bisul- 
phide. 
CS2 

Carbon 
tetra- 
chloride. 
CC14 

Chloro- 
form. 
CHC18 

Ethyl 
alcohol. 
C2H60 

Ethyl 
ether. 
C4H100 

Ethyl 
bromide. 
C2H5Br 

Methyl 
alcohol. 
CH40 

T           1 
Turpen- 
tine. 
CioH6 

—25° 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

4.41 

.41 

_ 

—  20 

- 

•58 

4-73 

.98 

- 

•33 

6.89 

5.92 

•63 

- 

—IS 

- 

.88 

6.16 

i-35 

- 

.51 

8-93 

7.81 

•93 

- 

—10 

— 

1.29 

7-94 

1.85 

- 

.65 

11.47 

10.15 

'•35 

- 

—5 

- 

1.83 

10.13 

2.48 

- 

.91 

14.61 

13.06 

1.92 

- 

0 

_ 

2-53 

12.79 

3-29 

_ 

1.27 

18.44 

16.56 

2.68 

.21 

5 

— 

3-42 

16.00 

4-32 

— 

1.76 

23.09 

20.72 

3-69 

- 

10 

- 

4-52 

19.85 

5-6o 

- 

2.42 

28.68 

25-74 

5-oi 

•29 

IS 

— 

5-89 

24.41 

7.17 

- 

3-30 

35-36 

31.69 

6.71 

20 

17.96 

7-56 

29.80 

9.10 

16.05 

4-45 

43.28 

38.70 

8.87 

•44 

25 

22.63 

9-59 

36.11 

"•43 

20.02 

5-94 

52-59 

46.91 

1  1.  60 

_ 

3° 

28.10 

I2.O2 

43-46 

14.23 

24-75 

7-85 

63-48 

5645 

15.00 

.69 

35 

34-52 

H-93 

5r-97 

17-55 

30-35 

10.29 

76.12- 

67-49 

19.20 

40 

42.01 

I8.36 

6i-75 

21.48 

36.93 

13-37 

90.70 

80.19 

24-35 

i.  08 

45 

5°-75 

22.41 

72.95 

26.08 

44.60 

17.22 

107.42 

94-73 

30.61 

- 

50 

62.29 

27.14 

85-71 

3M4 

53-5° 

21.99 

126.48 

111.28 

38-17 

1.70 

55 

72-59 

32.64 

100.16 

37-63 

63-77 

27.86 

148.11 

130-03 

47.22 

- 

60 

86.05 

39-01 

116.45 

44-74 

75-54 

35-02 

172.50 

151.19 

57-99 

2.65 

65 

101.43 

46.34 

134-75 

52.87 

88.97 

43-69 

199.89 

174-95 

70.73 

70 

118.94 

54-74 

155.21 

62.11 

104.21 

54.11 

230.49 

201.51 

85-71 

4.06 

75 

138-76 

64.32 

177.99 

72-57 

121.42 

66-55 

264-54 

231.07 

103.21 

_ 

80 

161.10 

75-I9 

203.25 

84.33 

140.76 

81.29 

302.28 

263.86 

123-85 

6.13 

85 

186.18 

87.46 

231.17 

97-51 

162.41 

98.64 

343-95 

300.06 

147.09 

90 

214.17 

101.27 

261.91 

112.23 

186.52 

118.93 

389-83 

339-89 

174.17 

9.06 

95 

245.28 

116.75 

296.63 

128.69 

213.28 

142.51 

440.18 

383-55 

205.17 

— 

100 

279.73 

134.01 

332-5T 

146.71 

242.85 

169.75 

495-33 

43I-23 

240.51 

13.11 

I05 

3*7-70 

i53-i8 

372-72 

166.72 

275.40 

201.04 

555.62 

483.12 

280.63 

- 

no 

359-40 

174.14 

416.41 

188.74 

311.10 

236-76 

621.46 

539-40 

325-96 

1  8.60 

"5 

405.00 

197.82 

463-74 

212.91 

350-10 

277-34 

693-33 

600.24 

376.98 

- 

1  20 

454.69 

223.54 

514.88 

239-37 

392-57 

323-17 

771.92 

665.80 

434.18 

25.70 

125 

508.62 

251.71 

569-97 

268.24 

438.66 

374.69 

_ 

736.22 

498.05 

- 

130 

566.97 

282.43 

629.16 

299.69 

488.51 

432-30 

- 

811.65 

569-13 

34-90 

'35 

629.87 

3I5-85 

692.59 

333-86 

542.25 

496.42 

- 

892.19 

647-93 

- 

140 

697.44 

352-07 

760.40 

370.90 

600.02 

567-46 

- 

977.96 

733-71 

46.40 

M5 

391.21 

832.69 

411.00 

661.92 

645.80 

— 

- 

830.89 

- 

150 

_ 

433-37 

909.59 

4  54-3  ' 

728.06 

73L84 

_ 

- 

936-I3 

60.50 

«ss 

- 

478.65 

501.02 

798-53 

825.92 

- 

- 

68.60 

160 

- 

527-I4 

- 

55i-3i 

873.42 

- 

— 

— 

- 

77-50 

165 

- 

568.30 

- 

605.38 

952.78 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

170 

634.07 

663.44 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


126 


TABLE  139. 


VAPOR    PRESSURES. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture, 
Centi- 
grade. 

Ammonia. 
NH3 

Carbon 
dioxide. 
CO3 

Ethyl 
chloride. 
C,HSC1 

Ethyl 
iodide. 
C2H6I 

Methyl 
chloride. 
CH3C1 

Methylic 
ether. 
C,H80 

Nitrous 
oxide. 
N2O 

Pictet's 
fluid. 
64SOo-|- 
44CO2  by 
weight 

Sulphur 
dioxide. 
SO2 

Hydrogen 
sulphide. 
HtS 

—30° 

86.61 

- 

1  1.  02 

- 

57-9° 

57-65 

- 

58.52 

28.75 

- 

—25 

1  10.43 

1300.70 

14.50 

_ 

71.78 

71.61 

1569.49 

67.64 

37-38 

374-93 

20 

139.21 

1514.24 

18.75 

- 

88.32 

88.20 

1758.66 

74.48 

47-95 

443^5 

—  15 
—  10 

I73-6S 
214.46 

1758.25 
2034.02 

23.96 
30.21 

~ 

107.92 
130.96 

107.77 
130.66 

1968.43 
2200.80 

89.68 
101.84 

60.79 
76.25 

5'9-65 
608.46 

—5 

264.42 

2344-I3 

37-67 

- 

157.87 

'57-25 

2457.92 

121.60 

94-69 

706.60 

0 

3I8-33 

2690.66 

46.52 

4.19 

189.10 

187.90 

2742.10 

139.08 

116.51 

820.63 

5 

383-03 

3075-38 

56-93 

5-41 

225.11 

222.90 

3055-86 

167.20 

142.11 

949.08 

10 

457.40 

3499-86 

6i.n 

6.92 

266.38 

262.90 

3401.91 

193.80 

I7I-95 

1089.63 

15 

20 

543-34 
638.78 

3964.69 
4471.66 

83.26 
99.62 

8.76 
II.OO 

3I3-4i 
366.69 

307-98 
358.60 

3783-I7 
4202.79 

226.48 
258.40 

206.49 
246.20 

1244.79 
1415-15 

25 

747-7° 

5020.73 

118.42 

13.69 

426.74 

415.10 

4664.14 

297-92 

291.60 

1601.24 

30 

870.10 

5611.90 

139.90 

16.91 

494.05 

477.80 

5170.85 

338.20 

343-i8 

1803.53 

35 

1007.02 

6244.73 

164.32 

20.71 

569.11 

- 

6335-98 

383.80 

401.48 

2002.43 

40 

"59-53 

6918.44 

191.96 

25-I7 

- 

434-72 

467.02 

2258.25 

45 

1328-73 

7631.46 

223.07 

30.38 

— 

— 

— 

478.80 

540-35 

2495-43 

50 

^s-Ss 

- 

257-94 

36.40 

- 

- 

- 

521-36 

622.00 

2781.48 

55 

1721.98 

- 

266.84 

43-32 

- 

- 

- 

712.50 

3069.07 

60 

1948.21 

— 

340.05 

51.22 

— 

- 

— 

- 

812.38 

3374-02 

65 

2196.51 

- 

387-85 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

922.14 

3696.15 

70 

2467.55 

— 

440.50 

— 

— 

— 

— 

- 

- 

4035-32 

75 

2763.00 

- 

498.27 

- 

- 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

80 

3084.31 

- 

561.41 

- 

— 

- 

— 

— 

— 

- 

85 

3433-09 

- 

630.16 

- 

- 

- 

- 

-t 

- 

- 

90 

3810.92 

- 

704-75 

— 

— 

- 

- 

— 

- 

— 

95 

4219.57 

- 

785-39 

— 

— 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

100 

4660.82 

- 

872.28 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


127 


TABLES  14O-142. 


CAPILLARITY. -SURFACE    TENSION    OF    LIQUIDS.* 


TABLE  140.  —Water  and  Alcohol  in  Contact  with  Air. 


TABLE  142.  —  Solutions  ol  Salts  in 
Water,  t 


Surface  tension 
in   dynes    per 
centimetre. 

Surface  tension 
in   dynes  per 
centimetre. 

o      c         1 

Surface 
tension 
in  dynes 

Salt  in 
solution. 

Density. 

Temp. 
C.° 

Tension 
in  dynes 
per  cm. 

Temp. 

Temp. 
C. 

Temp. 
C. 

per  cen- 
timetre. 

Water. 

Ethyl 
alcohol. 

Water. 

Ethyl 
alcohol. 

Water. 

BaCl2 
fifi 

1.2820 

1.0497 

15-16 
15-16 

8l.8 

77-5 

\^a\^\2 

^jS11 

'9 

95-° 

0° 

75-6 

23-5 

40° 

7O.O 

2O.O 

80° 

64-3 

" 

1-2773 

19 

90.2 

5 

74-9 

23.I 

45 

69-3 

19-5 

85 

63.6 

HC1 

1.1190 

20 

73-6 

IO 

74.2 

22.6 

5° 

68.6 

19.1 

90 

62.9 

1.0887 

20 

74-5 

15 

20 

73-5 
72.8 

22.2 
21-7 

55 
60 

67.8 

67-r 

18.6 
18.2 

95 

IOO 

62.2 
61.5 

KC1 

1.0242 

1.1699 

20 
15-16 

75-3 
82.8 

25 
30 

35 

72.1 
71.4 
70.7 

21.3 
20.8 
2O-4 

65 
70 

75 

66.4 
65-7 
65.0 

17.8 

'£'3 
16.9 

j 

MgCl, 

I.1OII 

1.0463 

1-2338 
i  .  1  694 

15-16 
15-16 
15-16 
15-16 

1C       T  (~\ 

80.  i 

78.2 
90.1 
85.2 

-u  o 

NaCl 

1.0362 
1.1932 

20 

7<3.O 
85.8 

" 

1.1074 

20 

80.5 

" 

1.0360 

20 

77.6 

NH4C1 

1.0758 

16 

84-3 

TABLE  141. 

—  Miscellaneous  Liquids  in  Contact  with  Air. 

" 

r-°535 

16 

81.7 

<< 

1.0281 

16 

78.8 

Liquid. 

SrCl2 

1.3114 

15-16 

85.6 

Surface 

" 

1.1204 

15-16 

79-4 

Temp. 
C.° 

tension 
in  dynes 

Authority. 

K2C08 

i  .0567 
1-3575 

15-16 
15-16 

77-8 
90.9 

timetre. 

" 

1.1576 

15-16 

81.8 

" 

i  .0400 

15-16 

77-5 

Na2CO3 

1.1329 

14-15 

79-3 

Aceton     .     .     .     . 

14.0 

25.6 

Average  of  various. 

" 

1.0605 

14-15 

77-8 

Acetic  acid  .     .     . 

17-0 

30.2 

" 

" 

1.0283 

14-15 

77.2 

Amyl  alcohol    . 

I5.0 

24.8 

" 

KNO3 

1.1263 

14 

78.9 

Benzene  . 

15.0 

28.8 

" 

" 

i  .0466 

14 

77-6 

Butyric  acid      .     . 

I5.0 

28.7 

" 

NaNO3 

1.3022 

12 

83-5 

Carbon  disulphide 

2O.O 

3°-5 

Quincke. 

" 

1.1311 

12 

80.0 

Chloroform  .     .     . 

2O.O 

28.3 

Average  of  various. 

CuS04 

I-I775 

15-16 

78.6 

Etht 

r   . 

2O.O 

18.4 

H 

" 

1.0276 

i  ;-i6 

77.O 

Glycerine 

17.0 

63.14 

Hall. 

H2S04 

1.8278 

3 

*s 

/  /    v 

63.0? 

Hexane    .     . 

o.o 

21.2 

Schiff. 

" 

J-4453 

15 

79-7 

" 

68.0 

14.2 

" 

" 

1.2636 

15 

79-7 

Mercury  .... 

2O.O 

470.0 

Average  of  various. 

K2S04 

1.0744 

15-16 

78.0 

Methyl  alcohol 

15.0 

24.7 

" 

" 

1.0360 

15-16 

77-4 

Olive  oil  . 

. 

2O.O 

34-7 

" 

MgS04 

1.2744 

15-16 

83.2 

Petroleum    .     .     . 

20.0 

25-9 

Magie. 

" 

i.  0680 

15-16 

77-8 

Propyl  alcohol  .     . 

5-8 

25-9 

Schiff. 

Mn2SO4 

1.1119 

15-16 

79.1 

" 

'      .     . 

97.1 

18.0 

" 

" 

1.0329 

15-16 

77-3 

Toluol     .... 

15.0 

29.1 

" 

ZnSO4 

1.3981 

15-16 

833 

" 

109.8 

18.9 

" 

(i 

1.2830 

15-16 

80.7 

Turpentine  .     .     . 

2I.O 

28.5 

Average  of  various. 

1.1039 

15-16 

77-8 

*  This  determination  of  the  capillary  constants  of  liquids  has  been  the  subject  of  many  careful  experiments,  but  the 
results  of  the  different  experimenters,  and  even  of  the  same  observer  when  the  method  of  measurement  is  changed, 
do  not  agree  well  together.  The  values  here  quoted  can  only  be  taken  as  approximations  to  the  actual  values  for  the 
liquids  in  a  state  of  purity  in  contact  with  pure  air.  In  the  case  of  water  the  values  given  by  Lord  Rayleigh  from  the 
wave  length  of  ripples  (Phil.  Mag.  1890)  and  by  Hall  from  direct  measurement  of  the  tension  of  a  flat  film  (Phil.  Mag. 
1893)  have  been  preferred,  and  the  temperature  correction  has  been  taken  as  o. i4i  dyne  per  degree  centigrade.  The 
values  for  alcohol  were  derived  from  the  experiments  of  Hall  above  referred  to  and  the  experiments  on  the  effect  of 
temperature  made  by  Timberg  (Wied.  Ann.  vol.  30). 

The  authority  for  a  few  of  the  other  values  given  is  quoted,  but  they  are  for  the  most  part  average  values  derived 
from  a  large  number  of  results  published  by  different  experimenters. 

t  From  Volkmann  (Wied.  Ann.  vol.  17,  p.  353). 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

128 


TENSION    OF    LIQUIDS. 

TABLE  143.  —Surface  Tension  of  Liquids.41 


TABLES  143-145. 


Liquid. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Surface  tension  in  dynes  per  cen- 
timetre of  liquid  in  contact  with  — 

Air. 

Water. 

Mercury. 

1.0 

13-543 
1.2687 
1.4878 
0.7906 
0.9136 
0.8867 

9-7977 

I.IO 

1.1248 

75-o 
5  '3-o 
30-5 
(3i-8) 
(24.1) 
34-6 
28.8 
29.7 

(729) 
69.9 

O.O 
392.0 
41.7 
26.8 

18.6 
11.5 

(28.9) 

(392) 

(3?7) 
(415) 
364 

31? 
241 

271 
(392) 
429 

Mercury          .         .         ... 

Ethvl  alcohol         .         .        .     •  .        .        • 

Turpentine     .         ... 
Petroleum       .....••• 
Hydrochloric  acid          ...... 
Hyposulphite  of  soda  solution      .... 

TABLE  144.  —  Surface  Tension  of  Liquids  at  Solidifying  Point,  t 


Tempera- 

Surface 

Tempera- 
ture of 

Surface 

Substance. 

solidifi- 
cation. 
Cent.0 

tension  in 
dynes  per 
centimetre. 

Substance. 

solidifi- 
cation. 
Cent.0 

tension  in 
dynes  per 
centimetre. 

Platinum 

2OOO 

1691 

Antimony 

432 

249 

Gold      .... 

I2OO 

1003 

Borax    .... 

IOOO 

216 

Zinc       .... 

360 

877 

Carbonate  of  soda 

IOOO 

2IO 

Tin         .... 

230 

599 

Chloride  of  sodium 

- 

116 

Mercury 

—40 

588 

Water   .... 

o 

87.9J 

Lead 

33° 

457 

Selenium 

217 

71.8 

Silver    .... 

IOOO 

427 

Sulphur 

III 

42.1 

Bismuth 
Potassium 

•9 

1390 
37i 

Phosphorus  . 
Wax      .         . 

§ 

42.0 
34-i 

Sodium 

90 

258 

TABLE  145.  —  Tension  of  Soap  Films. 


Elaborate  measurements  of  the  thickness  of  soap  films  have  been  made  by  Reinold  and 
Rucker.||  They  find  that  a  film  of  oleate  of  soda  solution  containing  i  of  soap  to  70  of 
water,  and  having  3  per  cent  of  KNOs  added  to  increase  electrical  conductivity,  breaks  at 
a  thickness  varying  between  7.2  and  14.5  micro-millimetres,  the  average  being  12.1  micro- 
millimetres.  The  film  becomes  black  and  apparently  of  nearly  uniform  thickness  round 
the  point  where  fracture  begins.  Outside  the  black  patch  there  is  the  usual  display  of 
colors,  and  the  thickness  at  these  parts  may  be  estimated  from  the  colors  of  thin  plates 
and  the  refractive  index  of  the  solution  (vide  Newton's  rings,  Table  146). 

When  the  percentage  of  KNOs  is  diminished,  the  thickness  of  the  black  patch  increases. 
For  example,  KNOs  =3  I  0.5  o.o 

Thickness  =  12.4  13.5  14.5  22.1  micro-mm. 

A  similar  variation  was  found  in  the  other  soaps. 

It  was  also  found  that  diminishing  the  proportion  of  soap  in  the  solution,  there  being 
no  KNO3  dissolved,  increased  the  thickness  of  the  film. 

I  part  soap  to  30  of  water  gave  thickness  21.6  micro-mm. 

i  part  soap  to  40  of  water  gave  thickness  22.1  micro-mm. 

I  part  soap  to  60  of  water  gave  thickness  27.7  micro-mm. 

i  part  soap  to  80  of  water  gave  thickness  29.3  micro-mm. 


*  This  table  of  tensions  at  the  surface  separating  the  liquid  named  in  the  first  column  and  air,  water  or  mercury 
as  stated  at  the  head  of  the  last  three  columns,  is  from  Quincke's  experiments  (Pogg.  Ann.  vol.  130,  and  Phil.  Mag. 
1871).  The  numbers  given  are  the  equivalent  in  degrees  per  centimetre  of  those  obtained  by  Worthington  from 
Quincke's  results  (Phil.  Mag.  vol.  20,  1885)  with  the  exception  of  those  in  brackets,  which  were  not  corrected  by 
Worthington ;  they  are  probably  somewhat  too  high,  for  the  reason  stated  by  Worthington.  The  temperature  was 
about  20°  C. 

t  Quincke,  "  Pogg.  Ann."  vol.  135,  p.  661. 

i  It  will  be  observed  that  the  value  here  given  on  the  authority  of  Quincke  is  much  higher  than  his  subsequent 
measurements,  as  quoted  above,  give. 

II  "  Proc.  R«y.  Soc.'^iS??,  and  "  Phil.  Trans.  Roy.  Soc."  1881,  1883,  and  1893. 

NOTE.  —  Quincke  points  out  that  substances  may  be  divided  into  groups  in  each  of  which  the  ratio  of  the  surface 
tension  to  the  density  is  nearly  constant.  Thus,  if  this  ratio  for  mercury  be  taken  as  unit,  the  ratio  for  the  bromides 
and  iodides  is  about  a  half  :  that  of  the  nitrates,  chlorides,  sugars,  and  fats,  as  well  as  the  metals,  lead,  bismuth,  and 
antimony,  about  i :  that  of  water,  the  carbonates,  sulphates,  and  probably  phosphates,  and  the  metals  platinum,  gold, 
silver,  cadmium,  tin,  and  copper,  2;  that  of  zinc,  iron,  and  palladium,  3;  and  that  of  sodium,  6. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

I2Q 


TABLE  146. 


NEWTON'S    RINGS. 

Newton's  Table  of  Colors. 


The  following  table  gives  the  thickness  in  millionths  of  an  inch,  according  to  Newton,  of  a  plate  of  air,  water,  and 
glass  corresponding  to  the  different  colors  in  successive  rings  commonly  called  colors  of  the  first,  second,  third. 
'     etc.,  orders. 


Color  for  re- 
flected light. 

Color  for 
transmitted 
light. 

Thickness  in 

Color  for  re- 
flected light. 

Thickness  in 

millionths  of  an 

millionths  of  an 

0 

inch  for  — 

1 

6 

Color 
for  trans- 
mitted 
light. 

inch  for  — 

| 

i 

c 

a 

to 

.S3 

rt 

a 

« 

• 

* 

* 

O 

£ 

5 

I. 

Very  black 



o-S 

0.4 

O.2 

Yellow  .     . 

Bluish 

Black    .     . 
Beginning 

White  .     . 

I.O 

0.75 

0-9 

Red. 

green 

27.1 
29.0 

20-3 
21-7 

17-5 
18.7 

of  black  . 
Blue      .     . 

Yellowish 

2.O 

l-S 

'' 

3 

Bluish  red 

— 

32.0 

24.0 

20.7 

red  .     . 

2-4 

1.8 

!. 

< 

IV. 

Bluish 

White  . 

Black  .     . 

5-2 

3-9 

3-4 

green    . 

— 

24.0 

2  5- 

5 

22.0 

Yellow  . 

Violet      . 

5-3 

4.6 

Green 

Red    . 

35-^ 

5 

22-7 

Orange 

— 

l'.o 

6.0 

4.2 

Yellowish 

Red.     . 

Blue    .    . 

9.0 

6.7 

5-8 

green     . 

— 

36.0 

27.0 

23.2 

Red. 

Bluish 

II. 

Violet  . 

White      . 

1  1.2 

3-4 

7-2 

green 

3 

30.2 

26.O 

Indigo  . 

— 

12.8 

9.6 

8.4 

Blue      . 

Yellow    . 

14.0 

10.5 

9.0 

V. 

Greenish 

Green   . 

Red     .     . 

15.1 

"•3 

9-7 

blue  .    . 

Red   . 

46.0 

34- 

( 

39-7 

Yellow  . 

Violet 

16.3 

12.2 

10.4 

Red. 

— 

52-5 

39-4 

34-o 

Orange 

— 

17.2 

13.0 

"•3 

Bright  red 

Blue    .     . 

18.2 

J3-7 

11. 

s 

VI. 

Greenish 

Scarlet  . 

— 

19.7 

14.7 

12.7 

blue  .     . 

— 

58.7 

46 

38.0 

Red. 

— 

65.0 

48.7 

42.0 

III. 

Purple  . 

Green 

2  I.O 

'5-7 

'3-5 

Indigo  . 

— 

21.  1 

17.6 

14.2 

VII. 

Greenish 

Blue      . 

Yellow    . 

23.2 

17-5 

15. 

i 

blue  .     . 

— 

72.0 

53- 

a 

45.8 

Green    . 

Red     .     . 

25.2 

18.6 

16.2 

Reddish 

white 

— 

7'- 

0 

57- 

- 

49-4 

The  above  table  has  been  several  times  revised  both  as  to  the  colors  and  the  numerical 

values.     Professors  Reinold  and  Rucker,  in  their  investigations  on  the  measurement 

of  the 

thickness  of  soap  films,  found  it  necessary  to  make  new  determinations.   They  give  a  shorter 
series  of  colors,  as  they  found  difficulty  in  distinguishing  slight  differences  of  shade,  but 
divide  each  color  into  ten  parts  and  tabulate  the  variation  of  thickness  in  terms  of  the  tenth 

of  a  color  band.     The  position  in  the  band  at  which  the  thickness  is  given  and  the  order  of 
color  are  indicated  by  numerical  subscripts.    For  example  :  RI  5  indicates  the  red  of  the  first 

order  and  the  fifth  tenth  from  the  edge  furthest  from  the  red  edge  of  the  spectrum 
thicknesses  are  in  millionths  of  a  centimetre. 

The 

1 

Color. 

Posi- 

Thick- 

1 

Color. 

Posi- 

Thick- 

1 

Color. 

Posi- 

Thick- 

6 

tion. 

ness. 

6 

tion. 

ness. 

6 

tion. 

ness. 

I. 

Red*    . 

RI  c 

28.4 

Red*    . 

Rss 

76-5 

VI. 

Green    . 

G60 

141.0 

Bluish 

Green* 

GG  B 

147.9 

II. 

Violet    . 

V25 

30-5 

red*  . 

BR35 

8l.5 

Red  .     . 

RGO 

154.8 

Blue  .     . 

B25 

35-3 

Red*    . 

Re  5 

162.7 

Green    . 

G2  5 

40.9 

IV. 

Green    . 

G4  o 

84.1 

Yellow  * 

Y25 

45-4 

" 

G45 

89-3 

VII. 

Green    . 

G7  o 

170.5 

Orange  * 

025 

49.1 

Yellow 

Green*. 

G7  5 

178.7 

Red  .     . 

R26 

52.2 

green  * 

YG45 

96.4 

Red  .     . 

RTO 

186.9 

Red*    . 

R46 

105.2 

Red*    . 

RV  5 

193.6 

III. 

Purple  . 

P3  5 

55-9 

Blue  .     . 

Bso 

57-7 

V. 

Green    . 

GS  o 

III.9 

VIII. 

Green    . 

Gg  o 

200.4 

Blue*   . 

B35 

60.3 

Green*. 

Gg  5 

II8.8 

Red  .     . 

Rg  o 

211.5 

Green    . 

G3  6 

65.6 

Red  .     . 

Rso 

126.0 

Yellow  * 

Yg  6 

71.0 

Red*     . 

Rfi5 

'33-5 

*  The  colors  marked  are  the  same  as  the  corresponding  colors  in  Newton's  table. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

130 


CONTRACTION    PRODUCED    BY    SOLUTION.* 


TABLE  147. 


Across  the  top  of  the  heading  are  given  the  formulas  of  the  salt  dissolved,  its  molecular  weight  (M.  W. ),  and  the  den- 
sity of  the  salt,  with  the  authority  for  that  density. 


Grammes  of 
the  salt  in 
loo  of  water. 

Observed 
volume. 

Calculated 
volume. 

Per  cent 
of 
contraction. 

Grammes  of 
the  salt  in 
loo  of  water. 

Observed 
volume. 

Calculated 
volume. 

Per  cent 
of 
contraction. 

KaO. 

NaOH. 

M.  W.  =  47.02.     Density  =  2.656  (Karsten). 

M.  W.  =  39.95.     Density  =  2.  130  (Filhol  ). 

(Hager.) 

(Schiff.) 

4.702 

99.88 

101-77 

1.86 

3-995 

99-4 

101.88 

2-43 

9.404 
14.106 
18.808 
23-5IO 
28.212 

99-92 
I00.l8 
I00.6o 
IOI.2O 
IO2.OO 

103.55 
105-32 
107.09 
108.86 
110.64 

4.20 
4.88 
6.06 
7.04 
7-81 

7-990 
11.985 
15.980 

19-975 
23.970 

99-4 
99.6 

IOO.2 

100.8 
101.7 

103-75 
105.63 
107.50 
109.38 
111.26 

4.19 

6.79 
7.84 
8-59 

32.914 
37.616 
42.318 
47-02O 
70.530 

IO2.9O 
103.90 
104.96 

106.10 

II2.2O 

112.41 
114.18 
115.96 

"7-73 
126.59 

8.46 
9.01 
9.80 
9.88 
"•37 

27.965 
31.960 

35-955 
39-950 

102.7 

103.8 

105.0 

1  06.  2 

"3-4 

"3-13 
115.01 
116.88 
118.76 
128.14 

9.22 

9-75 
10.17 
10.58 
11.50 

79-934 

114.88 

130.14 

"•73 

79.900 

121.  2 

I37-52 

11.87 

119.850 

138.6 

156.28 

11.31 

159.800 
199.750 

156.6 
174-8 

I75-04 
193.80 

10.54 
9.80 

KOH. 

239.970 

193.6 

212.56 

8.92 

M.  W.  —  56.     Density  —  2.044  (Filhol). 

(Schiff.) 

5-6 

IOI.2 

102.74 

1.50 

II.  2 

IO2.6 

105.48 

2-73 

NH3. 

1  6.8 

104.0 

108.22 

3-90 

M.  W.  =  17.     Density  =  0.616  (Andreef). 

28.0 

105.4 
106.8 

113.70 

6.07 

(Carius.) 

33-6 

108.4 

116.44 

6.91 

39-2 

IIO.O 

119.18 

7.70 

1-7 

102.5 

102.76 

0.25 

44-8 

111.6 

121.92 

8.46 

3-4 

105.0 

105.52 

0.49 

5°-4 

113.2 

124.66 

9.19 

5-1 

107.4 

108.28 

•  0.8  1 

56.0 

115.0 

127.40 

9.72 

6.8 

109.8 

1  1  1  .04 

1.  12 

84.0 

124.2 

141.10 

11.98 

8.5 

II2.2 

113.80 

I.4I 

II2.O 

134.6 

154.80 

'3-05 

10.2 

II4.6 

116.56 

1.68 

168.0 

157-6 

182.20 

13-50 

II.9 

II7.O 

119.32 

'•95 

224.0 

181.8 

209.60 

13.26 

I3.6 

1194 

I22.O8 

2.  2O 

15-3 

I2I.8 

1  24.84 

2-44 

17.0 

124.2 

127.60 

2.66 

25-5 

135-8 

141.40 

3-96 

NasO. 

34-o 

147-3 

155.20   ' 

5-°9 

M.  W.  =30.97.     Density  =  2.  805  (Karsten). 

51.0 

169.7 

182.80 

7.17 

(Hager.) 

3-097 

99.01 

IOI.IO 

2.07 

6.194 
9.291 
12.388 

98.26 
97.76 
97-45 

IO2.2I 
103.31 
IO442 

3-86 
5-37 
6.67 

NH4C1. 
M.  W.  =  53.38.     Density  =  1.52  (Schroeder). 

1  5-405 

97.29 

IO^.  %f2 

7.00 

18.582 
2  1  .679 

97-23 
97-32 

106.63 
107.73 

8.8  1 
9.66 

(Gerlach.) 

24.776 

97-55 

108.83 

10-37 

5-338 

103.7 

103.51 

0.18 

27.873 

97.84 

109.94 

II.OO 

10.676 

107-5 

107.02 

0-45 

30.970 

98.20 

111.04 

11.56 

16.014 

III-5 

110.54 

0.87 

46.455. 

100.94 

116.56 

13.40 

21.352 

"5-3 

114.05 

1.  10 

52.649 

102.30 

118.77 

13-87 

26.690 

119.2 

117.56 

1.40 

*  The  table  was  compiled  from  a  paper  by  Gerlach  (Zeits.  fur  Anal.  Chem.  vol.  27). 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  147. 


CONTRACTION    PRODUCED    BY    SOLUTION. 


Grammes  of 
the  salt  in 
100  of  water. 

Observed 
volume. 

Calculated 
volume. 

Per  cent 
of 
contraction 

Grammes  of 
the  salt  in 
100  of  water. 

Observed 
volume. 

Calculated 
volume. 

Per  cent 
of 
contraction. 

KC1. 

M.  W.  =  74.41.     Density  =  1.945  (Clarke). 

BaCl2. 
M.  W.  =  207.54.     Density=3.7S  (Schroeder). 

(Gerkch.) 

(Gerlach.) 

7.441 
14.882 
22.323 

102.8 
105.8 
108.9 

103.83 
107.65 
111.48 

o-99 
1.72 
2.31 

!0-377 
20.754 

3I-I3I 

IOI.6 
102.9 
104.9 

102.77 

105-53 
108.30 

I.I4 
2.50 
3-'4 

NaCl. 
M.  W.  =  58.36.     Density  =  2.150  (Clarke). 

KI. 
M.  W.  =  166.57.     Density  =  3.07  (Clarke). 

(Gerlach.) 

(  Kremers.  ) 

S-836 
11.672 
17.508 

23-344 
-29.180 

IOI-7 

103-7 
105.8 
107.9 
IIO.I 

102.71 

105-43 
108.14 

110.86 
113.58 

o-99 
1.64 
2.16 
2.67 
•     3.06 

16.657 

33-3H 
49.971 
66.628 

83.285 

104.5 
109.3 
114.2 
Iig.I 
124.0 

105-39 
110.77 
116.18 
121.57 
1  26.97 

0.85 

i-34 
1.70 

2.  2O 

2-34 

LiCl. 

M.  W.  =  42.     Density  =  1.980  (Gerlach). 

KC1O3. 
M.  W.  =  122.29.     De  isity  =  2.33i  (Clarke). 

(Kremers.) 

(Gerlach.) 

6.114 

102-3 

102.62 

0.314 

4-2 
8.4 
12.6 

16.8 

2I.O 
42.O 

101.9 
103.8 
105.8 
107.8 
IIO.O 

120.7 

102.14 
104.28 
106.42 
108.56 
1  10.70 
121.40 

0.24 
0.46 
0.58 
0.70 
0.63 
0.58 

KN03. 
M.  W.  =  100.93.     Density  =  2.092  (Clarke). 

(Gerlach.) 

CaCl2. 
M.  W.  =  i  10.64.     Density  =  2.216  (Schroeder). 

5.046 
10.093 
20.186 

101.90 
104.84 
108.40 

102.41 
104.83 
109.65 

0.50 

o-79 
1.14 

(Gerlach.) 

NaNOs. 
M.  W.  =  84.88.     Density=  2.244  (Clarke). 

S-S32 
11.064 
16.596 
22.128 
27.660 
33-192 
66.384 

IOI.2 
IO2.2 

103.5 
104.8 
106.3 
IO8.O 

118.6 

102.50 
104.99 
107.49 
109.99 
112.48 
114.98 
129.96 

1.26 
2.66 

3-7i 
4.72 

5-50 
6.07 
8.74 

(Kremers.) 

8.488 
16.976 
42.440 
84.880 

102-9 
1  06.  1 

116.2 

134-3 

103.78 
107.56 
118.91 

137.82 

0.85 
1.36 
2.28 

2-55 

SrCI2. 
M.  W.  =  157.94.     Density  =  3.05  (Schroeder). 

NH4 
79.90.     Dens 

N08. 

oeder). 

(Gerlach.) 

(Gerlach.) 

7-895 
I5-790 
23.685 

3I-580 

39-475 

101.4 

102.5 
104.0 

I05-S 
107.2 

102.59 
105.17 
107.76 
110.34 
112.93 

1.16 
2-55 
3-43 
4-39 
5-07 

7.990 
15.980 

39-950 
79.900 

104.6 
109.3 
124.4 
149.8 

104.59 
109.18 
122.96 
145.92 

0.076 
O.I  06 
1.170 
2.66o 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


132 


CONTRACTION    PRODUCED    BY   SOLUTION. 


TABLE  147. 


Grammes  of 
the  salt  in 
100  of  water. 

Observed 
volume. 

Calculated 
volume. 

Per  cent 
of 
contraction. 

Grammes  of 
the  salt  in 
loo  of  water. 

Observed 
volume. 

Calculated 
volume. 

Per  cent 
of 
contraction. 

Ca(NOs)2. 
M.  W.  =  163.68.     Density  =  2.36  (Clarke). 

Na,COs. 
M.  JV.  =  105.83.  Density  2.476  (Clarke  and  Schroeder). 

(Gerlach.) 

(Gerlach.) 

1-637 

3-274 
4.910 
6.547 
8.184 
16.368 

32-736 
49.104 
65-472 
81.840 

100.45 
100.90 

101-35 
101.85 
102.30 
104.70 
109.90 

"5-55 
121.50 
127.65 

100.69 
101.39 
IO2.o8 
102.77 

103-47 
106.94 
113.87 
I  2O.8l 

127.74 

134.68 

0.24 
0.48 
0.72 
0.90 

I-I3 
2.09 

3-49 

4-35 
4.89 

5-22 

5.292 
10.582 
I5-875 

IOO.OO 
100.44 

101.06 

102.14 
104.27 
106.41 

2.09 
3.68 
5-03 

K2S04. 
M.  W.  —  173.90.     Density  2.647  (Clarke). 

(Gerlach.) 

Ba(N03)2. 
M.  W.  =  260.58.     Density  =  3.23  (Clarke). 

8.695 

101.94 

103.29 

1.30 

(NH4)2S04. 
M.  W.  =  131.84.    Density  1.762  (Clarke). 

(Gerlach.) 

2.6o6 
5.212 
7.817 

100.5 
IOI.O 
101.5 

100.81 
101.61 
102.42 

0.30 
0.60 
0.90 

(Schiff.) 

6.592 
13.184 
19.776 
26.369 
65.920 

102.92 
105.96 
109.20 
1  1  2.60 
135.20 
I54-50 

10374 
107.48 
112.26 
114.97 
I37-42 
I56-I3 

0.792 
1.418 
I.82I 
2.060 
1.615 
1.044 

Sr(N03).. 
M.  W.  =210.08.    Density  =  2.93  (Clarke). 

(Gerlach.) 

FeSO4. 
M.  W.  =  151.72.     Density  2.99  (Clarke). 

2.IIO 
4.22O 
6.329 

8-439 
10.549 
21.098 
42.196 
63.294 

100.48 
100.95 
101.40 
101.95 
102.45 
104.95 
IIO.2O 
Il6.I5 

100.72 
101.44 
102.16 
102.88 
103.60 
107.20 
114.40 
121.60 

0.24 
0.48 
0-74 
O.gO 
I.  II 
2.IO 

3-67 
4.48 

* 

7.586 
15.172 
22.758 
3°-344 

100.52 
101.30 
102.40 
103.70 

102.54 
105.07 
107.61 
110.15 

1.97 

3-59 
4.84 

5-85 

Pb(N03)2. 
M.  W.  =  165.09.     Density  =.  4.41  (Clarke). 

MgS04. 
M.  W.  =  197.6.    Density  2.65  (Clarke). 

(Gerlach.) 

16.509 
33-018 

82-545 

102.4 
105.1 
114.0 

103-74 
107.49 
118.72 

1.29 
2.22 

3-97 

* 

5.988 
11.976 
17.964 
23-952 

100.13 
100.40 
101.26 

IO2.IO 

102.26 
104.52 
106.78 
109.04 

2.08 

3-94 
5.16 
6.36 

K.C03. 
1'  M.  W.       137.93-   Density  2.29  (Clarke  and  Schroeder).  1 

(Gerlach.) 

Na,SO4. 
M.  W.  r=  141.80.     Density  =  2.656  (Clarke). 

6.897 

13-793 
20.689 
27.586 
68.965 

96-S51 

100.96 
102.22 
103.78 
105.44 

118.20 
128.10 

103.01 
106.02 
109.08 
112.05 
130.12 
142.16 

1.99 

3-59 
4.82 

5-90 
9.16 
9.89 

(Gerlach.) 

7.09 
14.18 

100.96 
IO2.26 

102.67 
105-34 

1.67 
2.92 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  Authority  not  given. 


133 


TABLE   147. 


CONTRACTION    PRODUCED    BY   SOLUTION. 


Grammes  of 
the  salt  in 
100  of  water. 

Observed 
volume. 

Calculated 
volume. 

Per  cent 
of 
contraction. 

Grammes  of 
the  salt  in 
100  of  water. 

Observed 
volume. 

Calculated 
volume. 

Per  cent 

of 
contraction. 

ZnSO4. 
M.W.  =  160.72.     Density  3.49  (Clarke). 

KC2H3O2. 
M.  W.  =  97.90.    Density  =  1.472  (Gerlach). 

* 

(Gerlach.) 

8.036 
16.072 
24.108      i 
32.144 
40.180 

100.06 
100.44 
lOI.oS 
101.90 
I  O2.86 

102.30 
104.61 
106.91 
109.21 
111.51 

2.19 
3-98 

5-45 
6.69 
7.76 

9-79 
19.58 

48.95 
97.90 

105.2 
110.5 

127-3 
156.4 

106.65 

"3-30 
133.26 
166.51 

I.36 
2-47 
4-47 
6.07 

K2C4H4O6. 
M.  W.  =  225.72.    Density  1.98  (Gerlach). 

A12K2(S04)4. 
M.  W.  =  128.99.    Density  =  2.228  (Clarke). 

(Gerlach.) 

(Gerlach.) 

6.450 

100.58 

IO2.OX> 

2.25 

22.572 

45-  '44 
67.716 
90.288 
112.860 

I35-432 
1  58.004 

1  08.8 
118.3 
128.2 

138.7 
149.2 

J59-7 
170.6 

111.39 
122.79 
134.18 
I45-58 
156.97 
168.36 
179.76 

2-33 
3'66 
4.46 
4-73 
4-95 
5-i5 
5.10 

NaC-jHsOj. 
M.  W.  =  81.85.     Density  =  1.476  (Gerlach). 

(Gerlach.) 

8.185 
16.360 

104.1 
108.3 

105-55 
111.09 

i-37 
2.51 

PKCoHsO,),. 
M.  W.  i=  162.06.     Density  3.251  (Schroeder). 

M.W. 

Na,C< 

H406. 
snsity  1.83  (Gerlach). 

(Gerlach.) 

(Gerlach.) 

16.206 
32.412 
81.030 

104.7 
109.5 
124.6 

104.98 
109.96 
124.91 

0.27 
0.42 
0.25 

19.362 
38.724 

1  06.6 
114.2 

110.57 
121.15 

3-59 

5-74 

TABLE  148. 

CONTRACTION    DUE    TO    DILUTION    OF   A   SOLUTION.! 

The  first  column  gives  the  name  of  the  salt  dissolved,  the  second  the  amount  of  the  salt  required  to  produce  saturation 
and  the  third  the  contraction  produced  by  mixing  with  an  equal  volume  of  water. 


Parts  of  an- 

Parts  of  an- 

Water  with  equal  volume 
of  saturated  solution  of 

hydrate  salt 
dissolved  by 

Contraction 
when  mixed. 

Water  with  equal  volume 
of  saturated  solution  of 

hydrate  salt 
dissolved  by 

Contraction 
when  mixed. 

following  salts. 

100  parts  of 

Per  cent. 

following  salts. 

100  parts  of 

Per  cent. 

H2O  at  10°  C. 

H2Oat  10°  C. 

KC1      ... 

3r-97 

0.325 

NH4NO3     .        .    , 

185.00 

0.772 

K2SO4 

IO.IO 

0.082 

CaCl2  • 

63-30 

I-I35 

KNO3  . 

20.77 

0.144 

BaCl2  . 

33-30 

0.235 

K2C03 

88.72 

2.682 

MgS04         .        . 

30-50 

0.677 

NaCl    . 

35-75 

0.490 

ZnSO4  . 

48.36 

0.835 

Na2SC>4        .        • 

8.04 

0.107 

FeS04  .        .       T 

19.90 

0.327 

NaNO3 

84.30 

0-975 

A12K2(S04)4 

4-99 

0.033 

Na2CO3 

16.66 

0.206 

CuSO4  • 

20.92 

0.2  1  8 

NH4C1 

36.60 

0-273 

Pb(N03)2     . 

48.30 

0.228 

(NH4)2S04  .        . 

1.302 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  Authority  not  given. 

t  R.  Broom,  "  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin."  vol.  13,  p.  172. 

134 


TABLE  149. 


FRICTION. 

The  following  table  of  coefficients  of  friction  f  and  its  reciprocal  i/f,  together  with  the  angle  of  friction  or  angle  of 
repose  <£,  is  quoted  from  Rankine's  "Applied  Mechanics."  It  was  compiled  by  Rankine  from  the  results  of 
General  Morin  and  other  authorities,  and  is  sufficient  for  all  ordinary  purposes. 


Material. 

/ 

I// 

* 

1 

Wood  on  wood,  dry       ...... 

•25--50 

4.00-2.00 

14.0-26.5 

"       "       "       soapy   

.20 

5.00 

11.5 

Metals  on  oak,  dry         

.5o-.6o 

2.00-1.67 

26.5-31.0 

"         "       "     wet         

.24-.  26 

4.17-3.85 

13-5-14-5 

"        "      "    soapy     

.20 

5.00 

"•5 

"         "    elm,  dry         

.2O-.25 

5.00-4.0Q 

11.5-14.0 

Hemp  on  oak,  dry          

•53 

1.89 

28.0 

"        "      "    wet         

•33 

3.00 

18.5 

Leather  on  oak      

.27-.38 

3.70-2.86 

15.0-19.5 

"         "    metals,  dry  ...... 

.56 

1.70 

2Q.C 

"         ''         "       wet  

.36 

& 

S    J 

20.O 

"        "        "       greasy     .        .        . 

•23 

4-35 

I3.0 

"         "         "        oily          

•15 

6.67 

8-5 

.1  ?—  .20 

6.67—5.00 

8.5-ii.q 

"       "         "       wet   ...... 

•3 

3-33 

"•3    »**3 

16.5 

Smooth  surfaces,  occasionally  greased  . 

.O7-.o8 

14.3-12.50 

4.0-4.5 

"        continually  greased   . 

.05 

20.00 

3-o 

"            "        best  results        .... 

•Q3-.036 

33-3-27-6 

i-7  5-2-0 

Steel  on  agate,  dry  *      

.20 

5.00 

"•5 

"      "      "       oiled*  

.107 

9-35 

6.1 

Iron  on  stone         

.30-70 

3-33-1-43 

16.7-35.0 

Wood  on  stone      

About  .40 

2.50 

22.O 

Masonry  and  brick  work,  dry        .... 

.60-.  70 

1.67-1.43 

33-0-35-° 

"         '•      "        "        damp  mortar 

•74 

!-35 

36-5 

"       on  dry  clay      

•51 

1.96 

27.0 

"         "  moist  clay  

•33 

3.00 

18.25 

Earth  on  earth        

.25-1.00 

4.00-1.00 

14.0-45.0 

"       "       "     dry  sand,  clay,  and  mixed  earth   . 

•38-75 

2-63-1.33 

21.0-37.0 

"       "       "      damp  clay     ..... 

I.  CO 

I.OO 

45.0 

"       "       "      wet  clay        

•31 

3-23 

17.0 

"       "       "      shingle  and  gravel 

.8i-i.ii 

1.23-0.9 

39.0-48.0 

*  Quoted  from  a  paper  by  Jenkin  and  Ewing,  "  Phil.  Trans.  R.  S."  vol.  167.  In  this  paper  it  is  shown  that  in 
cases  where  "  static  friction  "  exceeds  "  kinetic  friction  "  there  is  a  gradual  increase  of  the  coefficient  of  friction  as  the 
speed  is  reduced  towards  zero. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

135 


TABLE   150. 


VISCOSITY. 


The  coefficient  of  viscosity  is  the  tangential  force  per  unit  area  of  one  face  of  a  plate  of  the 
fluid  which  is  required  to  keep  up  unit  distortion  between  the  faces.  Viscosity  is  thus  measured 
in  terms  of  the  temporary  rigidity  which  it  gives  to  the  fluid.  Solids  may  be  included  in  this 
definition  when  only  that  part  of  the  rigidity  which  is  due  to  varying  distortion  is  considered. 
One  of  the  most  satisfactory  methods  of  measuring  the  viscosity  of  fluids  is  by  the  observation 
of  the  rate  of  flow  of  the  fluid  through  a  capillary  tube,  the  length  of  which  is  great  in  compari- 
son with  its  diameter.  Poiseuille  *  gave  the  following  formula  for  calculating  the  viscosity  coef- 

ir/lf^s 
ficient  in  this  case  :  /*=   .,,  ,  ,  where  h  is  the  pressure  height,  r  the  radius  of  the  tube,  s  the 

density  of  the  fluid,  v  the  quantity  flowing  per  unit  time,  and  /  the  length  of  the  capillary  part  of 
the  tube.  The  liquid  is  supposed  to  flow  from  an  upper  to  a  lower  reservoir  joined  by  the  tube, 
hence  h  and  /  are  different.  The  product  hs  is  the  pressure  under  which  the  flow  takes  place. 
Hagenbach  t  pointed  out  that  this  formula  is  in  error  if  the  velocity  of  flow  is  sensible,  and  sug- 
gested a  correction  which  was  used  in  the  calculation  of  his  results.  The  amount  to  be  sub- 

z>2 
tracted  from  h,  according  to    Hagenbach,  is  -= — ,  where  g  is  the  acceleration  due  to  gravity. 

V--S 
Gartenmeister  \  points  out  an  error  in  this  to  which  his  attention  had  been  called  by  Finkener, 

and  states  that  the  quantity  to  be  subtracted  from  h  should  be  simply  — ;  and  this  formula  is 

S 

used  in  the  reduction  of  his  observations.  Gartenmeister's  formula  is  the  most  accurate,  but  all 
of  them  nearly  agree  if  the  tube  be  long  enough  to  make  the  rate  of  flow  very  small.  None  of  the 
formulae  take  into  account  irregularities  in  the  distortion  of  the  fluid  near  the  ends  of  the  tube, 
but  this  is  probably  negligible  in  all  cases  here  quoted  from,  although  it  probably  renders  the 
results  obtained  by  the  "  viscosimeter  "  commonly  used  for  testing  oils  useless  for  our  purpose. 
The  term  "  specific  viscosity  "  is  sometimes  used  in  the  headings  of  the  tables  ;  it  means  the 
ratio  of  the  viscosity  of  the  fluid  under  consideration  to  the  viscosity  of  water  at  a  specified 
temperature. 

TABLE  150.  — Specific  Viscosity  of  Water  at  different  Temperatures  relative  to  Water  at  0°  C. 


Authorities. 

Absolute 

Temp. 

Mean 

value  in 

inC°. 

value. 

C.  G.  S. 

Poiseuille. 

Graham. 

Rellstab. 

Sprung. 

Wagner. 

Slotte. 

units. 

0 

IOO.O 

IOO.O 

IOO.O 

IOO.O 

IOO.O 

IOO.O 

IOO.O 

IOO.O 

o.oi78§ 

5 

85.2 

84.4 

84.8 

85-3 

84-9 

-  ,*s 

- 

84.9 

0.0151 

10 

73-5 

73-6 

72.9 

73-5 

73-2 

- 

- 

73-3 

0.0131 

15 

64-3 

63-5 

63.7 

63.0 

63-9 

63-9 

— 

637 

0.0113 

20 

56.7 

56.0 

56.0 

55-5 

56.2 

56.2 

5°4 

56.2 

O.OIOO 

25 

_ 

49-5 

50-5 

48.7 

50-5 

50-3 

- 

49-9 

0.0089 

3° 

45-2 

44-7 

45-° 

45.0 

45.2 

44.6 

45-2 

45.0 

0.0080 

35 

40.2 

41.1 

40.0 

40.8 

40.3 

- 

40.5 

0.0072 

40 

- 

36.8 

37-o 

37-2 

37-o 

36.7 

36.9 

36.9 

0.0066 

45 

- 

33-9 

33-9 

34-5 

34-o 

34-5 

— 

34-2 

0.006  1 

50 

30.8 

3" 

3" 

31.2 

3J-3 

3i-7 

- 

31.2 

0.0056 

*"Comptes  rendus,''  vol.  15,  1842.     "  Mdm.  Serv.  Etr."  1846. 

t  "  Pogg.  Ann."  vol.  log,  1860. 

t  "  Zeits.  fiir  Phys.  Chim.';  vol.  6,  1890. 

§  The  value  0.0178  is  taken  from  a  paper  by  Crookes  (Phil.  Trans.  R.  S.  L.  1886),  where  the  coefficient  is  given  as 
|t  =  o.oi7793i/',  where  P— '  =  i  +.0336793 T-\-  .0002209936 7'2,  where  T  is  the  temperature  of  the  water  in  degrees 
Centigrade.     The  numbers  in  the  table  were  calculated  not  from  the  formula  but  from  the  numbers  in  the  column 
headed  "  mean  value." 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


136 


TABLES  151-153. 


VISCOSITY. 

TABLE  151.  -  Solution  of  Alcohol  in  Water.* 
Coefficients  of  viscosity,  in  C.  G.  S.  units,  for  solution  of  alcohol  in  water. 


Percentage  by  weight  of  alcohol  in  the  mixture. 

Temp. 

C. 

o 

8.21 

16.60 

34.58 

43-99 

S3.36 

75-75 

87-45 

99.72 

0° 

O.OlSl 

0.0287 

0-0453 

0.0732 

0.0707 

0.0632 

0.0407 

0.0294 

O.OlSo 

5 

.0152 

.0234 

•035  l 

.0558 

•°552 

.0502 

•0344 

•0256 

.0163 

10 

.0131 

•0195 

.0281 

•0435 

.0438 

.0405 

.0292 

.0223 

.0148 

15 

20 

.0114 
.OIOI 

.0165 
.0142 

.0230 
.0193 

•0347 
.0283 

•0353 
.0286 

•0332 
.0276 

.0250 
.0215 

.0195 
.0172 

.0134 
.OI22 

25 

0.0090 

0.0123 

0.0163 

0.0234 

0.0241 

O.O232 

0.0187 

O.OI52 

O.OIIO 

3° 

.OOSI 

.0108 

.0141 

.0196 

.0204 

.0198 

.0163 

•0135 

.0100 

35 

.0073 

.0096 

.OI22 

.0167 

.0174 

.0171 

.0144 

.0120 

.0092 

40 

.0067 

.0086 

.0108 

.0143 

.0150 

.0149 

.0127 

.OIO7 

.0084 

45 

.006l 

.0077 

.0095 

.0125 

.0131 

.0130 

.0113 

.0097 

.0077 

SO 

0.0056 

0.0070 

0.0085 

O.OIO9 

0.0115 

O.OII5 

O.OIO2 

0.0088 

0.0070 

55 

.0052 

.0063 

.0076 

.0096 

.0102 

.OIO2 

.OOgi 

.0086 

.0065 

60 

.0048 

.0058 

.0069 

.0086 

.0091 

.0092 

.0083 

.0073 

.0060 

The  following  tables  (152-153)  contain  the  results  of  a  number  of  experiments  in  the  viscosity  of  mineral  oils  derived 
from  petroleum  residues  and  used  for  lubricating  purposes.t 


TABLE  152. -Mineral  Oils. 


be 

Sp.  viscositv.     Water  at 

. 

o  - 

20°  C.  —  i. 

C' 

|t 

If 

0 

°c. 

°c 

20°  C. 

50°  C. 

100°  C. 

•93' 

243 

274 

_ 

11.30 

2-9 

.921 

216 

246 

- 

7-31 

2-5 

.906 

189 

208 

- 

3-"45 

.921 

163 

190 

_ 

27.80 

2.8 

.917 

132 

168 

- 

- 

2.6 

•904 
.891 

170 

207 
182 

8.65 
4-77 

2-65 
1.86 

'•3 

.878 

108 

148 

2-94 

1.48 

•«55 

42 

45 

1.65 

- 

- 

•905 

165 

202 

_ 

3.10 

r-5 

.894 
.866 

90 

270 
224 

7-60 
2.50 

3.60 
1.50 

TABLE  153.  —  Mineral  Oils. 


Oil. 

tj, 

C 

Q 

fj 

|i 

K 
°C. 

w 

F 

°c. 

***** 

«S|| 
|?J 

%r^~2 
>  '"•« 

Cylinder  oil  .     . 

.917 

227 

274 

191 

Machine  oil  .     . 

.914 

213 

260 

IO2 

Wagon  oil     .     . 

•9*4 

148 

182 

80 

"         "      .     . 

.911 

157 

187 

70 

Naphtha  residue 

.910 

134 

162 

55 

Oleo-naphtha 

.910 

219 

2S7 

121 

"           " 

.904 

20  r 

242 

66 

"           " 

.894 

184 

222 

26 

Oleonid     .     .     . 

.884 

185 

2I7 

28 

best 

quality 

.881 

1  88 

224 

20 

Olive  oil    ... 

.916 

_ 

_ 

22 

Whale  oil      .    . 

.879 

- 

- 

9 

•875 

*  This  table  was  calculated  from  the  table  of  fluidities  given  by  Noack  (Wied.  Ann.  vol.  27,  p.  217),  and  shows  a 
maximum  for  a  solution  containing  about  40  per  cent  of  alcohol.  A  similar  result  was  obtained  for  solutions  of  acetic 
acid. 

t  Table  152  is  from  a  paper  by  Engler  in  Dingler's  "  Poly.  Jour."  vol.  268,  p.  76,  and  Table  153  is  from  a  paper  by 
Lamansky  in  the  same  journal,  vol.  248,  p.  29.  The  very  mixed  composition  of  these  oils  renders  the  viscosity  a  very 
uncertain  quantity,  neither  the  density  nor  the  flashing  point  being  a  good  guide  to  viscosity. 

t  The  differenj  groups  in  this  table  are  from  different  residues. 


SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


137 


TABLE  154. 


VISCOSITY. 


This  table  gives  some  miscellaneous  data  as  to  the  viscosity  of  liquids,  mostly  referring  to  oils  and  paraffins.     The 

viscosities  are  in  C.  G.  S.  units. 


Liquid. 

G.% 

Coefficient 
of 
viscosity. 

Temp. 
Cent.  ° 

Authority. 

Ammonia      .        .        .        ... 

0.0160 

II.9 

Poiseuille. 

0.0149 

14-5 

" 

O.OIII 

2O.O 

Gartenmeister. 

Glycerine      .        .        . 

42.20 

2.8 

Schottner. 

** 

25.18 

8.1 

ti 

u 

1^87 

1A.  1 

n 

"             

*.>"/ 

8.30 

"to 

20.3 

« 

4-94 

26.5 

" 

Glycerine  and  water     . 

94.46 

7-437 

8-5 

if 

"                    "... 

80.31 

i.  02  1 

8-5 

" 

"                    "... 

64.05 

O.222 

8-5 

" 

• 

49-79 

0.092 

8-5 

it 

Glycol           .        .        .        . 

O.O2I9 

o.o 

Arrhenius. 

O.Ol84 

—  20 

Koch. 

O.OI7O 

0.0 

. 

0.0157 

2O.O 

" 

„ 

O.OI22 
O.OIO2 

IOO.O 
2OO.O 

tt 

"             

0.0093 

300.0 

" 

0.1878 

2O.O 

Gartenmeister. 

Olive  oU       

0.0 

Reynolds. 

Paraffins  :  Decane 

O.OO77 

22-3 

Bartolli  &  Stracciati. 

Dodecane   . 

O.OI26 

23-3 

"                  " 

Heptane 

O.OO45 

24.0 

tt                  ft 

Hexadecane 

0.0359 

22.2 

ii                  a 

Hexane 

0.0033 

23-7 

if                  if 

Nonane 

O.OO62 

22.3 

II                                     !< 

Octane 

O.OO53 

22.2 

If                                     It 

Pentane 

O.OO26 

21  O 

14                                     II 

Pentadecane 

0.028l 

22.O 

If                                     II 

Tetradecane 

0.0213 

21.9 

II                                     If 

Tridecane    . 

0.0155 

23-3 

II                                    <l 

Undecane    . 

OOO95 

22.7 

If                                     II 

Petroleum  (Caucasian)         .        . 

OOIOX) 

17-5 

Petroff. 

Rape  oil        

25-3 

O.O 

O.  E.  Meyer. 

it      it 

7  8  c 

IO.O 

** 

«      «         

i  '63 

2O.O 

» 

• 

0.96 

30.0 

*  Calculated  from  the  formula  ft  =  .017  —  .000066*+  00000021^ — .0000000002 $&  (vide  Koch,  Wied.  Ann.  vol.  14. 
p.  i). 

t  Given  as  1=3. 2653  e--yiKT,  where  T  is  temperature  in  Centigrade  degrees. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

138 


TABLE  1  55. 


VISCOSITY. 

This  table  gives  the  viscosity  of  a  number  of  liquids  together  with  their  temperature  variation.     The  headings  are 
temperatures  in  Centigrade  degrees,  and  the  numbers  under  them  the  coefficients  of  viscosity  in  C.  G.  S.  units.* 


Liquid. 

Temperatures  Centigrade. 

Authority. 

10° 

to9 

3o° 

40° 

50° 

Acetone     

.004."? 

.OOV) 

.0036 

.OOT.2 

.0028 

Pribram  &  Handl. 

Acetates  :  Allyl      .     .     . 

^^TO 
.0068 

•?: 
.OOOI 

.0054 

,WJ  — 

.0049 

.0044 

u 

Amyl     .    ,i     . 

.0106 

.0089 

.0077 

.0065 

.0058 

u 

Ethyl     .     .     . 

.OO5I 

.0044 

.0040 

.0035 

.0032 

" 

Methyl  .     .     . 

.OO46 

.OO4I 

.0036 

.0032 

.0030 

u 

Propyl  .     .     . 

.0066 

.0059 

.0052 

.0044 

.0039 

H 

Acids  :  t  Acetic      .     .     . 

.0150 

.OI26 

.0109 

.0094 

.0082 

" 

Butyric     .     .     . 

.OI96 

.0163 

.0136 

.0118 

.0102 

Gartenmeister. 

Formic    .    .     . 

.0231 

.0184 

.0149 

.0125 

.0104 

" 

Propionic      .     . 

.0125 

.0107 

.0092 

.0081 

.0073 

Rellstab. 

"             .     . 

.0139 

.0118 

.OIOI 

.0091 

.0080 

Pribram  &  Handl. 

Salicylic   .     .     . 

.0320 

.O27I 

.0222 

.0181 

.0150 

Rellstab. 

Valeric     .     .     . 

.O27I 

.O22O 

.0183 

•OI55 

.0127 

« 

Alcohols  :  Allyl  .... 

.0206 

.0163 

.0128 

.0103 

.0083 

Pribram  &  Handl. 

Amyl     .     .     . 

.O65I 

.0470 

•0344 

•0255 

.0196 

u                      « 

Butyl      .     .     . 

.0424 

.0324 

.0247 

.0190 

.0150 

"                    " 

Ethyl     .     .     . 

.0150 

.OI22 

.0102 

.0085 

.0072 

Gartenmeister. 

Isobutyl      .     . 

.O58O 

.0411 

.0301 

.0223 

.0170 

u 

Isopropyl  .     . 

•0338 

.0248 

.0185 

.0140 

.0108 

" 

Methyl  .     .     . 

.0073 

.OO02 

.0054 

.0047 

.0041 

" 

Propyl   .     .     . 

.0293 

.0227 

.0179 

.0142 

.0115 

" 

Aldehyde  

.ocny 

•OO'?7 

_ 



_ 

Rellstab. 

Aniline  

^^j/ 

•  WJf 

.0440 

.07  1  Q 

.0241 

.0189 

Wijkander. 

Benzene     

.0071 

>wtf  bfv 

.0064 

3    y 

.00  ^s 

.W.f.1 

.0048 

.004"? 

Benzoates  :  Ethyl  .     .     . 

»"*/O 

.0265 

.0217 

j  j 

.0174 

w     ^ 

.0146 

"VLTj 
.OI24 

Rellstab. 

Methyl    .     . 

.0231 

.0196 

.0160 

.0134 

.OII5 

" 

Bromides  :  Allyl    .     .     . 

.0061 

.0053 

.0048 

.0045 

.0041 

Pribram  &  Handl. 

Ethyl    .     .     . 

.0043 

.0037 

.0035 

— 

- 

"                 " 

Ethylene  .     . 

.0169  , 

.0149 

— 

- 

«                 .< 

Carbon  disulphide      .     . 

- 

.0036 

.0035 

.0034 

— 

Wijkander. 

Carbon  dioxide  (liquid)  . 

.0008 

.0007 

.0005 

- 

Warburg  &  Babo. 

Chlorides  :  Allyl     .     .     . 

.0039 

.0036 

•0033 

— 

- 

Pribram  &  Handl. 

Ethylene  .     . 

.0083 

.0072 

.0063 

.0056 

<> 

Chloroform   

.0064 

.00  S7 

.0052 

.0046 

.OO4  "? 

u 

Ether    

^T- 
.OO26 

^^J/ 

.002  "? 

.0021 

.Wif.^ 

u 

Ethyl  sulphide   .... 

.0048 

.V^/_J 

.0043 

.0039 

•°°35 

.0032 

u 

Iodides  :  Allyl   .... 

.0080 

.0072 

.0065 

.0059 

•0053 

" 

Ethyl  .... 

.0064 

.0057 

.0052 

.0048 

.OO44 

X 

Metaxylol  

.OO7i; 

.0066 

.0058 

.OOC2 

OOA7 

u 

Nitro  benzene    .... 

••'*'/  J 

.0203 

.0170 

.0144 

.ww^/ 
.0124 

« 

"      butane      .... 

.0119 

.0103 

.0089 

.0078 

.OO09 

" 

"      ethane  

.0080 

.0071 

.0064 

OOC7 

.OO52 

M 

"      propane    .... 

.0099 

.WW/    1 
.OO87 

.0077 

A**j/ 

.0068 

.OO6l 

« 

"      toluene     .... 

•0233 

.0190 

.0159 

.0136 

" 

Propyl  aldehyde     .     .     . 

.0047 

.OO4I 

.0036 

•°°33 

- 

«                        u 

Toluene     

.0068 

.0059 

.0052 

.0047 

.OO42 

u                        « 

*  Calculated  from  the  specific  viscosities  given  in  Landolt  &  Boernstein's  "  Phys.  Chem.  Tab."  p.  289  et  seq.,  on 
the  assumption  that  the  coefficient  for  water  at  o°  C.  is  .0178. 
t  For  inorganic  acids,  see  Solutions. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

139 


TABLE  156. 


VISCOSITY  OF  SOLUTIONS. 


This  table  is  intended  to  show  the  effect  of  change  of  concentration  and  change  of  temperature  on  the  viscosity  of 
solutions  of  salts  in  water.  The  specific  viscosity  X  100  is  given  for  two  or  more  densities  and  for  several  tem- 
peratures in  the  case  of  each  solution,  p  stands  for  specific  viscosity,  and  t  for  temperature  Centigrade. 


Salt. 

Percentage 
by  weight 
of  salt  in 
solution. 

Density. 

M 

t 

M 

t 

V- 

t 

M 

/ 

Authority. 

BaCl2 

7.60 

_ 

77-9 

10 

44-o 

3f 

35-2 

5f 

Sprung. 

" 

15.40 

-' 

86.4 

" 

56.0 

39-6 

- 

- 

'• 

" 

24-34 

- 

100.7 

*' 

66.2 

H 

47-7 

" 

- 

- 

" 

Ba(N03)2 

2.98 

1.027 

62.0 

15 

51.1 

25 

42-4 

35 

34-8 

45 

Wagner. 

5-24 

1.051 

68.1 

54-2 

" 

44.1 

36-9 

" 

CaCl2 

I5-I7 

- 

110.9 

IO 

7i-3 

30 

50-3 

5f 

_ 

_ 

Sprung. 

" 

31.60 

- 

272.5 

" 

177.0 

" 

124.0 

- 

- 

" 

" 

39-75 

- 

670.0 

" 

379-o 

" 

245-5 

" 

- 

- 

" 

<4 

44.09 

- 

- 

- 

593-1 

" 

363-2 

" 

- 

- 

" 

Ca(NO»)8 

17-55 

I.I7I 

93-8 

15 

74.6 

25 

60.0 

35 

49-9 

45 

Wagner. 

" 

30.10 

1.274 

144.1 

" 

112.7 

" 

90.7 

" 

75-i 

" 

" 

" 

40.13 

1.386 

242.6 

'* 

217.1 

'56-5 

** 

128.1 

" 

" 

CdCl2 

11.09 

1.109 

77-5 

15 

60.5 

25 

49.1 

35 

40.7 

45 

u 

" 

16.30 

i.iSi 

88.9 

70-5 

57-5 

47-2 

" 

" 

24.79 

1.320 

104.0 

80.4 

" 

64.6 

** 

53-6 

** 

" 

Cd(N03)2 

7.81 

1.074 

61.9 

15 

50.1 

25 

41.1 

35 

34-o 

45 

H 

" 

i5-7i 

!-!59 

71.8 

58-7 

** 

48.8 

4i-3 

" 

" 

22.36 

1.241 

85.1 

u 

69.0 

** 

57-3 

" 

47-5 

" 

« 

CdS04 

7.14 

i.  068 

78.9 

15 

61.8 

25 

49-9 

35 

4i-3 

45 

« 

" 

14.66 

i-'SJ 

96.2 

72-4 

58.1 

48.8 

« 

** 

22.01 

1.268 

120.8 

« 

91.8 

** 

73-5 

" 

60.  i 

" 

** 

CoCl2 

7-97 

1.081 

83.0 

'5 

65.1 

25 

53-6 

35 

44-9 

45 

" 

" 

14.86 

1.161 

in.6 

85.1 

73-7 

58.8 

" 

<( 

22.27 

1.264 

161.6 

" 

126.6 

" 

101.6 

" 

85-6 

" 

" 

Co(N08)2 

8.28 

!-°73 

74-7 

15 

57-9 

25 

48.7 

35 

39-8 

45 

« 

" 

15.96 

1.144 

87.0 

55-4 

44-9 

" 

" 

24-53 

1.229 

110.4 

** 

88.0 

** 

7i-5 

" 

59-i 

" 

M 

CoSO4 

7.24 

i.  086 

86.7 

15 

68.7 

25 

55-o 

35 

45-1 

45 

« 

" 

14.16 

I-I59 

117.8 

95-5 

76.0 

61.7 

(i 

" 

21.17 

1.240 

193.6 

** 

146.2 

" 

113.0 

** 

89.9 

** 

CuCl2 

J2.OI 

1.104 

87.2 

15 

67.8 

25 

55-1 

35 

45-6 

45 

H 

*' 

21-35 

1.215 

121.5 

95-8 

77-o 

63.2 

" 

33-03 

i-33i 

178.4 

*' 

137-2 

** 

107.6 

** 

87.1 

(i 

" 

Cu(N03)2 

18.99 

1.177 

97-3 

15 

76.0 

25 

61-5 

35 

5*-3 

I5 

" 

" 

26.68 

1.264 

126.2 

98.8 

80.9 

68.6 

" 

" 

46.71 

!-536 

382.9 

" 

283-8 

** 

215-3 

** 

172.2 

** 

*' 

CuSO4 

6.79 

'•055 

79.6 

15 

61.8 

25 

49.8 

35 

41.4 

45 

" 

*' 

12-57 

1.115 

98.2 

74-o 

" 

59-7 

52.0 

" 

" 

17.49 

1.163 

124.5 

" 

96.8 

" 

75-9 

" 

61.8 

" 

" 

HC1 

8.14 

1-037 

71.0 

'5 

57-9 

25 

48-3 

35 

40.1 

45 

« 

" 

16.12 

1.084 

80.0 

66.5 

56-4 

48.1 

" 

H 

» 

23.04 

1.114 

91.8 

** 

79-9 

« 

65-9 

56-4 

" 

« 

HgCl2 

0.23 

1.023 

_ 

_ 

58-5 

2O 

46.8 

3f 

38-3 

40 

• 

• 

3-55 

'•033 

76.75 

10 

59-2 

46.6 

38-3 

<( 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


140 


VISCOSITY   OF   SOLUTIONS. 


TABLE  156 


Salt. 

Percentage 
by  weight 
of  salt  in 
solution. 

Density. 

• 

t 

* 

t 

r 

t 

- 

' 

Authority. 

HNOg 

8-37 

.067 

66.4 

15 

54-8 

25 

45-4 

35 

37-6 

45 

Wagner. 

" 

12.2O 

.116 

69-5 

57-3 

" 

47-9 

" 

40.7 

" 

" 

"    • 

28.31 

.178 

80.3 

65-5 

** 

54-9 

" 

46.2 

u           _ 

H2S04 

7.87 
I5-50 

.065 
.130 

77-8 
95-  r 

15 

61.0 
75-o 

25 

50.0 
60.5 

35 

41.7 
49-8 

45 

It 

"   • 

23-43 

.2OO 

122.7 

" 

95-5 

77-5 

M 

64-3 

KC1 

10.23 
22.21 

- 

70.0 
70.0 

IO 

46.1 
48.6 

3° 

36-4 

5° 

-    • 

- 

Sprung. 

KBr 

I4.O2 

_ 

67.6 

IO 

44.8 

3? 

32.1 

50 

_ 

_ 

« 

" 

23.16 

- 

66.2 

" 

44-7 

33-2 

" 

— 

- 

" 

" 

- 

66.6 

" 

47.0 

35-7 

" 

— 

- 

** 

KI 

8.42 

_ 

695 

IO 

44.0 

30 

31.3 

So 

- 

_ 

« 

" 

17.01 

- 

65.3 

" 

42.9 

3M 

" 

— 

- 

" 

" 

33-03 

- 

61.8 

" 

42.9 

" 

32-4 

" 

- 

- 

" 

« 

45.98 

54-oo 

- 

63.0 
68.8 

" 

45-2 
48-5 

« 

35-3 
37-6 

« 

- 

- 

!! 

KC1O3 

3-51 

- 

71.7 

10 

44-7 

30 

31.5 

5° 

- 

- 

« 

** 

5-69 

— 

— 

" 

45.0 

** 

3M 

- 

- 

" 

KN03 

6.32 

- 

70.8 

IO 

44-6 

3° 

31.8 

5° 

- 

_ 

» 

" 

12.19 

- 

68.7 

" 

44-8 

32-3 

- 

— 

" 

"     : 

17.60 

- 

68.8 

" 

46.0 

" 

33-4 

** 

- 

- 

" 

K2S04 

5-!7 

- 

77-4 

10 

48.6 

3p 

34-3 

5° 

- 

- 

" 

** 

9-77 

- 

81.0 

" 

52.0 

36-9 

- 

— 

" 

K2CrO4 

"•93 

_ 

75-8 

IO 

62.5 

30 

41.0 

40 

_ 

_ 

« 

" 

19.61 

- 

85-3 

" 

68.7 

" 

47-9 

" 

- 

— 

" 

" 

24.26 

1.233 

97-8 

" 

74-5 

" 

" 

- 

- 

Slotte. 

- 

32.78 

- 

109.5 

88.9 

" 

62.6 

" 

- 

- 

Sprung. 

K2Cr2O7 

4.71 

1.032 

72.6 

IO 

55-9 

20 

45-3 

3f 

37-5 

40 

Slotte. 

" 

6.97 

1.049 

73-' 

11 

56-4 

" 

45-5 

37-7 

" 

LiCl 

7-76 

- 

96.1 

IO 

59-7 

3° 

41.2 

5° 

_ 

_ 

Sprung. 

" 

I3-9I 

- 

121.3 

" 

75-9 

52.6 

- 

- 

" 

a 

26.93 

- 

229.4 

" 

142.1 

" 

98.0 

*" 

- 

- 

H 

Mg(N03)2 

18.62 

I.IO2 

99-8 

15 

81-3 

25 

66.5 

35 

56.2 

45 

Wagner. 

" 

34-19 

1.200 

213.3 

164.4 

132.4 

109.9 

" 

" 

** 

39-77 

1.430 

3!7-o 

" 

250.0 

'* 

191.4 

** 

158.1 

" 

" 

MgS04 

4.98 

- 

96.2 

IO 

59-o 

30 

40.9 

50 

- 

- 

Sprung. 

" 

9.50 

- 

130.9 

" 

77-7 

" 

53-o 

" 

- 

— 

" 

« 

19.32 

- 

302.2 

166.4 

106.0 

" 

- 

- 

" 

MgCrO4 

12.31 

1.089 

111.3 

10 

84.8 

20 

67.4 

30 

55-o 

40 

Slotte. 

"  • 

21.86 

.164 

167.1 

" 

125-3 

" 

99-0 

79-4 

" 

u 

" 

27.71 

.217 

232-2 

" 

172.6 

" 

133-9 

M 

1  06.6 

" 

" 

MnCl2 

8.01 

.096 

92.8 

'S 

71.1 

25 

57-5 

35 

48.1 

45 

Wagner. 

"    •• 

15-65 

.196 

130.9 

104.2 

" 

84.0 

68.7 

" 

" 

30-33 

•337 

256.3 

** 

193-2 

* 

155-° 

" 

123-7 

" 

" 

40.13 

•453 

537-3 

393-4 

300.4 

246.5 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


141 


TABLE   1  56. 


VISCOSITY    OF   SOLUTIONS. 


Salt. 

Percentage 
by  weight 
of  salt  in 
solution. 

Density. 

M 

•    t 

n 

/ 

M 

t 

t>- 

t 

Authority. 

Mn(NO3)2 

18.31 

1.148 

96.0 

\s 

76.4 

25 

64-5 

35 

55-6 

45 

Wagner. 

" 

29.60 

•323 

167.5 

126.0 

104.6 

88.6 

" 

ti 

49-3  » 

.506 

3968 

301.1 

** 

221.0 

" 

188.8 

" 

« 

MnSO4 

"•45 

.147 

129.4 

15 

98.6 

25 

78-3 

35 

63-4 

45 

« 

" 

1  8.80 

.251 

228.6 

" 

172.2 

I37-I 

107.4 

" 

" 

22.08 

.306 

661.8 

<( 

474-3 

" 

347-9 

** 

266.8 

" 

" 

NaCl 

7-95 

_ 

82.4 

10 

52.0 

30 

31.8 

5° 

- 

_ 

Sprung. 

" 

I4-31 

- 

94-8 

" 

60.  i 

36-9 

- 

- 

" 

" 

23.22 

- 

128.3 

" 

79-4 

** 

47-4 

** 

- 

- 

*' 

NaBr 

9-77 

_ 

75-6 

10 

48.7 

3° 

34-4 

5° 

_ 

_ 

« 

" 

18.58 

- 

82.6 

" 

53-5 

38.2 

- 

- 

" 

a 

27.27 

- 

95-9 

61.7 

43-8 

" 

- 

- 

*' 

Nal 

8.83 

_ 

73-  J 

IO 

46.0 

3° 

32-4 

5° 

- 

_ 

« 

" 

17-iS 

- 

73-8 

" 

47-4 

33-7 

" 

- 

- 

" 

" 

35-69 

— 

86.0 

" 

55-7 

" 

40.6 

" 

- 

- 

" 

" 

55-47 

- 

157-2 

" 

96.4 

H 

66.9 

- 

- 

" 

NaClO3 

11.50 

_ 

78.7 

IO 

50.0 

3° 

35-3 

5° 

- 

_ 

« 

" 

20.59 

— 

88.9 

" 

56.8 

" 

40-4 

" 

- 

- 

" 

" 

33-54 

- 

I2I.O 

« 

75-7 

» 

53-o 

" 

- 

- 

NaNOs 

7-25 

_ 

75-6 

IO 

47-9 

3° 

33-8 

5° 

- 

- 

U 

M 

I2-35 

— 

81.2 

" 

51.0 

" 

36.1 

" 

- 

- 

" 

" 

18.20 

- 

87.0 

" 

55-9 

" 

39-3 

" 

- 

- 

" 

u 

31-55 

— 

121.  2 

u 

76.2 

« 

53-4 

" 

— 

— 

" 

Na2SO4 

4.98 

- 

96.2 

IO 

59-o 

3° 

40.9 

5° 

- 

- 

" 

« 

9.50 

- 

130.9 

" 

77-7 

" 

53-° 

" 

- 

- 

** 

II 

14.03 

— 

I87.9 

" 

107.4 

" 

71.1 

" 

- 

- 

" 

" 

I9-32 

- 

302.2 

" 

166.4 

" 

1  06.0 

- 

- 

** 

Na2CrO4 

5-76 

1.058 

85.8 

IO 

66.6 

20 

53-4 

3° 

43-8 

40 

Slotte. 

H 

10.62 

1.  112 

I03-3 

" 

79-3 

" 

63-5 

*' 

52-3 

" 

" 

" 

14.81 

1.164 

127-5 

" 

97.1 

" 

77-3 

« 

63.0 

" 

" 

NH4C1 

3-67 

_ 

7i-5 

IO 

45-° 

3° 

3i-9 

5° 

_ 

- 

Sprung. 

H 

g.67 

— 

69.1 

" 

45-3 

32.6 

" 

- 

- 

u 

M 

15.68 

- 

67-3 

" 

46.2 

" 

34-o 

" 

- 

- 

(1 

" 

23-37 

- 

67.4 

" 

47-7 

" 

36.1 

" 

- 

—  ' 

" 

NH4Br 

15-97 

_ 

65.2 

10 

43-2 

3° 

3i-5 

5° 

•   '-.  !' 

•- 

(t 

« 

25.33 

— 

62.6 

" 

43-3 

32.2 

M 

- 

— 

(( 

« 

36.88 

— 

62.4 

" 

44-6 

34-3 

" 

— 

— 

NH4NO3 

5-97 

_ 

69.6 

IO 

44-3 

30 

31.6 

5° 

—      '; 

- 

» 

" 

12.19 

- 

66.8 

" 

44-3 

" 

3i-9 

" 

- 

- 

(t 

" 

27.08 

- 

67.0 

" 

47-7 

" 

349 

" 

- 

- 

" 

« 

37-22 

- 

7i-7 

" 

51.2 

" 

38.8 

« 

~ 

- 

'" 

(i 

49-83 

- 

81.1 

" 

63-3 

H 

48.9 

" 

— 

— 

" 

(NH4)SS04 

8.10 

_ 

107.9 

10 

52-3 

3° 

37-o 

5° 

- 

- 

« 

H 

15.94 

- 

120.2 

" 

60.4 

u 

43-2 

" 

- 

- 

II 

25-51 

148.4 

74-8 

54-i 

H 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


142 


VISCOSITY    OF    SOLUTIONS. 


TABLE  1  56. 


Salt. 

Percentage 
by  weight 
of  salt  in 
solution. 

Density 

u 

/ 

M 

t 

* 

/ 

M 

/ 

Authority. 

(NH4)2CrO4 

10.52 

1.063 

79-3 

10 

62.4 

20 

_ 

_ 

42-4 

40 

Slotte. 

«' 

19-75 
28.04 

I.I2O 
•I-I73 

88.2 

IOI.I 

« 

7O.O 
80.7 

* 

6a8 

3° 

48.4 
56-4 

« 

(NH4)2Cr207 

6.85 

1.039 

72.5 

IO 

56-3 

20 

45-8 

3f 

38.0 

40 

« 

*; 

13.00 

1.078 

72.6 

" 

57-2 

" 

46.8 

39-  * 

" 

" 

** 

19-93 

I.I26 

77-6 

" 

58.8 

-- 

48.7 

" 

40.9 

" 

ii 

NiCl2 

"•45 

1.109 

90.4 

15 

70.0 

25 

57-5 

35 

48.2 

45 

Wagner. 

" 

22.69 

1.226 

140.2 

" 

109.7 

" 

87.8 

" 

72-7 

" 

« 

" 

30.40 

1-337 

229.5 

** 

171.8 

" 

139.2 

** 

111.9 

" 

" 

Ni(NO3)2 

16.49 

1.136 

90.7 

15 

70.1 

25 

57-4 

35 

48.9 

45 

« 

" 

30.01 

1.278 

135-6 

" 

105.9 

70.7 

" 

" 

40.95 

1.388 

222.6 

" 

169.7 

« 

128.2 

a 

152.4 

" 

" 

NiSO4 

10.62 

1.092 

94.6 

15 

73-5 

25 

60.  i 

35 

49-8 

45 

.« 

" 

18.19 

1.198 

154-9 

" 

119.9 

99-5 

M 

75-7 

" 

25-35 

1-3*4 

298.5 

« 

224.9 

M 

i73-o 

'* 

152.4 

u 

" 

Pb(N08)2 

'7-93 

1.179 

74-0 

\S 

59-i 

25 

48-5 

35 

40-3 

45 

« 

32.22 

1.362 

91.8 

72.5 

d 

59.6 

50.6 

" 

Sr(N08)2 

10.29 

1.088 

69-3 

»5 

56.0 

25 

45-9 

35 

39-i 

45 

.< 

" 

21.19 

1.124 

87-3 

69.2 

d 

57-8 

48.1 

" 

" 

32.61 

i-307 

116.9 

M 

93-3' 

76.7 

U 

62.3 

** 

" 

ZnCl2 

15-33 

23-49 

1.146 
1.229 

93-6 
111.5 

IS 

72.7 
86.6 

25 

57-8 
69.8 

35 

48.2 
57-5 

45 

H 

" 

33-78 

1-343 

151.7 

« 

117.9 

« 

90.0 

« 

72.6 

" 

" 

Zn(N03)2 

'5-95 

1.115 

80.7 

'5 

64-3 

25 

52.6 

35 

43-8 

45 

» 

" 

30-23 

1.229 

104.7 

" 

85.7 

" 

69-5 

57-7 

u 

" 

44.50 

1-437 

167.9 

" 

130.6 

« 

105.4 

" 

87-9 

** 

« 

ZnSO4 

7.12 

1.106 

97.1 

15 

79-3 

25 

62.7 

35 

5T-5 

45 

«« 

" 

16.64 

I-I95 

156.0 

118.6 

94-2 

73-5 

" 

23.09 

1.281 

232.8 

<> 

177-4 

« 

135-2 

108.1 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


TABLE   157. 


SPECIFIC    VISCOSITY.* 


Dissolved  salt. 

Normal  solution 

J  normal. 

J  normal. 

^  normal. 

Authority. 

:*, 

Q 

Q 

Specific 
viscosity. 

>> 
1 

0    >> 

tc.t: 

IS 

t/3'S 

>, 

c 
Q 

Specific 
viscosity. 

>, 

c 
P 

Specific 
viscosity. 

Acids  :  ClgOs      .     . 

T  T  /   •  1 

1.0562 

I.OI2 

1.0283 

1.003 

1.0143 

I.OOO 

1.0074 

0-999 

Kevher. 

ilLI    . 

T  T  f\  f  \ 

1.0177 

1.067 

1  .0092 

1.034 

1.0045 

I.OI7 

1.0025 

1.009 

"    . 

HClUa    .     . 

1.0485 

I.O52 

1.0244 

1.025 

1.0126 

1.014 

1  .0064 

i.  006 

If 

HNOg      .      . 

II     C  f  \ 

1.0332 

I.O27 

I.OI68 

I.OI  I 

1.0086 

1.005 

1.0044 

1.003 

" 

1120U4     . 

1.0303 

I.OgO 

1.0154 

1.043 

1.0074 

1.022 

1-0035 

1.008 

Wagner. 

Aluminium  sulphate 
Barium  chloride  .     . 

I-0550 
1.0884 

1.406 
I.I23 

1.0278 
1.0441 

1.178 
r-057 

1.0138 

1.0226 

I.082 
I.O26 

1.0068 
I.OII4 

1.038 
1.013 

" 

"        nitrate     .     . 
Calcium  chloride 

1.0446 

1.156 

1.0518 
1.0218 

1.044 
1.076 

1.0259 
1.0105 

I.  O2  1 
1.036 

1.0130 
1.0050 

i.  008 
1.017 

« 

"        nitrate  . 

1.0596 

I.II7 

1.0300 

J-053 

1.0151 

1.022 

1.0076 

1.008 

" 

Cadmium  chloride  . 

1.0779 

'•134 

1.0394 

1.063 

1.0197 

I.03I 

1.0098 

i.  020 

'" 

"          nitrate 

1.0954 

1.165 

1.0479 

1.074 

1  .0249 

1.038 

1.0119 

1.018 

it 

sulphate  . 

1-0973 

1.348 

1.0487 

1.157 

1.0244 

1.078 

I.OI2O 

r-°33 

" 

Cobalt  chloride   .     . 

1.0571 

I.2O4 

1.0286 

1.097 

1.0144 

1.048 

1.0058 

1.023 

" 

"      nitrate      .     . 

1.0728 

I.I66 

1.0369 

1-075 

1.0184 

1.032 

1  .0094 

1.018 

" 

"       sulphate  .     . 

1.0756 

2-354 

1-0383 

1.160 

1.0193 

J.077 

I  .OIIO 

1.040 

" 

Copper  chloride  .     . 

1.0624 

1.205 

1-0313 

1.098 

1.0158 

1.047 

1.0077 

1.027 

« 

"        nitrate     .     . 

i-0755 

1.179 

1.0372 

1.080 

1.0185 

I.O4O 

1.0092 

1.018 

" 

"        sulphate 

i  .0790 

'•35» 

1  .0402 

1.160 

1.0205 

I.  O8O 

1.0103 

1.038 

« 

Lead  nitrate    .     .     . 

1.1380 

I.IOI 

0.0699 

1.042 

I-®3S1 

I.OI7 

1.0175 

1.007 

" 

Lithium  chloride 

1.0243 

1,142 

1.0129 

i.  066 

1  .0062 

I.03I 

1  .0030 

I.OI  2 

" 

"        sulphate 

1-0453 

1.290 

1.0234 

i-i37 

1.0115 

1.065 

1.0057 

1.032 

" 

Magnesium  chloride 

I-I375 

1.  201 

1.0188 

1.094 

1  .009  1 

1.044 

1.0043 

I.  O2  1 

« 

"            nitrate  . 

1.0512 

I.I7I 

1.0259 

1.082 

1.0130 

I.O4O 

1.  0066 

I.O2O 

« 

"            sulphate 

1.0584 

I-367 

1.0297 

1.164 

1.0152 

1.078 

1.0076 

1.032 

« 

Manganese  chloride 

1.0513 

I.2O9 

1.0259 

1.098 

1.0125 

1.048 

1.0063 

1.023 

" 

nitrate   . 

1.0690 

I.l83 

1.0349 

1.087 

1.0174 

1.043 

1.0093 

I.O23 

" 

'"           sulphate 

1.0728 

1.364 

1-0365 

1.169 

1.0179 

1.076 

1.0087 

1-037 

" 

Nickel  chloride    .     . 

1.0591 

I.2O5 

1.0308 

1.097 

1.0144 

1.044 

1  .0067 

I.  O2  1 

H 

"      nitrate  .     .     . 

r-°755 

I.lSo 

1.0381 

1.084 

1.0192 

1,042 

1  .0096 

I.OI9 

" 

"       sulphate  . 

1-0773 

1.361 

1.0391 

1.161 

1.0198 

1-075 

1.0017 

1.032 

" 

Potassium  chloride  . 

1.0466 

0.987 

1-0235 

0.987 

1.0117 

0.990 

1.0059 

0-993 

" 

"          chromate 

1-0935 

I.II3 

1-0475 

1-053 

1.0241 

I.O22 

I.OI2I 

I.OI2 

" 

"           nitrate    . 

1.0605 

Q-975 

1-0305 

0.982 

I.Ol6l 

0.987 

1.0075 

0.992 

« 

"           sulphate 

1.0664 

1.105 

1-0338 

1.049 

1.0170 

I.  O2  1 

I.OO84 

1.008 

" 

Sodium  chloride  .     . 

1.0401 

1.097 

1  .0208 

1.047 

1.0107 

I.O24 

1.0056 

I.OI3 

Reyher. 

"        bromide  .     . 

1.0786 

1.064 

1.0396 

1.030 

1.0190 

I.OI5 

I.OIOO 

1.  008 

" 

"        chlorate 

1.0710 

1.090 

r-°359 

1.042 

1.0180 

I.  O2  2 

1.0092 

I.OI  2 

" 

"        nitrate    . 

1-0554 

1.065 

1.0281 

1.026 

1.0141 

I.OI2 

1.0071 

I.OO7 

u 

Silver  nitrate  .     .     . 

1.1386 

1.058 

1.0692 

i.  020 

1.0348 

I.  OO6 

1.0173 

I.OOO 

Wagner. 

Strontium  chloride  . 

1.0676 

1.141 

1-0336 

1.067 

1.0171 

1.034 

1.0084 

I.OI4 

« 

"           nitrate    . 

1.0822 

1.115 

1.0419 

1.049 

1.  0208 

I.O24 

1.0104 

I.  OH 

" 

Zinc  chloride  .     .     . 

1.0509 

1.189 

1.0302 

1.096 

1.0152 

I-°53 

1.0077 

I.  «O24 

" 

"     nitrate     .     . 

1.0758 

1.164 

t  .0404 

i.  086 

1.0191 

1-039 

1.0096 

I.OI9 

" 

"     sulphate  .     .     . 

1.0792 

1-367 

1.0402 

i-i73 

1.0198 

1.082 

1.0094 

1.036 

u 

*  In^the  case  of  solutions  of  salts  it  has  been  found  (vide  Arrhennius,  Zeits.  fur  Phys.  Chem.  vol.  i,  p.  285)  that 
the  specific  viscosity  can,  in  many  cases,  be  nearly  expressed  by  the  equation  /n=r/ij™,  where  ^  is  the  specific  viscosity 
for  a  normal  solution  referred  to  the  solvent  at  the  same  temperature,  and  n  the  number  of  gramme  molecules  in  the 
solution  under  consideration.  The  same  rule  may  of  course  be  applied  to  solutions  stated  in  percentages  instead  of 
gramme  molecules.  The  table  here  given  has  been  compiled  from  the  results  of  Reyher  (Zeits.  filr  Phys.  Chem.  vol.  2, 
p.  749)  and  of  Wagner  (Zeits.  fur  Phys.  Chem.  vol.  5,  p.  31)  and  illustrates  this  rule.  The  numbers  are  all  for  25°  C. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

144 


TABLE  158. 


VISCOSITY  OF  CASES   AND  VAPORS. 


The  values  of  f*  given  in  the  table  are  ib6  times  the  coefficients  of  viscosity  in  C.  G.  S.  units. 


Substance. 

Temp. 

Authority. 

Substance. 

Temp. 

^C. 

" 

Authority. 

Acetone  .... 

1  8.0 

78 

Puluj. 

Carbon  dioxide     . 

12.8 

147 

Schumann. 

"             '' 

IOO.O 

208 

" 

Air      

O.O 

172 

Thomlinson. 

o.o 

168 

Obermeyer. 

Carbon  monoxide 

o.o 

163 

Obermeyer. 

a 

16.7 

18-? 

Puluj. 

*  ***/ 

.      J 

Chlorine      .     .     . 

o.o 

129 

Graham. 

Alcohol  :  Methyl  . 

66.8 

135 

Stendel. 

"             ... 

2O.O 

147 

" 

Ethyl     . 

78.4 

142 

" 

Normal 

Chloroform      .     . 

17.4 

103 

Puluj. 

propyl 

97-4 

142 

H 

Ether       .... 

16.0 

73 

" 

Isopropyl 

82.8 

162 

" 

Normal 

Ethyl  iodide    .     . 

73-3 

216 

Stendel. 

butyl 

116.9 

H3 

" 

Methyl    "  .  .     .     . 

44.0 

232 

" 

Isobutyl 

108.4 

144 

" 

Tertiary 

Mercury       ... 

270.0 

489 

Koch.* 

butyl 

82.9 

160 

" 

M 

300.0 

536 

M 

Ammonia     .     .     . 

o.o 

.96 

Graham. 

r  !  ' 

360.0 

627 

« 

"               ... 

2O.O 

108 

" 

"    . 

390.0 

671 

** 

Benzene  .... 

I9.O 

79 

Schumann. 

Water     .... 

0.0 

90 

Puluj. 

"         .... 

IOO.O 

118 

" 

"          .... 

16.7 

97 

" 

"          .... 

IOO.O 

132 

L.  Meyer  & 

Carbon  disulphide 

16.9 

99 

Puluj. 

Schumann. 

*  The   values  here  given   were   calculated   from   Koch's  table  (Wied.    Ann.   vol.    19,   p.   869)  by   the   formula 
/— 270)]. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


145 


TABLE  159. 


COEFFICIENT  OF   VISCOSITY  OF  CASES. 


The  following  are  a  few  of  the  formulae  that  have  been  Riven  for  the  calculation  of  the  coefficient  of  viscosity  of  gases 

for  different  temperatures. 


Gas. 

Value  of  ft. 

Authority. 

Air      

Un  (  I  -1-  .OO27  Z  1  t  —  .OOOOOO"14.  t2) 

Holman 

.OOOI72  (I  -|-  OO2/3  t) 

O.  E.  Meyer. 

u 

.0001687  (i  4-  .00274.  /) 

Obermeyer. 

Carbon  dioxide    .     . 

u            u 

/*o(i  +  .003725*  —  .00000264  *2  +  .  00000000417  /3) 
.0001414  (I   +  .00348^) 

Holman. 
Obermeyer. 

Carbon  monoxide     . 

.0001630  (l  -J-  .00269  ') 

" 

Ethylene      .... 

.0000966  (I  -f  .00350^) 

" 

Ethylene  chloride 

.0000935  (I  +  .0038  It) 

« 

Hydrogen    .... 

.0000822  (I  -f  -OO249  /) 

ii 

Nitrogen      .... 

.0001635  (l  -f-  .00269  «') 

" 

Nitrous  oxide  (N2O) 
Oxygen   

.0001408  (l  +  .00345^) 
.0001873  (l  -f-  .00283  1) 

" 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


146 


TABLE  160. 
DIFFUSION    OF    LIQUIDS  AND   SOLUTIONS   OF   SALTS    INTO   WATER. 

The  coefficient  of  diffusion  as  tabulated  below  is  the  constant  which  multiplied  by  the  rate  of  change  of  concentration 
in  any  direction  gives  the  rate  of  flow  in  that  direction  in  C.  G.  S.  units.  Suppose  two  liquids  diffusing  into  each 
other,  and  let  p  be  the  quantity  of  one  of  them  per  unit  volume  at  a  point  A ,  and  p'  the  quantity  per  unit  volume  at 
an  adjacent  point  S,  and  x  the  distance  from  A  to  B.  Then  if  jr  is  small  the  rate  of  flow  from  A  towards  B  is 
equal  to  k  (p  —  P')/JC,  where  k  is  the  coefficient  of  diffusion.  Similarly  for  solutions  of  salts  diffusing  into  the  sol- 
vent medium,  p  and  p'  being  taken  as  the  quantities  of  the  salt  per  unit  volume.  The  results  indicate  that  k  depends 
on  ihe  absolute  density  of  the  solution.  Under  c  will  be  found  the  concentration  in  grammes  of  the  salt  per  loo  cu. 
cms.  of  the  solution  ;  under  «  the  number  of  gramme-molecules  of  water  per  gramme-molecule  of  salt  or  of  acid  or 
other  liquid. 


Substance. 

c 

n 

fcXIO7 

Temp.  C. 

Authority. 

Ammonia    ..... 

-  • 

16.0 

123 

4-5 

Scheffer.* 

"            ..... 

- 

85.0 

123 

4-5 

" 

Ammonium  chloride  . 

23 

- 

10.0 

Schuhmeister.t 

11                                         U 

61.0 

152 

J7-5 

Scheffer 

Barium  chloride  .... 

- 

46.0 

76 

8.0 

u 

Calcium  chloride 

- 

13.0 

83 

9.0 

" 

. 

— 

297.0 

74 

9.0 

" 

U                        (I 

- 

384.0 

79 

9.0 

" 

"             "                ... 

IO 

- 

79 

IO.O 

Schuhmeister. 

Cobalt  chloride  .... 

10 

- 

53 

IO.O 

.14 

Copper       " 

10 

— 

5° 

IO.O 

" 

Copper  sulphate 
Hydrochloric  acid 

10 

" 

24 
267 

IO.O 

o.o 

It 

Scheffer. 

"           ... 

- 

9.8 

2^5 

0.0 

* 

. 

- 

14.1 

'95 

0.0 

" 

. 

— 

27.1 

176 

o.o 

" 

"              "... 

- 

129-5 

161 

o.o 

" 

"              "... 

— 

7  "* 

3°9 

II.O 

" 

"              "... 

- 

27.6 

245 

II.O 

>t 

"             "... 

- 

69.4 

234 

II.O 

" 

"              "... 

— 

108.4 

213 

II.O 

" 

Lead  nitrate         .... 

- 

136.0 

76 

I2.O 

" 

"         "               .... 

— 

5'4-o 

82 

I2.O 

" 

Lithium  chloride 

14 

_ 

81 

10.0 

Schuhmeister. 

"      bromide 

20 

- 

93 

IO.O 

" 

"            "               ... 

38 

— 

IOO 

IO.O 

" 

"      iodide    .... 

- 

93 

IO.O 

« 

Magnesium  sulphate   . 

10 

- 

32 

IO.O 

" 

"                "... 

- 

45-° 

32 

5-5 

Scheffer. 

«                        u 

- 

184.0 

37 

5-5 

" 

(I                                II. 

- 

30.0 

3' 

IO.O 

" 

"                   "... 

- 

248.0 

39 

IO.O 

" 

Potassium  chloride 

- 

32.0 

98 

7.0 

II 

"                "... 

- 

107.0 

1  06 

7.0 

" 

a                      u 

10 

- 

127 

IO.O 

Schuhmeister. 

U                                 11 

3° 

- 

147 

IO.O 

" 

"          bromide     . 

10 

- 

13' 

IO.O 

" 

... 

3° 

— 

144 

IOO 

" 

"          iodide         ... 

10 

- 

130 

IO.O 

" 

"           ... 

3° 

- 

'45 

IO.O 

" 

"                "... 

90 

- 

168 

IO.O 

" 

nitrate 

15 

- 

93 

10.0 

" 

sulphate    . 

'3 

- 

87 

IO.O 

" 

Sodium  chloride 

10 

- 

97 

IO.O 

" 

"             "                 ... 

3° 

- 

106 

IO.O 

u 

"        bromide 

3° 

_ 

99 

IO.O 

* 

"        iodide              ^ 

.15 

- 

93 

IO.O 

" 

... 

3° 

— 

IOO 

IOO 

" 

"       nitrate    ..... 

10 

- 

69 

IO.O 

" 

"-       carbonate 

13 

- 

IO.O 

" 

"        sulphate 

IO 

- 

76 

IO.O 

" 

Nitric  acid  .        ..       '.,                ^ 

- 

2-9 

225 

9.0 

Scheffer. 

'     .        .        .        .        n 

— 

$3 

234 

9«o 

*' 

"     . 

- 

35-o 

206 

9.0 

" 

"         "    .        .        .        .        ^ 

- 

436.0 

200 

9,0 

" 

.    Sulphuric  acid                               „ 

- 

1  8.8 

124 

8.0 

«< 

"•        ""• 

_ 

125.0 

8-5 

" 

a         u    ' 
.... 

- 

686.0 

132 

9.0 

" 

"        .         .         .         . 

- 

0.5 

1/50, 

13.0 

" 

11                   1C 

35-o 

144 

13.0 

ii 

*  "  Z.  fiir  Phys.  Chem."  2,  p.  390. 
SMITHSONIAN    TABLES. 


t  "  Wien.  Akad.  Ber."  vol.  79,  2.  Abth.  p.  603. 


147 


TABLE  161. 


DIFFUSION    OF   CASES    AND    VAPORS. 

Coefficients  of  diffusion  of  vapors  in  C.  G.  S.  units.     The  coefficients  are  for  the  temperatures  given  in  the  table  and 
a  pressure  of  76  centimetres  of  mercury.* 


Vapor. 

Temp.  C. 

0 

kt  for  vapor 
diffusing  into 
hydrogen. 

kt  for  vapor 
diffusing  into 
air. 

kt  for  vapor 
diffusing  into 
carbon  dioxide. 

Acids  :  Formic         .         .  '       .        . 

0.0 

0.5131 

0-I3I5 

0.0879 

65.4 

0.7873 

0.2035 

0-I343 

. 

84.9 

0.8830 

0.2244 

0.1519 

Acetic          .... 

0.0 

0.4040 

0.1061 

0.0713 

...        .'       . 

65.5 

O.02II 

0.1578 

0.1048 

u 
Isovaleric    .... 

98.5 

o.o 

0.7481 
0.2II8 

0.1965 
0-0555 

0.1321 
0-0375 

'        '      .'        ' 

98.0 

0-3934 

0.1031 

0.0696 

Alcohols  :  Methyl    .         .         ... 

0.0 

0.5001 

0.1325 

0.0880 

"         •         .         .         . 

25.6 

0.6015 

0.1620 

0.1046 

• 

49.6 

0-6738 

0.1809 

0.1234 

Ethyl        .... 

o.o 

0.3806 

0.0994 

0.0693 

•• 

40.4 

0.5030 

0.1372 

0.0898 

66.9 

0-543° 

0.1475 

.     O.IO26 

Propyl     .         . 

o.o 

o-3  1  53 

0.0803 

0.0577 

66.9 

0.4832 

0.1237 

0.0901 

83-5 

0-5434 

o.i379 

0.0976 

Butyl       .         .         . 

0.0 

0.2716 

0.068  1 

0.0476 

.         . 

99.0 

0-5045 

o.  1  265 

0.0884 

Amyl        .... 

0.0 

0.2351 

0.0589 

0.0422 

. 

99.1 

0.4362 

0.1094 

0.0784 

Hexyl      .         . 

0.0 

0.1998 

0.0499 

0.0351 

99.0 

0.3712 

0.0927 

0.0651 

Benzene    ...... 

o.o 

0.2940 

0.0751 

0.0527 

tt 

19.9 

0.3409 

0.0877 

0.0609 

45.0 

0-3993 

O.IOII 

0.0715 

Carbon  disulphide    .... 

0.0 

0.3690 

0.0883 

0.0629 

. 

19.9 

0.4255 

0.1015 

0.0726 

«              n 

32.8 

0.4626 

O.II2O 

0.0789 

Esters  :  Methyl  acetate    . 

0.0 

0-3357 

0.0852 

0.0572 

"         . 

20.3 

0.3928 

O.IOI3 

0.0679 

.  Ethyl 

o.o 

0-2373 

0.0630 

0.0450 

"              "... 

46.1 

0.3729 

O.O97O 

0.0666 

Methyl  butyrate  . 

o.o 

0.2422 

0.0640 

0.0438 

•  "            "... 

92.1 

0.4308 

O.II39 

0.0809 

Ethyl           "... 

0.0 

0.2238 

0-0573 

0.0406 

"               "... 

96.5 

0.4112 

0.1064 

0.0756 

"      valerate     .        ... 

o.o 

0.2050 

0-0505 

0.0366 

. 

97.6 

0.3784 

0.0932 

0.0676 

Ether        ...... 

0.0 

0.2960 

0-0775 

0.0552 

.        . 

19.9 

0.3410 

0.0893 

0.0636 

Water       .        .        . 

0.0 

0.6870 

0.1980 

0.1310 

"           .        .        .        ... 

49-5 

I.OOOO 

0.2827 

0.1811 

92.4 

1.1794 

0-3451 

0.2384 

*  Taken  from  Winkelmanivs  papers  (Wied.  Ann.  vols.  22,  23,  and  26).  The  coefficients  for  o°  were  calculated 
by  Winkelmann  on  the  assumption  that  the  rate  of  diffusion  is  proportional  to  the  absolute  temperature.  According 
to  the  investigations  of  Loschmidt  and  of  Obenneyer  the  coefficient  of  diffusion  of  a  gas,  or  vapor,  at  o°  C.  and  a 
pressure  of  76  centimetres  of  mercury  may  be  calculated  from  the  observed  coefficient  at  another  temperature  and 

pressure  by  the  formula  kK-=kT(— °)    T-,  where   T  is  temperature  absolute  and  /  the  pressure  of  the  gas.     The 

\  /  /     ft 

exponent  «  is  found  to  be  about  1.75  for  the  permanent  gases  and  about  2  for  condensible  gases.  The  following 
are  examples  :  Air  —  CO3,  «=i.c)68;  CO» — N2O,  «  =  2.o5;  CO2 — H,  «=ri.742;  CO  —  O,  «=ri.785:  H —  O, 
«=r  1.755;  O  —  N,  «=  1.792.  Winkelmann's  results,  as  given  in  the  above  table,  seem  to  give  about  2  for  vapors 
diffusing  into  air,  hydrogen  or  carbon  dioxide. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

148 


TABLE  162. 
COEFFICIENTS    OF    DIFFUSION    FOR    VARIOUS   CASES   AND    VAPORS.* 


Gas  or  vapor  diffusing. 

Gas  or  vapor  diffused  into. 

Temp. 
C-. 

<a&'.:  -**-* 

Air     . 

Carbon  dioxide     . 

O 

0.1343         Obermayer. 

"        .         .         . 

Oxygen          . 

0 

0.1775 

" 

Carbon  dioxide  .         .         . 

Air        .         . 

O 

0.1423 

Loschmidt. 

a                  u 

" 

O 

0.1360 

Waitz. 

"                  "... 

Carbon  monoxide 

0 

0.1405 

Loschmidt. 

"                  "... 

"            "        .        . 

0 

0.1314 

Obermayer. 

"                  "... 

Ethylene       .,       . 

O 

o.i  006 

u 

"                  "... 

Hydrogen 

O 

0-5437 

" 

"                  "... 

Methane 

O 

0.1465 

" 

"                  " 

Nitrous  oxide 

0 

0.0983 

Loschmidt. 

"                  **"*• 

Oxygen 

O 

0.1802 

" 

Carbon  disulphide 

Air         .... 

0 

0.0995 

Stefan. 

Carbon  monoxide 

Carbon  dioxide 

O 

01314 

Obermayer. 

"               "               .         . 

Ethylene 

O 

0.1164 

" 

"               "               . 

Hydrogen 

O 

0.6422 

Loschmidt. 

"               "               .         . 

Oxygen 

O 

0.1802 

(i       " 

"               "               .         . 

"                ... 

O 

0.1872 

Obermayer. 

Ether          .... 

Air        .... 

O 

0.0827 

Stefan. 

,         .         .[ 

Hydrogen 

0 

0.3054 

" 

Hydrogen  . 

Air         .         . 

O 

0.6340 

Obermayer. 

"           •         •         • 

Carbon  dioxide     . 

O 

o-5384 

••'       " 

"           .... 

"     monoxide 

O 

0.6488 

" 

"           .... 

Ethane  .... 

O 

0-4593 

u 

"           .... 

Ethylene 

0 

0.4863 

u 

"           .... 

Methane        .         .         . 

O 

0.6254 

" 

"           .... 

Nitrous  oxide 

O 

0-5347 

" 

" 

Oxygen 

0 

0.6788 

" 

Nitrogen     .... 

Oxygen 

O 

0.1787 

« 

Oxygen       .... 

Carbon  dioxide 

O 

°-I357 

" 

"             .... 

Hydrogen 

0 

0.7217 

Loschmidt. 

Sulphur  dioxide 

Nitrogen 
Hydrogen 

O 
O 

0.1710 
0.4828 

Obermayer. 
Losehmidt. 

Water 

Ai'r         .         .         .         . 

8 

0.2390 

Guglielmo. 

"              .... 

"           .... 

18 

0.2475 

" 

Hydrogen 

18 

0.8710 

*  Compiled  for  the  most  part  from  a  similar  table  in  Landolt  &  Boernstein's  "  Phys.  Chem.  Tab." 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

149 


TA3LE     163. 


OSMOSE. 


The  following  table  given  by  H.  de  Vries*  illustrates  an  apparent  relation  between  the  isotonic  coefficient  t  of  solu- 
tions and  the  corresponding  lowering  of  the  freezing-point  and  the  vapor  pressure.  The  freezing-points  are  taken 
on  the  authority  of  Raoult,  and  the  vapor  pressures  on  the  authority  of  Tammann.  t 


Substance. 

Formula. 

Isotonic 
'  coefficient 
X  100. 

Molecular 
lowering  of 
the  freezing 
point  X  100. 

Molecular 
lowering  of 
the  vapor 
pressure 

X   IOOO. 

Glycerine 

C3H803 

•        I78 

171 

Cane  sugar  .... 

Ci2H22On 

1  88 

185 

_ 

Tartaric  acid        .         .         . 

C4H606 

202 

J95 

188 

Magnesium  sulphate   .    '     , 

MgS04 

196 

192 

156 

Potassium  nitrate         .         . 

KNO3 

300 

308 

267 

Sodium  nitrate     . 

NaNOg 

300 

337 

296 

Potassium  chloride       .         . 

KC1 

287 

336 

3'3 

Sodium  chloride  . 

NaCl 

3°5 

351 

33° 

Ammonium  chloride    . 

NH4C|: 

300 

348 

3*3 

Potassium  acetate 

KC2Hg()2 

300 

345 

33  1 

Potassium  oxalate 

K2C204 

393 

45° 

37  2 

:    Potassium  sulphate 

K2S04 

392 

39° 

351 

Magnesium  chloride    . 

MgCJ2 

433 

488 

5'3 

Calcium  chloride          .         . 

CaCl2 

433 

466 

TABLE  164. 


OSMOTIC   PRESSURE. 


The  following  numbers  give  the  result  of  Pfeffer's  §  measurement  of  the  magnitude  of  the  osmotic  pressure  for  a  one 
per  cent;  sugar  solution.  The  result  was  found  to  agree  with'  that  of  an  equal  molecular  solution  of  hydrogen. 
The  value  for  the  hydrogen  solution  is  given  in  the  third  column  of  the  table. 


.  Temperature 
C. 

Osmotic  pressure 
:  in  atmospheres. 

0.649(1  +.00367  4 

6.8 

0.664 

0.665 

J3-7 

0.691 

0.68  1 

14.2 

0.671 

0.682 

'5-5 

0.684 

0.686 

22.O 

0.721 

0.701 

32.0 

0.716 

0.725 

36.6 

0.746 

o-735 

'  "Zeits.  fur  Phys.  Chem."  vol.  2,  p.  427. 

t  The  isotonic  coefficient  is  the  relative  value  of  the  molecular  attraction  of  the  different  salts  for  water  or  the 
relative  value  of  the  osmotic  pressures  for  normal  solutions.  In  the  above  table  the  coefficient  for  KNO3  was  taken 
as  3  arbitrarily  and  the  others  compared  with  it.  The  concentrations  of  different  salts  which  give  equal  osmolic  pres- 
sures are  called  by  Tammann  and  others  isosmotic  concentrations;  they  are  sometimes  called  isotonic  concentrations. 
The  reciprocals  of  the  numbers  of  molecules  in  the  isotonic  concentrations  are  called  by  De  Vries  the  isotonic  coeffi- 
cients. 

t  See  also  Tammann,  "  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  34,  p.  315. 

§  Winkelmann's  "  Handbuch  der  Physik,"  vol.  i,  p.  632. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  165. 
PRESSURE    OF    AQUEOUS    VAPOR,   ACCORDING   TO    RECNAULT. 

The  last  four  columns  were  calculated  from  the  data  given  in  the  second  column  and  the  density  of  mercury. 


« 

cr 

£ 

~ 

i* 

fd 

5f 

"  Er 

i 

i 

q 

i* 

i_   . 

CT 

~  & 

$ 

Jj 

-  u 

s 

ftj: 

V- 

3 

••£ 

£ 

U 

• 
..  y 

°"  u 

a1" 

°~  3 

...G 

iC 

;    o 

U   Jj 

v  P 

ft 

U   " 

o  ft 

o 

o 

<u  p 

:-  'r 

V    S" 

o 

O. 

E 

H 

£-5 
££ 

™    0 

o 

c"S 

3  C 
1* 

•i 

«~ 
OH 

a  o 

s- 
£ 

ft 

I 

ft 

5  6 
jj'o 

£ 

£•= 
O 

"O  .C 
§   C 

jr 

i  E 

1° 

3  § 
M   5 

ft 

£ 

H 

0 

4.60 

6.254 

O.OSOX) 

0.181 

0.0061 

32.0 

40 

54.91 

74-653 

1.061 

2.162 

0.072 

104.0 

i 

4-94 

6.716 

.0955 

.194 

.0065 

3*8 

41 

57-91 

78.678 

1.  121 

2.280 

.076 

105.8 

2 

5-3° 

7.2061   .1025 

.209 

.0070 

35-6 

42 

61.01 

82.947 

1.216 

2.404 

.080 

107.6 

3 

5-69 

7-736 

.1100 

.224 

.0075 

37-4 

43 

64-35 

87.488 

1.244 

2-533 

.085 

109.4 

.     4 

6.10 

8.291 

.1180 

.240 

.0080 

39-- 

44 

67.79 

92.165 

1.312 

2.669 

.089 

III.  2     j 

5 

6-53 

8.878 

0.1263 

0.257 

0.0086 

41.0 

45 

71-39 

97-059 

1.381 

2.811 

0.094 

II3-0 

6 

7.00 

9-5  '7 

•'354 

.276 

.0092 

42.8 

46 

75-16 

102.184 

1.454 

2-959 

.099 

H4.8 

i     7 

7-49 

10.183 

.1452 

•295 

.0099 

44-6 

47 

79.09 

107.528 

'•530 

3-"4 

.104 

II6.6 

8 

8.02 

10.904 

.316 

.0107 

46.4 

48 

83.20 

"3-"5 

1.609 

3-276 

.109 

II8.4 

9 

8-57 

11.651 

•  1657 

•338 

.0114 

48.2 

49 

87.50 

118.962 

1.692 

3-444 

.115 

I2O.2 

10 

9.17 

12.467 

0-1773 

0.361 

O.OI2 

500 

50 

91.98 

125.05 

1.78 

3.62 

O.I2I 

122  0 

ii 

9-79 

I3-310 

.1893 

.386 

.013 

51.8 

51 

96.66 

131.42 

1.87 

3.81 

.127 

123.8 

12 

10.46 

14.207 

.2023 

.412 

.OI4 

53-6 

52 

101.54 

138.04 

1.96 

4.00 

.134 

125.6 

13 

11.  16 

I5-I73 

.2158 

•439 

.015 

55-4 

53 

106.64 

144.98 

2.06 

4.20 

.140 

1274 

;  ** 

11.91 

16.192 

•2303 

.469 

.Ol6 

57-2 

54 

111.95 

152.20 

2.17 

4.41 

.147 

129.2 

15 

12.70 

17.266 

0.2456 

0.500 

O.OI7 

590 

55 

117.48 

I59-72 

2.27 

4-63 

0.155 

I3I-0 

16 

'3-54 

18.408 

.2618 

•533 

-Ol8 

60.8 

56 

123.24 

167-55 

2-39 

4.85 

.163 

132.8 

17 

14.42 

19.605 

.2789 

.568 

.Oig 

62.6 

57 

129.25 

'75-72 

2.50 

5-09 

.170 

1346 

18 

15-36 

20.883 

.2970 

.605 

.O2O 

64.4 

58 

135-5' 

184-23 

2.62 

5-33 

.178 

136.4 

19 

16-35 

22.229 

.3162 

.644 

.022 

66.2 

59 

142.02 

193.08 

2.75 

5-59 

.187 

138.2 

20 

21 

17-39 

18.50 

23-643 
25.152 

0-3363 

•3577 

0.685 
.728 

0.023 

.024 

68.0 
69.8 

60 

61 

148.79 
I55-84 

202.29 
211.87 

.2.88 
3.01 

5-86 
6.14 

0.196 
.205 

I4O.O 

I4I.8 

22 

19.66 

26.729 

.3802 

•774 

.O26 

71.6 

62 

163.17 

221.84 

6.42 

.215 

143.6 

23 

20.89 

28.401 

.4040 

.822 

.028 

73-4 

63 

170.79 

232.20 

3-30 

6.72 

.225 

1454 

24 

22.18 

30-I55 

.4289 

•873 

.029 

75-2 

64 

178.71 

242.97 

3-46 

7.04 

•235 

147-2 

25 

23-55 

32.018 

0-4554 

0.927 

0.031 

77.0 

65 

186.95 

254.17 

3.62 

7-36 

0.246 

149.0 

26 

24.99 

33-975 

.984 

•°33 

78.8 

66 

195.50 

265.79 

3-78 

7.70 

•257 

i  £0.8 

27 

26.51 

36.042 

.5126 

1.044 

•034 

80.6 

67 

204.38 

277.87 

3-95 

8.05 

.267 

152.6 

28 

28.10 

38.204 

•5434 

.106 

•037 

82.4 

68 

213.60 

290.40 

8.41 

.281 

154-4 

;    29 

29.78 

40.488 

•5759 

.172 

•039 

84.2 

69 

223.17 

303-4I 

4-32 

8-79 

•494 

156.2 

30 

31-55 

42.894 

0.6101 

1.242 

O.O42 

86.0 

70 

233.09 

316.90 

4-51 

9.18 

0.306 

1580 

31 

45-423 

.6461 

•315 

•044 

87.8 

71 

243-39 

330.90 

4-71 

9-58 

•320 

159.8 

32 

35-36 

48.074 

.6838 

•392 

•047 

89.6 

72 

254.07 

345-42 

4.91 

IO.OO 

•334 

161.6 

33 

37-4i 

50.861' 

•7234 

•473 

.049 

91.4 

73 

265.15 

360.49 

5.12 

10.44 

•349 

163.4 

34 

39-57 

53-798 

•7655 

•558 

•°52_> 

93-2 

74 

276.62 

376.08 

5-35 

10.89 

•364 

165.2 

35 

41.83 

56.870 

0.810 

1.647 

0-055 

950 

75 

288.52 

392.26 

5-58 

"•36 

0.380 

167.0 

36 

44.20 

60.093 

•855 

.740 

.058 

96.8 

76 

300.84 

409.01 

5.82 

11.84 

•396 

1  68.8 

37 

46.69 

63.478 

•903 

.838 

.061 

98.6 

77 

313.60 

426.36 

6.06 

12-35 

.414 

170.6 

38 

49-30 

67.026 

•954 

.941 

•065 

100.4 

78 

326.81 

444-32 

6.32 

12.87 

•430 

172.4 

39 

52.04 

70.752 

1.007 

2.049 

.068 

IO2.2 

79 

340.49 

462.93 

6.58 

13.40 

.448 

174.2 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  165. 

PRESSURE  OF  AQUEOUS   VAPOR, ACCORDING  TO  RECNAULT. 


d- 

» 

a1 

C/J 

D 

c 

if 

"    . 

t 

JL 

E 

Jj 

g 

1  * 

£  i 

t 

"y  >, 

i 

_£ 

U 

S-i: 

I/I    OJ 

11 

a.. 

a; 

f 

U 

o 

3 

<U    P 

Q. 

~{j 

»4 

£ 

Q. 

• 

II 

E  °*- 
S  = 
g  5J 

•vj: 

l| 

|| 

C. 

0 

1 

<"•*, 

£  ° 

E-S 

I§ 

C~U 
O-" 

11 

11 

a. 
E 

H 

£• 

o 

{£ 

£ 

£ 

H 

£ 

O 

PL, 

£ 

£ 

r-1 

80 

354-64 

482.15 

6.85 

13.96 

0.446 

176.0 

120 

1491.28 

2027.48 

28.85 

58.71 

1.962 

248.0 

8l 

369.29 

502.07 

7.14 

14-54 

.486 

177.8 

121 

«539-25 

2092.70 

29.78 

60.6  1 

2.025 

249.8 

82 

384.44 

522.67 

7-44 

15.14 

.506 

179.6 

122 

1588.47 

2159.62 

30-73 

62.54 

.091 

251.6 

83 

400.10 

543.96 

7-74 

1575 

.526 

181.4 

123 

1638.96 

2228.26 

64-53 

.157 

253-4 

84 

416.30 

565-99 

8.05 

16.39 

•548 

183.2 

124 

1690.76 

2298.69 

32.70 

66.56 

.225 

255-2 

85 

433-04 

588.74 

8-37 

17.01; 

0.570 

185.0 

125 

1743-88 

2370.91 

33-72 

68.66 

2.295 

257.0 

86 

45°-34 

612.26 

8.71 

17-73 

•593 

186.8 

126 

1  798.35 

2444.96 

34-78 

70.80 

.366 

258.8 

87 

468.22 

636.57 

9-°5 

18.43 

.616 

188.6 

127 

1854.20 

2520.89 

35-86 

73-0° 

•43° 

260.6 

88 

486.69 

661.68 

9.41 

19.16 

.640 

180.4 

128 

1911.47 

2598.76 

75-25 

•5i5 

262.4 

89 

505-76 

687.61 

9.78 

19.91 

.665 

192.2 

129 

1970.15 

2678.54 

38-11 

77-57 

.592 

'264.2 

90 

525-45 

714.38 

10.16 

^20.69 

0.691 

194.0 

130 

2030.28 

2760.29 

39.26 

79-93 

2-671, 

266.O 

91 

545-78 

740-31 

10.56 

21.49 

.719 

195.8 

131 

2091.94 

2844.12 

40.47 

82.36 

•753 

267.8 

92 

566.76 

770.54 

10.95 

22.31 

.746 

197.6 

132 

2155.03 

2929.89 

41.68 

84.84 

.836 

269.6 

93 

588.41 

799.98 

r  i  .38 

23-  r  7 

•774 

199.4 

2219.69 

3017.80 

42.93 

87-39 

.921 

"•271.4 

94 

610.74 

830.34 

11.81 

24.04 

.804 

201.2 

134 

2285.92 

3107.85 

44.21 

89.99 

3.008 

273.2 

95 

633.78 

861.66 

12.26 

24-95 

0-834 

203.0 

135 

2353-73 

3200.04 

45-52 

92.67 

3-097 

275.0 

96 

657-54 

893.97 

12.71 

25.89 

.865 

204.8 

136 

2423.16 

329443 

46.87 

95-39 

.188 

276.8 

97 

682.03 

927.26 

I3-J9 

26.85 

•897 

206.6 

J37 

2494.23 

3391.06 

48.24 

98.19 

.282 

278.6 

98 

707.28 

961.59 

13.68 

27-85 

•931 

208.4 

138 

2567.00 

3489.99 

49-65 

101.  06 

-378 

280.4 

99 

733-3' 

996.98 

14.18 

28.87 

•965 

21O.2 

139 

2641.44 

359L29 

51.06 

103.99 

•476 

282.2 

100 

760.00 

1033.26 

14.70 

29.92 

1.  000 

212.0 

140 

2717.63 

3694.78 

52-55 

106.99 

3-576 

284.0 

IOI 

787-59 

1070.78 

I5-23 

31.01 

.036 

213.8 

141 

2795-57 

3800.75 

54-07 

110.06 

.678 

285.8 

102 

8  1  6.01 

1109.41 

'5-79 

32.13 

•074 

215.6 

142 

2875-30 

3909.14 

55.60 

113.20 

-783 

287.6 

103 

845.28 

1149.21 

'6-35 

33-28 

.112 

217.4 

143 

2956.86 

4020.03 

57-i6 

116.41 

.890 

289.4 

IO4 

875-4I 

1190.17 

16.94 

34-46 

.152 

219.2 

144 

3040.26 

4I33-42 

58.79 

1  19.69 

4.000 

291.2 

105 

906.41 

1232.32 

T7-53 

35-69 

I-I93 

22  1.  0 

145 

3I25-55 

4249^7 

60.44 

123.05 

4-i  13 

293.0 

106 

938-31 

1275.69 

18.15 

36-94 

•235 

222.8 

146 

3212.74 

4367.91 

62.13 

1  26.48 

.227 

294.8 

107 

971.14 

1320.32 

18.78 

38-23 

.278 

224.6 

147 

33OI-87 

4489.09 

63.86 

129.99 

•344 

296.6 

1  08 

1004.91 

1366.24 

19.44 

39-56 

.322 

226.4 

148 

3392.98 

4612.96 

65.62 

I33-58 

•464 

298.4 

109 

1039.65 

1413.47 

20.  1  1 

40-93 

•368 

228.2 

149 

3486.09 

4739-55 

67.41 

'37-25 

.587 

300.2 

110 

'075-37 

1462.03 

20.80 

42.34 

I.4I5 

230.0 

150 

3581.2 

4868.9 

69.26 

141.0 

4.712 

302.0 

in 

1  1  1  2.09 

1511-97 

21.51 

4378 

•463 

231.8 

15' 

3678-4 

5001.1 

71.14 

144.8 

.840 

303-8 

112 

1149.83 

1563.26 

22.24 

45-25 

.513 

233.6 

'52 

3777-7 

5136.1 

73.06 

148.7 

.971 

305-6 

"3 

1188.61 

1615.99 

22.99 

46.80 

.564 

2354 

3879.2 

5275-0 

75-02 

152-7 

5.104 

307-4 

114 

1228.47 

1670.18 

23.76 

48.37 

.6l6 

237.2 

154 

3982.8 

5414.8 

77.03 

156.8 

.240 

309.2 

115 

1269.41 

1725.84 

24-55 

49.98 

1.670 

2390 

155 

4088.6 

5558.6 

79.07 

161.0 

5-38o 

3II.O 

116 

i3ii-47 

1783.02 

25-37 

51-63 

.726 

240.8 

156 

4196.6 

5705.5 

81.22 

165.2 

.522 

3I2.8 

117 
118 

1354.66 
1399.02 

1841.74 

1902.05 

26.20 
27.06 

53-34 
55.08 

.782 
.841 

242.6 
244.4 

158 

4306.9 
4419.5 

5855-5 
6008.5 

83.29 
85-47 

169.6 
174.0 

.667 
.815 

314.6 
316.4 

119 

1444-55 

1963-95 

27.94 

56.87 

.OXII 

246.2 

159 

4534-4 

6164.7 

87.69 

178.5 

.966 

318.2 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


152 


TABLE  165. 
PRESSURE  OF  AQUEOUS  VAPOR, ACCORDING  TO  RECNAULT. 


c 
U 

it 

i 

o-i 

£ 
S 

L 

£ 

...c 

1 

fa 

c 
U 

b 

ST 

M 

g1 

g 

I 

"~    3 

..  J3 

"re 
fa 

o 

V   " 

V    p 

Cu 

11  " 

a,  a. 

o 

o 

V    Jj 

c  c 

& 

V   V 

2f£ 

o 

0. 

i  I 

E-s 
E  - 

"H-g 

=  £ 

i! 

Q, 

o. 

5  E 

£  c 

i-g 

II 

11 

D. 

1 

""o 

Is 

C  "•" 

ju'o 

S  rt 

a 

E 

Ji'o 

-  = 
o  — 

g'o 

£« 

E 

01 

H 

£ 

0 

£ 

£ 

H 

H 

0, 

O 

A 

0, 

£ 

H 

160 

161 

4651.6 
4771-3 

6324.2 
6486.8 

89.96 

92.27 

I83.I 
187.9 

6.  1  20 

6.278 

320.0 

321.8 

195 

196 

10519.6 
10746.0 

14302.7 
1  4609.8 

203.43 
207.81 

414.1 
423.' 

13.842 
14-139 

3830 

162 

4893.4 

6652.8 

94.63 

192.7 

6-439 

323.6 

197 

10975.0 

I492I.2 

212.25 

432.1 

14.441 

3866 

163 

5017.9 

6822.2 

97.04 

197.6 

6.603 

3254 

198 

11209.8 

I  5240.4 

216.77 

441.3 

14.749 

388.4 

164 

6994.9 

99.50 

202.6 

6.770 

327.2 

199 

11447.5 

155635 

221.37 

450.7 

1  5.062 

390.2 

165 

5274-5 

7171.1 

IO2.OI 

2077 

6.940 

329.0 

200 

1  1  689.0 

15891.9 

226.04 

460.1 

15-380 

392.0 

166 

5406.7 

7350-7 

104.56 

212-9 

7.114 

330-8 

2OI 

11934.4 

16225.5 

230.79 

469.8 

1  5-703 

393  tS 

167 

5541-4 

7533-9 

IO7.l8 

218.2 

7.291 

332-6 

2O2 

12183.7 

16564.7 

235.61 

479-7 

16.031 

395-6 

168 

5678.8 

7720.7 

109.84 

223.6 

7-472 

334-4 

203 

12437.0 

16908.8 

240.54 

489.6 

16.364 

397-4 

169 

5818.9 

7911.1 

112-53 

229.1 

7.656 

336-2 

2O4 

12694.3 

I7257-3 

245-49 

499-8 

16.703 

399-2 

170 

5961-7 

8105.2 

115.29 

234.1 

7.844 

338.0 

205 

12955-7 

17614.0 

250-53 

510.1 

17.047 

401.0 

171 

6107.2 

8303-1 

ii8.ii 

240.4 

8.036 

339-8 

206 

13221.1 

17974.9 

255-67 

520.5 

I7-396 

402.8 

172 

6255-5 

8504.7 

120.98 

246.3 

8.231 

341.6 

207 

13490.8 

18341.5 

260.88 

53'-2 

'7-75' 

404.6 

173 

6406.6 

8710.2 

123.90 

252.2 

8.430 

343-4 

208 

13764.5 

'87I3-7 

266.18 

541.9 

18.111 

406.4 

174 

6560.6 

8919.5 

126.87 

258-3 

8.632 

345-2 

209 

14042.5 

19091.6 

27I-55 

552-9 

18.477 

408.2 

175 

6717.4 

9132.8 

129.91 

264.5 

8.839 

347-° 

210 

14324.8 

19475.4 

277.01 

564.1 

18.848 

410.0 

176 

6877.2 

9350-0 

133-0° 

270.8 

9.049 

348-8 

211 

14611.3 

19864.9 

282.58 

575-3 

19.226  41  I.b 

177 

7040.0 

9571-3 

136-15 

277.2 

9.263 

350-6 

212 

14902.2 

20260.5 

288.21 

586.7 

I9.6o8|413.6 

178 

7205.7 

9796.6 

1  39-3  5 

283.7 

9.481 

3524 

21; 

15*97.5 

20661.  c 

293.92 

598.3 

19.997 

415.4 

7374-5 

10026.1 

142.62 

290.3 

9-703 

354-2 

214 

15497.2 

21069; 

299.72 

610.2 

20.391 

417.2 

180 

7546.4 

10259.7 

M5-93 

297.1 

9.929 

356.o 

215 

15801.3 

21482.8 

305-57 

622.1 

20.791 

4190 

181 

7721.4 

10497.7 

149.32 

304.0 

10.150 

357-8 

216 

16109.5 

21902.4 

3"-57 

634.2 

21.197 

420.8 

182 

7899-5 

10739.9 

I52-77 

311.0 

10.394 

359-6 

217 

16423.2 

22328.3 

317.62 

646.6 

21.690 

422.6 

183 

8080.8 

10986.4 

156-32 

3I8.I 

10.633 

361.4 

218 

1  6740.9 

22760.; 

323.78 

659.1 

22.O27 

424.4 

184 

8265.4 

"237.3 

1  59.84 

3254 

10.876 

363-2 

219 

17063.; 

23198.6 

330-o  i 

671.8 

22.452 

426.2 

185 

8453-2 

11490.0 

163.47 

332-3 

11.123 

365-0 

220 

17390.4 

23643.2 

336-30 

684.7 

22.882 

4280 

1  86 

187 

8644.4 
8838.8 

11752-5 
12016.9 

167.17 
170.94 

340-3 
348.0 

1  1  -374 
11.630 

366.8 
368.6 

221 

222 

17722.1 

18058.6 

24094.3 
24551.8 

342.70 
349-21 

6977 
711.0 

23-76M43'-6 

1  88 

9036.7 

12285.9 

174.76 

355-8 

11.885 

370-4 

223 

18399.9 

25015.8 

355-8' 

724.4 

24.210433.4 

189 

9238.0 

12559.6 

178.65 

363.7  12.155 

372.2 

224 

18746.1 

25486.4 

362.50 

738.0 

24.666^435.2 

190 

9442.7 

12837.9 

182.61 

371-8 

12.425 

374-0 

225 

19097.0 

25963-5 

369.29 

75'-9 

25.128437.0 

191 

9650.9 

13121.0 

186.63 

380.0 

12.690 

375-8 

226 

19452.9 

26447.4 

376.17 

765.8 

25-596 

438-8 

192 

9862.7 

13408.9 

190.72 

388.312.977 

377-6 

227 

19813.8 

26938.0 

383-15 

780.9 

26.07  ' 

440.6 

'93 

10078.0 

13701.7 

194.88 

396.8  13.261 

379-4 

228 

20179.6 

27435-4 

390.22 

794-5 

26.552 

442.4 

194 

10297.0 

I3999.4 

I99-I3 

405.4  13.549 

381.2 

229 

20550.5 

27939.6 

397-40 

809.0 

27.040 

444-2 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


153 


TABLE  166. 

PRESSURE    OF    AQUEOUS    VAPOR,   ACCORDING    TO    BROCH.* 


Temp. 
°C. 

0.0 

0.2 

0.4 

0.6 

0.8 

1.0 

1.2 

1.4 

1.6 

1.8 

—28 

0.46 

0-45 

0.44 

0.43 

0-43 

0.42 

0.41 

0.40 

0.40 

o-39 

—26 

°-55 

0-54 

°-53 

0.52 

0.51 

0.50 

0.50 

0.49 

0.48 

0.47 

—24 

0.66 

0.65 

0.64 

0.63 

0.62 

0.61 

0.60 

0.58 

o-57 

0.56 

22 

0.79 

0.78 

0.77 

0-75 

0.74 

o-73 

0.71 

0.70 

0.69 

0.68 

2O 

0.94 

o-93 

0.91 

0.90 

0.88 

0.87 

085 

0.84 

0.82 

0.8  1 

—18 

1.  12 

1.  10 

i.  08 

1.  06 

1.05 

1.03 

.01 

0.99 

0.98 

0.96 

—  16 

1.32 

1.30 

1.28 

1.26 

1.24 

1.22 

.20 

l.lS 

1.16 

1.14 

—14 

1.56 

1-54 

1.51 

1.49 

1.46 

1.44 

.42 

1-39 

T-37 

'•35 

12 

1.84 

1.81 

1.78 

i-75 

1.72 

1.69 

.67 

1.64 

1.61 

1-59 

—  IO 

2-1.5 

2.12 

2.08 

2.05 

2.O2 

J-99 

.96 

i-93 

1.90 

1.87 

—8 

2-51 

2.48 

2-44 

2.40 

2.36 

2-33 

2.29 

2.26 

2.22 

2.19 

—6 

2-93 

2.89 

2.84 

2.80 

2.76 

2.72 

2.67 

2.63 

2-59 

2-55 

—4 

3-4' 

3-36 

3-31 

3-26 

3-21 

3.16 

3-" 

3-07 

3-03 

2.98 

—  2 

3-95 

3^9 

3-84 

3-78 

3-72 

3-67 

3-62 

3-56 

3-51 

3-46 

—  O 

4-57 

4-5° 

4-44 

4-37 

4-31 

4-25 

4.19 

4-13 

4.07 

4.01 

+0 

4-57 

4.64 

4.70 

4-77 

4.84 

4.91 

4-98 

5-°5 

5.12 

5.20 

2 

5-27 

5-35 

5-42 

5-50 

5-58 

5.66 

5-74 

S.S2 

5-90 

5-99 

4 

6.07 

6.15 

6.24 

6-33 

6.42 

6.51 

6.60 

6.69 

6.78 

6.88 

•  6 

6.97 

7.07 

7,17 

7.26 

7.36 

7-47 

7-57 

7.67 

7.78 

7.88 

8 

7-99 

8.10 

8.21 

8-32 

8-43 

8-55 

8.66 

8.78 

8.90 

9.02 

10 

9.14 

9.26 

9-39 

9-5,1 

9.64 

9-77 

'    9-9° 

10.03 

10.16 

10.30 

12 

10-43 

10-57 

10.71 

20.85 

10.99 

11.14 

11.28 

"•43 

11.58 

"•73 

14 

n.88 

12.04 

12.19 

'2-35 

12.51 

12.67 

12.84 

1300 

13-17 

13-34 

16 

'3-51 

13.68 

13.86 

14.04 

14.21 

14.40 

14.58 

14.76 

14.95 

iS-H 

18 

15-33 

15-52 

!5-72 

15.92 

16.12 

16.32 

16.52 

16.73 

16.94 

17-15 

20 

I7-36 

17-58 

17.80 

18.02 

18.24 

18.47 

18.69 

18.92 

19.16 

T9-39 

22 

19.63 

19.87 

20.  1  1 

20.36 

20.61 

20.86 

21.  II 

21-37 

21.63 

21.89 

24 

22.15 

22.42 

22.69 

22.96 

23-24 

23-52 

23.80 

24.08 

24-37 

24.66 

26 

24.96 

25-25 

25-55 

25.86 

26.16 

26.47 

26.78 

27.10 

27.42 

27.74 

28 

28.07 

28.39 

28.73 

29.06 

29.40 

29.74 

30.09 

3°-44 

30-79 

3i-i5 

30 

3I-5I 

31-87 

32.24 

32.61 

32.99 

33-37 

33-75 

34-14 

34-53 

34-92 

32 

35-32 

35-72 

36-13 

36.54 

36-95 

37-37 

37-79 

38.22 

38-65 

39.08 

34 

39-52 

39-97 

40.41 

40.87 

41.32 

41.78 

42.25 

42-72 

43-19 

43-67 

36 

44.16 

44-65 

45-J4 

45-64 

46.14 

46.65 

47.16 

47-68 

48.20 

48.73 

38 

49.26 

49.80 

50.34 

50.89 

5M4 

52.00 

52-56 

53-  1  3 

53-70 

54.28 

40 

42 

54-87 
61.02 

55-46 
6r.66 

56.05 
62.32 

56-65 
62.98 

57.26 
63.64 

57.87 
64.31 

5849 
64.99 

I9'!1 

65.67 

59-74 
66.36 

60.38 

67.05 

44 

67.76 

68.47 

69.18 

69.90 

70.63 

71-36 

72.10 

72-85 

73.60 

74.36 

46 

75-13 

75-91 

76.69 

77-47 

78.27 

79.07 

79.88 

80.70 

81.52 

82-35 

48 

83.19 

84.03 

84.89 

85-75 

86.6  1 

87.49 

88.37 

89.26 

90.16 

91.06 

50 

91.98 

92.90 

93-83 

94-77 

95-71 

96.66 

97-63 

98.60 

99-57 

100.56 

S2 

101.55 

102.56 

103-57 

104.59 

105.62 

106.65 

107.70 

108.76 

109.82 

110.89 

54 

111.97 

113.06 

114.16 

115.27 

116.39 

117.52 

118.65 

119.80 

120.95 

122.12 

56 

123.29 

124.48 

125.67 

126.87 

1  28.09 

129.31 

130-54 

J3I-79 

I33-04 

I34-30 

58 

135.58 

136.86 

138.15 

139.46 

140.77 

142.10 

143-43 

144.78 

146.14 

I47-51 

60 

148.88 

150.27 

151.68 

I53-09 

'54-51 

155-95 

157-39 

158.85 

160.32 

161.80 

62 

163.29 

164.79 

166.31 

167.83 

1  69-37 

170.92 

172.49 

174.06 

i75-65 

177-25 

64 

178.86 

180.48 

182.12 

i83-77 

185-43 

187.10 

188.79 

190.49 

192.20 

1  93-93 

66 

195-67 

197.42 

199.18 

200.96 

202.75 

204.56 

206.38 

208.21 

210.06 

211.92 

68 

21379 

215.68 

217.58 

219.50 

221.43 

223.37 

225-33 

227.30 

229.29 

231.29 

*  This  table  is  based  on  Renault's  experiments,  the  numbers  being  taken  from  Rroch's  reduction  of  the  obser- 
vations (Trav.  et  Mem.  du  Bur.  Int.  des  Poids  et  Me>.  torn.  i).  The  numbers  differ  very  slightly  from  those  of 
Regnault  (see  Table  165).  The  direct  measurements  of  Marvin  given  in  Table  169  show  that  .the  numbers  in  this 
table 


le  are  high  for  temperature  below  zero  centigrade. 
SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


154 


TABLE  166. 
PRESSURE    OF    AQUEOUS    VAPOR,   ACCORDING   TO    BROCH. 


Temp. 

0.0 

0.2 

0.4 

0.6 

0.8 

1.0 

1.2 

1.4 

1.6 

1.8 

70 

233-3I 

235-34 

237-39 

239-45 

241.52 

243.62 

245-72 

247.85 

249.98 

252.14 

72 

254-30 

256.49 

258.69 

260.91 

263.14 

265-38 

267.65 

269.93 

272.23 

274-54 

74 

276.87 

279.21 

281.58 

283.95 

286.35 

288.76 

291-19 

293.64 

296.11 

298.59 

76 

301.09 

303.60 

306.14 

308.69 

311.26 

3I3-85 

316.45 

3  '9-07 

321.72 

324-38 

78 

327-05 

332-47 

335-20 

337-95 

340-73 

343-52 

346.33 

349.16 

352-01 

80     354.87 

357-76 

360.67 

363-59 

366.54 

369-5I 

372.49 

375-50 

378.53 

381.58 

82 

384-64 

387-73 

390.84 

393-97 

397.12 

400.29 

403.49 

406.70 

409.94 

4I3-J9 

84 

416.47 

4I9-77 

423.09 

426.44 

429.81 

433-  '9 

436.60 

440.04 

443-49 

446.97 

86 

450.47 

454.00 

457-54 

461.11 

464.71 

468.32 

471.96 

475-63 

479-32 

483-03 

88 

486.76 

490.52 

494-3' 

498.  1  2 

501.95 

505.81 

509.69 

513-6° 

5*7-53 

521.48 

90 

52547 

529.48 

533-  5  1 

537-57 

541-65 

545-77 

549.90 

554-07 

558.26 

562.47 

92 

566.71 

570.98 

575-28 

579-6i 

583.96 

588.33 

59274 

597-17 

601.64 

606.13 

94 

610.64 

615.19 

61976 

624.37 

629.00 

633.66 

638.35 

643.06 

647.81 

652-59 

96 

657.40 

662.23 

667.10 

672.00 

676.00 

681.88 

686.87 

691.89 

696.93 

702.02 

98 

707-I3 

712.27 

7I7-44 

722.65 

727.89 

733-  '6 

738.46 

743.80 

749-  i  7 

754-57 

100 

760.00 

76,47 

770-97 

776.50 

782.07 

787.67 

- 

- 

- 

- 

TABLE  167. 

WEIGHT    IN    GRAINS   OF  THE    AQUEOUS  VAPOR   CONTAINED  IN  A  CUBIC 
FOOT   OF   SATURATED    AIR.* 


Temp. 

°F. 

0.0 

1.0 

2.0 

3.0 

4.0 

5.0 

6.0 

70 

80 

9.0 

—10 

0356 

0.340 

0-324 

0.309 

0.294 

0.280 

0.267 

0.254 

0.242 

0.230 

—  ° 

0.564 

0.540 

0.516 

0-493 

0.471 

0.450 

0.430 

0.411 

0.391 

0-373 

+0 

0.564 

0.590 

0.617 

0.645 

0.674 

0.705 

0-735 

0.767 

O.8OI 

0.837 

10 

0.873 

c.gio 

0.950 

0.991 

1-033 

1.077 

1.  122 

1.169 

1.217 

1.268 

20 

1.321 

J-374 

143° 

1.488 

1-549 

i.6n 

I-675 

1-743 

1.812 

1.882 

3° 

1.956 

2.034 

2-113 

2.194 

2.279 

2.366 

2-457 

2.550 

2.646 

2-746 

40 

2.849 

2-955 

3.064 

3-*77 

3-294 

3-4I4 

3-539 

3-667 

3.800 

3-936 

50 

4.076 

4.222 

4-372 

4.526 

4-685 

4.849 

5.016 

5-I9I 

5-370 

5-555 

60 

5-745 

5-941 

6.142 

6-349 

6-563 

6.782 

7.009 

7.241 

7.480 

7.726 

70 

7.980 

8.240 

8.508 

8.782 

9.066 

9-356 

9-655 

9.962 

10.277 

10.601 

80 

10.934 

11.275 

11.626 

11.987 

12.356 

12.736 

13.127 

13.526 

13-937 

14-359 

90 

14.790 

15-234 

1  5.689 

16.155 

16.634 

17.124 

17.626 

18.142 

18.671 

19.212 

100 

19.766 

20-335 

20.917 

21.514 

22.125 

^  2.7  50 

23.392 

24.048 

24.720 

25.408 

IIO 

26.112 

26.832 

27.570 

28.325 

29.096 

29.887 

TABLE  1  68. 

WEIGHT    IN    GRAMMES    OF    THE    AQUEOUS    VAPOR    CONTAINED    IN    A 
CUBIC    METRE    OF    SATURATED    AIR. 


Temp. 
°C- 

0.0 

1-0 

2.0 

3.0 

4.0 

50 

6.0 

70 

8.0 

9.0 

—20 

1.078 

0.992 

0.913 

0.839 

0.770 

0.706 

0.647 

0-593 

0.542 

0.496 

—  ro 

2.363 

2.192 

2.032 

1.882 

1.742 

1.611 

1.489 

1-375 

1.269 

1.170 

—  o 

4.835 

4-5I3 

4.211 

3.926 

3-659 

3407 

3-!7i 

2-949 

2.741 

2-546 

+0 

4.835 

5-!76 

5-538 

5.922 

6.330 

6.761 

7.219 

7-703 

8.215 

8-757 

10 

9-330 

9-935 

10-574 

11.249 

11.961 

12.712 

'3-505 

1  4-339 

i  5.218 

16.144 

20 

17  n8 

i8;i43 

19.222 

20-355 

21.546 

22.796 

24.109 

25.487 

26.933 

28.450 

30 

30-039 

3'-7°4 

33-449 

35-275 

37-  '87- 

39-187 

41.279 

43-465 

45-751 

48.138 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  See  "  Smithsonian  Meteorological  Tables,"  pp.  132-133. 


TABLE  169. 

PRESSURE    OF    AQUEOUS    VAPOR    AT    LOW    TEMPERATURE.* 

Pressures  are  given  in  inches  and  millimetres  of  mercury,  temperatures  in  degrees  Fahrenheit  and  degrees  Centigrade. 


(a)  Pressures  in  inches  of  mercury  ;  temperatures  in  degrees  Fahrenheit. 

Temp.  F. 

o°.o 

1°.0 

2°.0 

3°.0 

4°.0 

6°-0 

6°.0 

7°.0 

8°.0 

9°.0 

—50° 

—40 

—3° 
—  20 

10 

—0 

+o 

IO 

20 

30 

O.OO2I 
.0039 
.0069 
.0126 
.O222 

0.0383 

•0383 
.0631 
.1026 
.1641 

0.0019 

.0037 

.0065 
.0119 
.0210 

0.0263 

.0403 
.0665- 
.1077 
.1718 

0.0018 
.0035 
.0061 
.0112 
.0199 

0.0244 
.0423 
.0699 
.1130 
.1798 

0.0017 
•0033 
.0057 
.0106 
.0188 

0.0225 
.0444 

•0735 
.1185 

0.0016 
.0031 
.0054 
.0100 
.0178 

0.0307 
.0467 
.0772 
.1242 

0.0015 
.0029 
.0051 
.0094 
.0168 

0.0291 
.0491 
.0810 
.1302 

0.0013 
.0027 
.0048 
.0089 
.0159 

0.0275 

•0515 
.0850 

•1365 

0.0013 
.0026 
.0046 
.0083 
.0150 

0.0260 
.0542 
.0891 
.1430 

O.OOI2 
.OO24 
.0044 
.0078 
.OI4I 

O.O247 
.0570. 

•0933 
.1497 

O.OOII 

.0022 
.0041 

.0074 
•0133 

0.0234 

.0600 

.0979 
.1568 

(to)  Pressures  in  millimetres  of  mercury  ;  temperatures  in  degrees  Fahrenheit. 

Temp.  F. 

o°.o 

1°.0 

2°.0 

3°.0 

4°.0 

5°.0 

6°.0 

7°.0 

8°.0 

9°.0 

—50° 

—40 
_3o 
—  20 

—  IO 

—0° 

+o 

10 

20 

30 

0.053 

.100 

.176 
.319 

•564 
0.972 

.972 

1.603 

2.607 

4.169 

0.049 

.094 

.165 

.301 

•534 

0.922 
1.023 
1.688 
2-735 
4-364 

0.046 
.089 

•155 
.284 

•505 

0.873 
1-075 
1.776 
2.869 
4.568 

0.043 
.084 
.146 
.268 
.478 

0.826 
1.129 
1.867 
3.009 

0.040 
.079 
.138 

•253 

.452 

0.781 
1.186 
1.961 
3-155 

0.037 
.074 
.130 

•239 

.427 

0.738 
1.246 
2.058 
3-3°7 

0.034 
.069 
.123 
.225 
•403 

0.698 
1.309 
2.158 
3-466 

0.032 
.065 
.117 

.212 

.384 

0.661 
I-376 
2.262 

3-631 

0.030 
.061 
.1  II 
.199 
-358 

0.627 
1.447 
2.371 
3-803 

0.028 

•057 
.105 
.187 
•338 

0-595 
r-523 
2.486 
3.982 

(0)  Pressures  in  inches  of  mercury  ;  temperatures  in  degrees  Centigrade. 

Temp.  C. 

o°.o 

1°.0 

2°.0 

3°.0 

4°.0 

B°.0 

6°.0 

7°.0 

8°.0 

9°.0 

—0° 

—  IO 

—  20 

—30 
—40 

0.1798 

.0772 
.0307 

.OI  12 

.0040 

0.1655 
.0706 
.0278 
.0101 
.0036 

0.1524 
.0645 
.0252 
.0091 
.0032 

0.1393 

.0588 
.0229 
.0082 
.0029 

0.1290 

•0537 
.0208 
.0073 
.0025 

0.1185 
.0491 
.0188 
.0065 

.0022 

0.1091 
.0449 
.0171 
.0059 
.0020 

0.0998 
.0411 
•0153 
•0°53 
.0017 

0.0916 

•0375 
.0138 
.0048 
.0015 

0.0842 
.0341 
.0124 
.0044 
.0013 

(d)  Pressures  in  millimetres  of  mercury  ;  temperatures  in  degrees  Centigrade. 

Temp.  C. 

o°.o 

1°.0 

2°.0 

3°.0 

4°.0 

5°.0 

6°.0 

7°-0 

8°.0 

9°.0 

—0° 

IO 

—  20 

—3° 
—40 

4.568 

1.961 

0.781 

0.284 

O.IOO 

4.208 
1.794 
0.706 
0.256 
0.090 

3-875 
I-637 
0.641 
0.231 
0.081 

3-565 
1-493 
0-583 
0.207 
0.072 

3-277 

'•363 

0.528 
0.185 
0.064 

3.009 
1.246 
0.478 
0.165 
0.057 

2.767 
1.140 
0.432 
0.148 
0.050 

2-534 
1.044 
0.389 

o-i33 
0.044 

2.327 
0.952 
0-350 

O.I  21 
0.039 

2.138 
0.864 
o-3  r  5 

O.I  10 

0.034 

*  Marvin's  results  (Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Chief  Signal  Officer,  1891,  App.  10). 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

I56 


TABLE   1  7O. 
PRESSURE    OF   AQUEOUS    VAPOR    IN    THE    ATMOSPHERE. 

This  table  gives  the  vapor  pressure  corresponding  to  various  values  of  the  difference  t  —  ^  between  the  readings  of 
dry  and  wet  bulb  thermometers  and  the  temperature  i1,  of  the  wet  bulb  thermometer.  The  differences  /  —  /t  are 
given  by  two-degree  steps  in  the  top  line,  and  t^  by  degrees  in  the  first  column.  Temperatures  in  Centigrade 
degrees  and  Regnault's  vapor  pressures  in  millimetres  of  mercury  are  used  throughout  the  table.  The  table  was 
calculated  for  barometric  pressure  B  equal  to  76  centimetres,  and  a  correction  is  given  for  each  centimetre  at  the 
top  of  the  columns.* 


«1 

53- 

2 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12- 

14 

16 

18 

20 

Difference  per 
i°of*-ft 

Corrections  for 
B  per  centi- 
metre, t 

.013 

.026 

.040 

•°53 

.066 

.079 

.092 

.106 

.119 

•  132 

—10 

1.96 

0.96 

0  100 

—9 

2.14 

1.14 

0.14 

O.IOO 

—8 

2-33 

i-33 

o-33 

O.IOO 

—7 

2-53 

i-53 

o-53 

c.  x&tnple. 

O.IOO 

—6 

2.76 

1.76 

0.76 

t-t^—   7.2 

O.IOO 

—  5 

tfj  —  1O.O 

3.01 

2.OI 

I.OO 

.5=74-5 

O.IOO 

—4 

3.28 

2.28 

1.27 

0.27 

Tabular  number=r  6.12  —  6X.ioi=   5.51 

O.IOO 

I  ~3 

m 

2-57 

1.56 

0.56 

Correctioa  for  B=  1.5  X  .048  .  .  —     .07 

O.IOO 

—  2 

3.88 

2.88 

1.87 

0.87 

Hence  we  get/  .  .  .  =   5.58 

O.IOO 

—  I 

4.22 

3.22 

2.21 

1.  21 

O.2I 

O.IOO 

0 

4.60 

3.60 

2-59 

i-S9 

o-59 

O.IOO 

I 

4-94 

3-93 

2.92 

1.92 

0.92 

O.IOO 

2 

5-3° 

4.29 

3-29 

2.28 

1.28 

0.27 

O.IOO 

3 

5.69 

4.68 

3.68 

2.67 

1.66 

0.66 

O.IOI 

4 

6.10 

5-09 

4.09 

3.08 

2.07 

1.06 

0.05 

O.IOI 

5 

6-53 

5-52 

4:5i 

3-5° 

2.49 

1.48 

0.48 

O.IOI 

6 

7.00 

5-99 

4.98 

3-97 

2.96 

i-95 

0.94 

O.IOI 

7 

7-49 

6.48 

5-47 

4-45 

3-44 

2-43 

1.42 

0.41 

O.IOI 

8 

8.02 

7.01 

5-99 

4.98 

3-97 

2.96 

1.94 

0-93 

O.IOI 

9 

8.57 

7-56 

6-54 

5-53 

4.51 

3-50 

2-49 

1.48 

0.46 

O.IOI 

10 

9.17 

8.16 

7.14 

6.12 

5-'  r 

4.09 

3.08 

2.07 

1.  06 

0.05 

O.IOI 

ii 

9-79 

8.77 

7-76 

6-74 

5-73 

4.71 

3-69 

2.68 

1.66 

0.64 

0.102 

12 

10.46 

9-44 

8-43 

7.41 

6-39 

5-37 

4-36 

3-34 

2.32 

1.30 

0.28 

O.I  O2 

13 

ii.  16 

10.14 

9.12 

8.10 

7.09 

6.07 

5-°5 

4-03 

3.01 

1.99 

o-97 

O.I  O2 

14 

11.91 

10.89 

9-87 

8.85 

7-83 

6.8  1 

5-79 

4-77 

3-7i 

2.69 

1.67 

0.102 

15 

12.70 

11.68, 

10.66 

9.64 

8.62 

7.60 

6.58 

5-56 

4-54 

3-52 

2-50 

O.I  O2 

16 

!3-54 

12.52 

11.50 

10.47 

9-45 

8-43 

7.41 

6-39 

5-37 

4-35 

3-33 

O.I  O2 

17 

14.42 

13.40 

12.37 

11.35    10-33 

9-3' 

8.28 

7.26 

6.24 

5.22 

4.20 

0.102 

18 

I5-36 

U.34 

'3-3* 

12.29     11.26 

10.24 

9.21 

8.19 

7.17 

6.15 

5-!3 

O.I  O2 

'9 

16.35 

'5-33 

14.30 

13.27 

12.25 

11.22 

10.20 

9.17 

8.15 

7-i3 

6.1  1 

O.I  O2 

20 

17-39 

16-37 

15-34 

H-31 

13.28 

12.26 

IK23 

10.21 

9.18 

8.15 

7.12 

0.103 

21 
syy 

18.50 
19.66 

17.47 
18.63 

16.45 
17.60 

15.42     14.39 
l6-57  ;  iS-54 

J3-36 
H-51 

!2.33 

13.48 

11.31 
12.46 

10.28 
"•43 

9-25 
10.40 

8.22 

9-37 

0.103 
0.103 

23 

20.89 

19.86 

18.83 

;  17-80 

16.77 

15-74 

14.71 

13.68 

12.66 

11.63 

1  0.60 

0.103 

24 

22.18 

21.15 

20.12 

19.09 

18.05 

17.02 

15-99 

14.96 

13-94 

12.91 

11.88 

0.103 

25 

23-55 

22.52 

21.49 

20.45 

19-43 

18.39 

17-36 

16-33 

15-3° 

14.27 

13-24 

0.103 

26 

24-99 

23.96 

22.92 

21.89 

20.86 

19.82 

18.79 

17.76 

i6-73 

I5-70 

14.67 

0.103 

27 

26.51 

25.48 

24.44 

23-40 

22.37 

21-34 

20.30 

19.27 

18.24 

17.21 

16.18 

0.103 

28 

28.10 

27.07 

26.03 

24.99 

23.96 

22.92 

21.89 

20.85 

19.82 

18.79 

17.76 

0.103 

29 

29.78 

28.75 

27.71 

26.67 

25-63 

24.59 

23-56 

22.52 

21.49 

20.46 

19-43 

0.103 

30 

3T-55 

30-51 

29.47 

28.43 

27.40 

26.36 

25.32 

24.29 

23.25 

22.22 

21.  18 

0.104 

31 

33-4i 

32-37 

31-33 

30.29 

29.25 

28.22 

27.18 

26.14 

25.10 

24.07 

23-03 

0.104 

32 

35-36 

34-32 

33-28 

32.24 

3'-2i 

30-17 

29.13 

28.09 

27.05 

26.OI 

2497 

0.104 

33 

37-41 

36-37 

35-33 

34-29 

33-25 

32.22 

31.18 

3°-  J4 

29.10 

28.06 

27.02 

0.104 

34 

39-57 

38-53 

37-48 

36-44 

35-40 

34-36 

33-32 

32.28 

3I-24 

30.20 

29.16 

0.104 

35 

41.83 

40.79 

39-74 

38.70 

37.66 

36.62 

35-68 

34-64 

33-6o 

32-56 

31-52 

0.104 

36 

37 

44.20 
46.69 

43.16 
45-65 

42.11 
44.60 

41.07 
43-56 

40-03 
42.52 

3S-99 
41.48 

37-95 
40.44 

36.90 
39-39 

35-86 
38-35 

34.82 

37-31 

3378 
36.27 

0.104 
0.104 

38 

49-3° 

48.26 

47.21 

46-17 

45-  !  3 

44.08 

43-04 

41.99 

40.95 

39-91 

38.87 

0.104 

39 

52-94 

51.00 

49-95 

48.91 

47-86 

46.82 

45-77 

44-73 

43-78 

42-74 

41.69 

0.105 

*  The  table   was  calculated  from  the  formula  /=/i  —0.00066 £(f—(t)  (i  +0.00115^)  (Ferrel,  Annual  Report 
U.  S.  Chief  Signal  Officer,  1886,  App.  24). 

I  When  B  is  less  than  76  the  correction  is  to  be  added,  and  when  B  is  greater  than  76  it  is  to  be  subtracted. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

157 


TABLE  171. 


DEW- 


The  first  column  of  this  table  gives  the  temperatures  of  the  wet  bulb  thermometer,  and  the  top  line  the  difference 
the  table.  The  dew-points  were  computed  for  a  barometric  pressure  of  76  centimetres.  When  the  barometer  differs 
and  the  resulting  number  added  to  or  subtracted  from  the  tabular  number  according  as  the  barometer  is  below  or 


I 

*—/!=! 

Z 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Dew-points  corresponding  to  the  difference  of  temperature  given  in  the  above  line  and  the 
wet-bulb  thermometer  reading  given  in  first  column. 

57/55  = 

.04 

.11 

.22 

49 

—  10 

—  13.2 

—  17.9 

—  9 

I2.O 

1  6.0 

—  22.O 

—  8 

10-7 

14-3 

194 

—  7 

9-5 

12.7 

I7.I 

—  24.0 

—  6 

8-3 

1  1.2 

14.9 

20.3 

87/85  = 

03 

.06 

.11 

.18 

•31 

43 

—  5 

—  9-7 

—  12-9 

—  17-5 

—  24-5 

—  4 

6.0 

8-3 

II.  I 

14.8 

20.1 

—  3 

4.8 

6.9 

9.4 

12.6 

1  6.8 

—  23-4 

2 

3-6 

5-5 

7-8 

10.5 

13.9 

18.9 

—  i 

2-5 

4.2 

6.2 

8.5 

"•5 

iS-4 

—  21.0 

87/55  = 

.02 

.04 

.07 

.10 

.14 

.19 

.26 

38 

0 

—  1.3 

—  2.9 

-4-8 

—  6.8 

—  9-3 

—  123 

_,6.5 

—  22.9 

i 

0.3 

3-5 

5-3 

7.6 

IO.2 

13-S 

18.3 

2 

+  0.6 

0.7 

2.2 

3-9 

6.1 

8-3 

n.  i 

14.7 

3 

1.7 

+  O.2 

I.O 

2.6 

4.6 

6.4 

8.9 

11.9 

4 

2.8 

1.4 

0.0 

1.3 

3-1 

4-7 

6.9 

9.4 

57/55  = 

.02 

•03 

05 

.07 

.09 

.11 

14 

.18 

5 

3-8 

2.6 

+  1.2 

—  O.I 

-1.6 

—  3-2 

—  5-0 

—  7.1 

6 

4-9 

3-7 

2-5 

+  i.i 

0.2 

3-3 

5-2 

7 

6.0 

4.9 

3-7 

2.4 

+  I.I 

o-3 

1.8 

3-4 

8 

7.0 

6.0 

4-9 

3-7 

2-5 

4-  i.i 

°-3 

1.8 

9 

8.1 

7.1 

6.1 

5-° 

3-9 

2.6 

+   1.2 

O.I 

87/85  = 

.01 

.02 

•03 

°5 

.06 

.08 

.10 

.12 

10 

9.1 

8-3 

7-3 

6-3 

5-2 

4.1 

2.8 

+   1.5 

ii 

10.2 

9-3 

8.4 

7-5 

6-5 

S-5 

4-3 

3.1 

12 

II.  2 

10.4 

9.6 

8.7 

7-8 

6.8 

5-8 

-     4-7 

-13 

12.3 

-"•5 

10.7 

9.9 

9.1 

8.2 

7-2 

6.2 

14 

13-3 

12.6 

11.9 

ii.  i 

10.3 

9-°5 

8.6 

7.6 

5  7/85  = 

.01 

.02 

•03 

.04 

.06 

07 

08 

15 

144 

J3-7 

13.0 

12.3 

ii-5 

10.8 

9-9 

9.1 

16 

IS-4 

14.8 

14.1 

12.7 

I2.O 

10.5 

17 

16.4 

15.8 

'5-2 

14.6 

13-9 

13.3 

12.6 

1  1.8 

18 

17.5 

16.9 

16.3 

15-7 

15.1 

14-5 

13.8 

13.1 

19 

I8.5 

18.0 

17.4 

16.9 

16.3 

14.4 

8  7/85  = 

005 

.01 

.015 

.02 

.027 

•033 

04 

•°5 

20 

19-5 

19.0 

18.5 

1  8.0 

17.4 

16.9 

16.3 

iS-7 

21 

20-5 

20.1 

19.6 

19.1 

18.6 

18.1 

I7-S 

17.0 

22 

21.6 

21.  1 

20.7 

20.  2 

19.7 

19.2 

18.7 

18.2 

23 

22.6 

22.2 

21.7 

21-3 

20.8 

20.4 

19.9 

19.4 

24 

23.6 

23.2 

22.8 

224 

22.O 

21.5 

21.  1 

2O.6 

87/85  = 

005 

.01 

015 

.02 

.025 

•03 

•035 

.04 

25 

24.6 

24.2 

23-9 

23-5 

23.1 

22.7 

22.2 

21.8 

26 

25-6 

25-3 

24.9 

24-5 

24-2 

23.8 

23-4 

23.0 

27 

26-7 

26.3 

26.O 

25.6 

25-3 

24.9 

24-5 

24.1 

28 

27.7 

27-3 

27.0 

26.7 

26.4 

26.0 

25-7 

25-3 

29 

28.7 

28.4 

28.1 

27.8 

27.4 

27.1 

26.8 

26.4 

87/85  = 

.003 

.OO6 

.01 

-013 

.OI7 

.019 

.022 

.026 

30 

29.7 

29.4 

29.1 

28.8 

28.5 

28.2 

27.9 

27.6 

3' 

3°-7 

3°-5 

30.2 

29.9 

29.6 

29-3 

29.0 

28.7 

32 

31.7 

31-5 

31.2 

3°-9 

3°-7 

3°-4 

3O.I 

29.8 

33 

32.8 

32-5 

32.2 

32.0 

3*-7 

3I-S 

31.2 

30-9 

34 

33-8 

33-5 

33-3 

33-° 

32.8 

32-5 

32.3 

32.0 

8  7/85  = 

003 

.005 

008 

.010 

.013 

.016 

.Oig 

.021 

35 

34-8 

34-5 

34-3 

34.1 

33-8 

33-6 

33-4 

33.1 

36 

35-8 

35-5 

35-3 

35-  i 

34-9 

34-6 

34-4 

34-2 

37 

36.8 

366 

36.2 

36.0 

35-7 

35-5 

35-3 

38 

37-8 

37-6 

37-4 

37-2 

37-o 

36.8 

36.6 

36-4 

39 

38.8 

38.6 

38-2 

38.0 

37-9 

37-6 

37-5 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


I58 


TABLE  171 . 
POINTS. 

between  the  dry  and  the  wet  bulb,  when  the  dew-point  has  the  values  given  at  corresponding  points  in  the  body  ol 
from  76  centimetres  the  corresponding  numbers  in  the  lines  marked  &T/&B  are  to  be  multiplied  by  the  difference; 
or  above  76.  See  examples. 


* 

*-<,  =  9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

Dew-points  corresponding  to  the  difference  of  temperature  given  in  the  above  line  and  the 
wet-bulb  thermometer  reading  given  in  first  column. 

1                                       1 

EXAMPLES. 

(i)  Given  £=  72,  /]=:  10,  t  —  /i  =  5. 

Then  tabular  number  for  tt  —  10  and  t  —  ^1  =  5  is  5.2 
Also  76  —  72  =  4  and  5  '/'/«#=.  06. 

.'.  Correction  =10.06  X  4=         ....       .24 

Hence  the  dew-point  is       5.44 

(2)  Given  .5  =  71.5,  /,  —  7,/  —  /1=:8. 

Then,  as  above,  tabulated  number  =:         .         .     3.4 

2 

Correction  =  0.  15  X4  5—  67 

Dew-point  =       4.07 

57755  = 

•45 

.67 

0 

i 

2 

2O.O 

3 

I5.8 

—  22.2 

4 

12.4 

16.8 

5  7755  = 

23 

29 

•37 

•44 

•54 

.66 

•72 

5 

—  19.8 

—  13-1 

—  17.7 

6 

7-4 

IO.I 

13-4 

—  18.1 

7 

5-3 

7-6 

IO.I 

'3-5 

-18.3 

8 

3-3 

5-2 

7-4 

10.  1 

I3-S 

-18.3 

9 

1.6 

3-2 

5-1 

7.2 

9-9 

—  17.2 

5  7755  = 

.14 

17 

.20 

.22 

25 

.29 

•36 

10 

o.o 

—  1-3 

—  3-° 

—  4-7 

—  6.8 

—  9-4 

—  12.5 

ii 

+  1.8 

+  0-3 

I.O 

2.6 

4-3 

6-3 

8.8 

12 

3-5 

2.2 

+  0.8 

0.6 

2.1 

3-7 

5-7 

13 

5.1 

3-9 

2-7 

~\~  !-3 

O.I 

1.6 

3-1 

>4 
57755  = 

6.7 
.09 

5-6 
.11 

4-5 

.12 

3-3 
.14 

.16 

+  0.5 
.18 

0.9 

.20 

15 

8.2     ' 

7-2 

6.2 

5.1 

3-9 

2-7 

_|_     I.T 

16 

9.6 

8.7 

7-8 

6.8 

5-8 

4-7 

3-5 

17 

I  I.O 

IO.2 

9.4 

8-5 

7-5 

6-5 

5-5 

18 

12.4 

II.7 

10.9 

IO.I 

9.2 

8-3 

7-4 

'9 

13.8 

I3-1 

12.4 

1  1.6 

10.8 

I  O.O 

9.1 

87755  = 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.11 

•13 

20 

15.1 

14-5 

13-8 

12.4 

1  1.6 

10  8 

21 

16.4 

15-8 

15.2 

M-S 

'3-9 

13.2 

12.5 

22 

17.6 

17.1 

16.5 

15-9 

'5-3 

14.7 

14.0 

23 

18.9 

18.4 

17.9 

17-3 

1  6.8 

16.2 

I5-7 

24 

20.  1 

19.6 

19.2 

18.7 

18.1 

17.6 

17.0 

57755  = 

•045 

05 

.06 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 

25 

21.4 

20.9 

20.4 

2O.O 

'9-5 

19.0 

18.5 

26 

22.6 

22.1 

21.7 

21-3 

20.8 

20.3 

19.9 

27 

23-7 

234 

22.9 

22-5 

22.1 

21.7 

21.2 

28 

24.9 

24-5 

24.2 

23.8 

23-4 

23.0 

22.6 

29 
57755  = 

26.1 
031 

25-7 
•035 

25.4 
.041 

25.0 
.047 

24.6 
•°53 

24.2 
.06 

23-9 
.07 

30 

27.2 

26.9 

26.6 

26.2 

25-9 

25-5 

25.2 

31 

28.4 

28.1 

27.8 

27.4 

27.1 

26.8 

26.4 

32 

29.5 

29.2 

28.9 

28.6 

28.3 

28.0 

27.7 

33 

30-7 

30-4 

30.1 

29.8 

29.5        • 

29.2 

28.9 

34 
57755  = 

31.8 
.024 

3I-S 
.027 

31.2 
.029 

30-9 
032 

3°-7 
°37 

3°-4 
037 

3O.I 
.04 

35 

32.9 

32.6 

32-4 

32.1 

31.8 

31-6 

36 

34-0 

33-7 

33-5 

33-3 

33-o 

32.8 

32-5 

3£     * 

t-i 

34-9 

34-6 

34-4 

34-2 

33-9 

33-7 

38 

.    -2 

35-9 

35-7 

35-5 

35-3 

35-1 

34-8 

39 

37-3 

37-i 

36-8 

36-6 

36-4 

36.2 

36.0 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


159 


TABLE  172. 


VALUES   OF   0.378e.* 


This  table  gives  the  humidity  term  0.3781?,  which  occurs  in  the  equation  fr=L  —  =  So~ — °'3         for  the  calcu- 

760  760 

lation  of  the  density  of  the  dry  air  in  a  sample  containing  aqueous  vapor  at  pressure  e  ;  So  is  the  density  at  normal 
barometric  pressure,  B  the. observed  barometric  pressure,  and  h  the  pressure  corrected  for  humidity.     For  values 

of  —  see  Table  174.    Temperatures  are  in  degrees  Centigrade,  and  pressures  in  millimetres  of  mercury. 


Dew- 
point 

Vapor 
pressure. 
e 

0.3786. 

Dew- 
point. 

Vapor 
pressure. 
« 

0.378  e. 

Dew- 
point. 

Vapor 
pressure. 
e 

0.3786. 

—  30° 

0.38 

0.14 

0 

4-57 

1-73 

30° 

3I-5I 

11.91 

—  29 

.42 

.16 

i 

4.91 

1.86 

3' 

33-37 

12.61 

—  28 

.46 

•17 

2 

5-27 

1.99 

32 

35-32 

13-35 

—  27 

•5° 

.19 

3 

5.66 

2.14 

33 

37-37 

14-13 

—  26 

•55 

.21 

4 

6.07 

2.29 

34 

39-52 

14.94 

—  25 

0.61  ' 

0.23 

5 

6.51 

2.46 

35 

41.78 

'5-79 

—  24 

.66 

.25 

6 

6.97 

2.63 

36 

44.16 

16.69 

—  23 

•73 

.28 

7 

7-47 

2.82 

37 

46.65 

17-63 

22 

•79 

•30 

8 

7-99 

3.02 

38 

49.26 

18.62 

21 

.87 

•33 

9 

8-55 

3-23 

39 

52.00 

19.66 

—  20 

0.94 

0.36 

10 

9.14 

3-45 

40 

54-87 

20.74 

—  19 

1.03 

•39 

ii 

9-77 

3-69 

4i 

57-87 

21.86 

—  18 

.12 

.42 

12 

10.43 

3-94 

42 

61.02 

23.06 

—  17 

.22 

.46 

13 

11.14 

4.21 

43 

64.31 

24.31 

—  16 

•32 

•So 

14 

11.88 

4-49 

44 

67.76 

25.61 

—  15 

1-44 

0.54 

15 

12.67 

4-79 

45 

7I-36 

26.97 

—  14 

•|6 

•59 

16 

I3-5I 

5-" 

46 

75-'3 

28.40 

—  13 

.69 

.64 

17 

14.40 

5-44 

47 

79.07 

29.89 

12 

.84 

.70 

18 

T5-33 

5-79 

48 

83.19 

3i-45 

—  I  I 

•99 

•75 

19 

16.32 

6.17 

49 

87.49 

33-07 

—  10 

2.15 

0.81 

20 

I7-36 

6.56 

50 

91.98 

34-77 

—  9 

•33 

.88 

21 

18.47 

6.98 

Si 

96.66 

36-54 

—  8 

•5' 

•95 

22 

19.63 

7.42 

52 

.    101.55 

38.39 

—  7 

.72 

1.03 

23 

20.86 

7.89 

53 

106.65 

40.31 

—  6 

•93 

.11 

24 

22.15 

8-37 

54 

111.97 

42.32 

—  5 

3-'6 

1.19 

25 

23.52 

8.89 

55 

"7-52    . 

44.42 

—  4 

.41 

.29 

26 

24.96 

9-43 

56 

123.29 

46.60 

3 

.67 

•39 

27 

26.47 

IO.OI 

57 

129.31 

48.88 

•95 

•49 

28 

28.07 

10.61 

58 

I35-58 

51.25 

—  i 

4-25 

.61 

29 

29.74 

11.24 

59 

142.10 

53-71 

*  This  table  is  quoted  from  "  Smithsonian  Meteorological  Tables,"  p.  225. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

1 60 


TABLE  173. 


RELATIVE    HUMIDITY.* 


This  table  gives  the  humidity  of  the  air,  for  temperature  t  and  dew-point  d  in  Centigrade  degrees,  expressed 
in  percentages  of  the  saturation  value  for  the  temperature  t. 


Depression  of 
the  dew-point. 
t  —  d 

Dew-point  (d). 

Depression  of 
the  dew-point. 
t  —  d 

Dew-point  (d). 

—  10 

o 

+  .0 

+  20 

+3° 

-,0 

0 

+  ,0 

+  20 

+  30 

C. 

C. 

o°.o 

IOO 

IOO 

IOO 

IOO 

IOO 

8°.0 

54 

57 

60 

62 

64 

O.2 

98 

99 

99 

99 

99 

8.2 

54 

56 

59 

61 

63 

0.4 

97 

97 

97 

98 

98 

8.4 

53 

56 

58 

60 

63 

0.6 

95 

96 

96 

96 

97 

8.6 

52 

55 

57 

60 

62 

0.8 

94 

94 

95 

95 

96 

8.8 

5i 

54 

57 

59 

61 

1.0 

92 

93 

94 

94 

94 

9.0 

51 

53 

56 

58 

61 

1.2 

9i 

92 

92 

93 

93 

9.2 

5° 

S3 

55 

58 

60 

1.4 

9° 

90 

91 

92 

92 

9-4 

49 

52 

55 

57 

59 

1.6 

88 

89 

90 

91 

91 

9.6 

48 

51 

54 

56 

59 

1.8 

8? 

88 

89 

90 

90 

9.8 

48 

51 

53 

56 

58 

20 

86 

87 

88 

88 

89 

10.0 

47 

So 

53 

55 

57 

2.2 

84 

85 

86 

87 

88 

10.5 

45 

48 

5i 

54 

2.4 

83 

84 

85 

86 

87 

II.O 

44 

47 

49 

52 

2.6 

82 

83 

84 

85 

86 

"•5 

42 

45 

48 

51 

2.8 

80 

82 

83 

84 

85 

12.0 

4i 

44 

47 

49 

3.0 

79 

81 

82 

83 

84 

12.0 

39 

42 

45 

48 

3-2 

78 

80 

81 

82 

83 

13.0 

38 

4i 

44 

46 

3-4 

77 

79 

80 

81 

82 

'3-5 

37 

40 

43 

45 

3-6 

76 

77 

79 

80 

82 

14.0 

35 

38 

4i 

44 

3-8 

75 

76 

78 

79 

81 

14.5 

34 

37 

40 

43 

4.0 

73 

75 

77 

78 

80 

15.0 

33 

36 

39 

42 

4.2 

72 

74 

76 

77 

79 

15-5 

32 

35 

38 

40 

4.4 

71 

73 

75 

77 

78 

16.0 

31 

34 

37 

39 

4-6 

70 

72 

74 

76 

77 

16.5 

3° 

33 

36 

38 

4.8 

69 

7i 

73 

75 

76 

17.0 

29 

32 

35 

37 

5.0 

68 

70 

72 

74 

75 

17.5 

28 

31 

34 

36 

5-2 

67 

69 

7i 

73 

75 

1  8.0 

27 

3° 

33 

35 

5-4 

66 

68 

70 

72 

74 

18.5 

26 

29 

32 

34 

5.6 

65 

67 

69 

7i 

73 

19.0 

25 

28 

3i 

33 

5.8 

64 

66 

69 

70 

72 

»9-5 

24 

27 

3° 

33 

6.0 

63 

66 

68 

70 

7i 

20.0 

24 

26 

29 

32 

6.2 

62 

65 

67 

7i 

2I.O 

22 

25 

27 

6.4 

61 

64 

66 

68 

70 

22.O 

21 

23 

26 

6.6 

60 

63 

65 

67 

23.0 

19 

22 

24 

6.8 

60 

62 

64 

66 

68 

24.0 

18 

21 

23 

7.0 

59 

61 

63 

66 

68 

25.0 

17 

19 

22 

7-2 

58 

60 

63 

65 

67 

26.0 

16 

18 

21 

7-4 

57 

60 

62 

64 

66 

27.0 

15 

17 

20 

7.6 

56 

59 

61 

63 

65 

28.0 

H 

16 

19 

7.8 

.55 

58 

60 

63 

65 

29.0 

'3 

15 

18 

8.0 

54 

57 

60 

62 

64 

3O.O 

12 

14 

17 

*  Abridged  from  Table  45  of  "  Smithsonian  Meteorological  Tables." 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLES  174,  175. 


DENSITY  OF  AIR   FOR   DIFFERENT   PRESSURES  AND  HUMIDITIES. 

TABLE  174.  —  Values  of    h  ,  from  h  =  l  to  h  =  9,  for  the  Computation  of  Different  Values  of  the  Ratio 
760 

of  Actual  to  Normal  Barometric  Pressure. 


Tl 


iis  gives  the  density  of  air  at  pressure  h  in  terms  of  the  density  at  normal  atmosphere  pressure.     When  the  air 
contains  moisture,  as  is  usually  the  case  with  the  atmosphere,  we  have  the  following  equation  for  the  dry  air 
ure :  A=£  —  0.378?,  where  e  is  the  vapor  pressure,  and  B  the  observed  barometric  pressure  corrected  for 
erature.     When  the  necessary  observations  are  made  the  value  of  e  may  be  taken  from  Table  1 70,  and  then 


press 
tempe 


0.378?  from  Table  172,  or  the  dew-point  may  be  found  and  the  value  of  0.378^  taken  from  Table  172. 


h 

h 
760 

1 

3 

0.0013158 
.0026316 
.0039474 

4 

0.0052632 
.0065789 
.0078947 

7 

8 
9 

0.0092105 
.0105263 
.0184210 

EXAMPLES  OF  USE  OF  THE  TABLE. 

T. 

To  find  the  value  of  —  when  h  =:  754.3 
760 

h  •=.  700  gives  .92105 
50        '      .065789 
4  .005263 

-3    "      .000395 

754-3  -992497 


To  find  the  value  of  —  when  h  =  5.73 
760 

k  =r  5      gives  .0065789 
•7  .0007895 

.03     "       .0000395 


5-73 


.0074079 


TABLE  175.  —Values  of  the  logarithms  of     /(    for  values  of  h  between  80  and  340. 

760 

Values  from  8  to  80  may  be  got  by  subtracting  i  from  the  characteristic,  and  from  0.8  to  8  by  subtracting  2  from  the 

characteristic,  and  so  on. 


h 

Values  of  log  A. 
760 

0 

i 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

80 

T.O2228 

1.02767 

1.03300 

7.03826 

7.04347 

7.04861 

7.05368 

7.0587  1 

7.06367 

7.06858 

90 

•07343 

.07823 

.08297 

.08767 

.09231 

.09691 

.10146 

.10596 

.1  1041 

.  1  1  482 

100 

7.11919 

1.12351 

7-12779 

7.13202 

7.13622 

7.14038 

7.14449 

7.14857 

7.15261 

7.15661 

110 

.16858 

.16451 

.16840 

.17226 

.17609 

.17988 

.18364 

•18737 

.19107 

•19473 

1  20 

•19837 

.20197 

•20555 

.20909 

.21261 

.21611 

.21956 

.22299 

.22640 

130 

•23313 

.23646 

•23976 

.24304 

.24629 

•24952 

•25273 

•25591 

•25907 

.26220 

140 

•26531 

.26841 

.27147 

•27452 

•27755 

.28055 

•28354 

.28650 

•28945 

.29237 

ISO 

1.29528 

1.29816 

1.30103 

7.30388 

7.30671 

7.30952 

7.31231 

7.31509 

7.31784 

7.32058 

160 

•32331 

.32616 

.32870 

•33!37 

•33403 

•33667 

•33929 

.34190 

•3445° 

•34/07 

170 

.34964 

.35218 

•35471 

•35723 

•35974 

.36222 

.36470 

.36716 

.36961 

•37204 

1  80 

•37446 

•37686 

•37926 

•38164 

.38400 

•38636 

.38870 

.39128 

•39334 

•39565 

190 

•39794 

.40022 

.40249 

.40474 

.40699 

.40922 

.41144 

•41365 

•41585 

.41804 

200 

7.42022 

1.42238 

7.42454 

7.42668 

7.42882 

7.43694 

M33°5 

7-435  T  6 

7.43725 

7-43933 

2\O 

.44141 

•44347 

•44552 

•44757  i    -44960 

.45162 

.45364 

•45565 

.45764 

•459% 

22O 

.46161 

.46358 

.46^4 

•46749 

•46943 

•47137 

•47329 

•47521 

.47712 

.47902 

2JO 

.48091 

.48280 

.48467 

.48654 

.48840 

.49025' 

.49210 

•49393 

•49576 

.49758 

240 

.49940 

.50120 

.50300 

.50479 

.50658 

•50835 

.51012 

.51188 

•51364 

•S'539 

250 

1-517*3 

1.51886 

7.52059 

7.52231 

7.52402 

7-52573 

7.52743 

7.52912 

7.53081 

7.53249 

2<X> 

•53416 

•53583 

•53749 

•539M 

•54079 

•54243 

•54407 

•54570 

•54732 

.54894 

2;tO 

•55055 

•552i6 

•55376 

•55535 

•55694 

•55852 

.56010 

.56167 

•56323 

•56479 

280 

•56634 

•56789 

.56944 

•57097 

•57250 

•57403 

•57555 

•57707 

.57858 

.58008 

290 

•58158 

.58308 

•58457 

.58605 

•58753 

.58901 

.59048 

•59'94 

•59340 

.59486 

300 

7.59631 

7-59775 

7.59919 

7.60063 

7.60206 

7.60349 

7.60491 

7.60632 

7.60774 

7.60914 

310 

.61055 

•61195 

•6i334 

•6i473 

.61611 

.61750 

.61887 

.62025 

.62161 

.62298 

320 

.62434 

.62569 

.62704 

•62839 

•62973 

.63107 

.63240 

.63373 

.63506 

•63638 

33° 

.63770 

.63901 

.64032 

.64163 

.64293 

.64423 

•64553 

.64682 

.64810 

.64939 

340 

.65067 

.65194 

•65321 

.65448 

•65574 

.65701 

.65826 

•65952 

.66077 

.66201 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


l62 


TABLE  175. 


DENSITY    OF   Am. 


Values  oi  logarithms  of  —  for  values  of  h  "between  350  and  800. 
760 


h 

Values  of  log  —. 
760 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

35O 

1.66325 

1.66449 

7.66573 

7.66696 

7.66819 

7.66941 

7.67064 

7.67185 

7.67307 

7.67428 

360 

•67549 

.67669 

.67790 

.67909 

.68029 

.68148 

.68267 

.68385 

.68503 

.68621 

37° 

.68739 

.68856 

•68973 

.69090 

.69206 

.69322 

•69437 

•69553 

.69668 

.69783 

380 

.69897 

.70011 

.70125 

.70239 

•70352 

.70465 

•70577 

.70690 

.70802 

.70914 

390 

.71025 

.71136 

.71247 

•71358 

.71468 

.71578 

.71688 

.71798 

.71907 

.72016 

400 

T.72I25 

1.72233 

7.72341 

7.72449 

7-72557 

7.72664 

7.72771 

7.72878 

7.72985 

1.73091 

410 

•73'97 

•73303 

.73408 

•735H 

•736i9 

•73723 

.73828 

•73932 

.74036 

.74140 

420 

.74244 

•74347 

•7445° 

•74553 

•74655 

•7475s 

.74860 

.74961 

•75063 

•75l64 

43° 

•75265 

•75366 

•75467 

•75567 

.75668 

•75768 

•75867 

•75967 

.76066 

.76165 

440 

.76264 

.76362 

.76461 

•76559 

•76657 

•76755 

.76852 

.76949 

.77046 

•77143 

450 

1.77240 

7.77336 

7.77432 

7.77528 

7.77624 

7.77720 

7-778I5 

7.77910 

7.78005 

7.78100 

460 

.78194 

.78289 

•78383 

•78477 

•78570 

.78664 

•78757 

.78850 

•78943 

.79036 

470 

.79128 

.79221 

•793'3 

•79405 

•79496 

.79588 

.79679 

.79770 

.78961 

•79952 

480 

.80043 

•80133 

.80223 

•80313 

.80403 

.80493 

.80582 

.80672 

.80761 

.80850 

49° 

.80938 

.81027 

.81115 

.81203 

.81291 

•81379 

.81467 

•81554 

.81642 

.81729 

500 

T.8i8i6 

1.81902 

7.81989 

7.82075 

7.82162 

7.82248 

7.82334 

7.82419 

7.82505 

7.82590 

510 

.82676 

.82761 

.82846 

.82930 

•83015 

.83099 

.83184 

.83268 

•83352 

•83435 

520 

$3$*9 

.83602 

.83686 

.83769 

.83852 

•83935 

.84017 

.84100 

.84182 

.84264 

53° 

.84346 

.84428 

.84510 

.84591 

.84673 

•84754 

•84835 

.84916 

•84997 

.85076 

540 

.85158 

.85238 

•853!9 

•85399 

•85479 

•85558 

.85638 

•85717 

•85797 

.85876 

550 

7.85955 

1.86034 

7.86113 

7.86191 

7.86270 

7.86348 

7.86426 

7.86504 

7.86582 

7.8666o 

560 

.86737 

.86815 

.86892 

.86969 

.87047 

.87123 

.87200 

.87277 

•87353 

.87430 

5/0 

.87506 

.87282 

.87658 

•87734 

.87810 

.87885 

.87961 

.88036 

.88111 

.88186 

580 

.88261 

.88336 

.88411 

.88486 

.88560 

.88634 

.88708 

.88782 

.88856 

.88930 

590 

.89004 

.89077 

.89151 

.89224 

.89297 

.89370 

.89443 

.89516 

.89589 

.89661 

600 

1.89734 

1.89806 

7.89878 

7.89950 

7.90022 

7.90094 

7.90166 

7.90238 

7.90309 

7.90380 

610 

.90452 

.90523 

.90594 

.90665 

•90735 

.90806 

.90877 

.90947 

.91017 

.91088 

620 

.91158 

.91228 

.91298 

•91367 

•9!437 

.91507 

.91576 

.91645 

.91715 

.91784 

630 

•91853 

.91922 

.91990 

.92059 

.92128 

.92196 

.92264 

•92333 

.92401 

.92469 

640 

•92537 

.92604 

.92672 

.92740 

.92807 

•92875 

.92942 

.93009 

.93076 

•93  '43 

650 

1.93210 

1.93277 

7-93343 

7.93410 

7.93476 

7-93543 

7.93601 

^93675 

7-93741 

7.93807 

660 

•93873 

•9393° 

.94004 

.94070 

•94135 

.94201 

.94266 

•94331 

.94396 

.94461 

670 

.94526 

.94591 

•94656 

.94720 

•94785 

•94849 

•949J3 

•94978 

.95042 

.95106 

680 

•95!7o 

•95233 

•95297 

•9536i 

•95424 

.95488 

•95551 

.95614 

•95677 

•95741 

690 

.95804 

.95866 

•95929 

•95992 

•96055 

.96117 

.96180 

.96242 

.96304 

.96366 

700 

7.96428 

1.96490 

7-96552 

7.96614 

7.96676 

7.96738 

7.96799 

7.96861 

7.96922 

7.96983 

710 

.97044 

.97106 

.97167 

.97228 

.97288 

•97349 

.97410 

•97471 

•97  531 

.97592 

720 

.97652 

•977  1  2 

.97772 

•97832 

.97892 

•979  5  1 

.98012 

.98072 

.98132 

.98191 

73° 

.98251 

.98310 

.98370 

.98429 

.98488 

•98547 

.98606 

.98665 

.98724 

.98783 

740 

.98842 

.98900 

•98959 

.99018 

.99076 

•99134 

•99J93 

.99251 

.99309 

•99367 

750 

1.99425 

1.99483 

7.99540 

7.99598 

7.99656 

^•997  1  3 

7.99771 

7.99828 

7.99886 

7.99942 

760 

o.ooooo 

0.00057 

0.00114 

0.00171 

0.00228 

0.00285 

0.00342 

0.00398 

0.00455 

0.00511 

77° 

.00568 

.00624 

.00680 

.00737 

.00793 

.00849 

.00905 

.00961 

.01017 

.01072 

780 

.01128 

.01184 

.01239 

.01295 

•0135° 

.01406 

.01461 

.01516 

.01571 

.01626 

790 

.01681 

.01736 

.01791 

.01846 

.01901 

•01955 

.02010 

.02064 

.02119 

.02173 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


163- 


TABLE  176. 


VOLUME    OF    PERFECT   CASES. 


Values  of  1  +  .00367 1. 

The  quantity  i  -f-  -00367  i  gives  for  a  perfect  gas  the  volume  at  t°  when  the  pressure 
is  kept  constant,  or  the  pressure  at  /°  when  the  volume  is  kept  constant,  in  terms 
of  the  volume  or  the  pressure  at  o°. 

(a)  This  part  of  the  table  gives  the  values  of  i  +  .00367 1  for  values  of  /  between  o° 
and  10°  C.  by  tenths  of  a  degree. 

(b)  This  part  gives  the  values  of  i  +.00367;  for  values  of  t  between  —  90°  and  +  1990° 
C.  by  10°  steps. 

These  two  parts  serve  to  give  any  intermediate  value  to  one  tenth  of  a  degree  by  a  sim- 
ple computation  as  follows: —  In  the  (6)  table  find  the  number  corresponding  to 
the  nearest  lower  temperature,  and  to  this  number  add  the  decimal  part  of  the 
number  in  the  (a)  table  which  corresponds  to  the  difference  between  the  nearest 
temperature  in  the  (6)  table  and  the  actual  temperature.  For  example,  let  the 
temperature  be  682°.  2  : 

We  have  for  680  in  table  (6)  the  number  ....     3.49560 
And  for  2.2  in  table  (a)  the  decimal  .        ....      .00807 

Hence  the  number  for  682.2  is 3-50367 

(0)  This  part  gives  the  logarithms  of  i -f- . 00367*  for  values  of  /  between — 49°  and 

+  399°  C.  by  degrees. 

(fl)  This  part  gives  the  logarithms  of  i  -f-  .00367 1  for  values  of  /  between  400°  and  1990° 
C.  by  10°  steps. 

(a)  Values  of  1  +  .00367  /  for  Values  of  /  between  0°  and  10°  C.  by  Tenths 
of  a  Degree. 


t 

0.0 

0.1 

0.2 

0.3 

0.4 

0 

1.  00000 

1.00037 

1.00073 

I.OOIIO 

I.OOI47 

I 

.00367 

.00404 

.00440 

.00477 

.00514 

2 

.00734 

.00771 

.00807 

.00844 

-0088r 

3 

.OIIOI 

.01138 

.01174 

.OI2II 

.OI248 

4 

.01468 

•01505 

.01541 

.01578 

.Ol6l5 

5 

1.01835 

1.01872 

1.01908 

1.01945 

I.OI982 

6 

.02202 

.02239 

.02275 

.02312 

.02349 

7 

.02569 

.02606 

.02642 

.02679 

.02716 

8 

.02936 

.02973 

.03009 

.03046 

.03083 

9 

•03303 

•03340 

•03376 

•03413 

•03450 

t 

0.5 

0.6 

0-7 

0.8 

09 

0 

1.00184 

I.OO22O 

1.00257 

1  .00294 

i  .00330 

i 

.00550 

.00587 

.00624 

.00661 

.00697 

2 

.00918 

.00954 

.00991 

.01028 

.01064 

3 

.01284 

.01321 

•OI358 

•01395 

.01431 

4 

.01652 

.01688 

.01725 

.01762 

.01798 

5 

1.02018 

I.O2O55 

1.02092 

1.02129 

1.02165 

6 

.02386 

.02422 

.02459 

.02496 

.02532 

7 

.02752 

.02789 

.02826 

.02863 

.02899 

8 

.03120 

•03156 

•03193 

.03290 

.03266 

9 

.03486 

•03523 

.03560 

•03597 

•03633 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


164 


TABLE  176. 


VOLUME    OF    PERFECT   CASES. 


(b)  Values  of  1  -f . 00367 1  for  Values  of  t  between  —90°  and  +  1990°  C.  by 

10    Steps. 


t 

00 

10 

20 

30 

40 

—000 

I.OOOOO 

0.96330 

0.92660 

0.88990 

0.85320 

4000 

too 
200 
300 
400 

I.OOOOO 

1.36700 
1.73400 

2.IOIOO 

2.46800 

1.93670 
1.40370 
1.77070 
2.13770 
2.50470 

1.07340 
1  .44040 
1.80740 
2.17440 
2.54140 

I.IIOIO 

1.44710 

1.84410 

2.21  IIO 

2.57810 

1.14680 

2.24780 
2.61480 

500 

600 

700 
800 
900 

2.83500 

3.20200 

3..  56900 
3.93600 
4.30300 

2.87170 

3.23870 
3.60570 
3.97270 
4-33970 

2.90840 
3.27540 
3.64240 
4.00940 
4.37640 

2.94510 
3.31210 
3.67910 

4.04610 

4.41310 

2.98180 
3.34880 
3-7I580 
4.08280 
4.44980 

1000 

IIOO 

1  200 
1300 
1400 

4.67000 

5.03700 

5.40400 

5.77100 

6.13800 

4.70670 
5.07370 
5.44070 
5.80770 
6.17470 

4-74340 
5.11040 
5-47740 
5.84440 
6.21140 

4.78010 
5.14710 
5.51410 

5.88110 
6.24810 

4.81680 
5.18380 
5-55080 
5.91780 
6.28480 

15OO 

1600 
1700 
1800 
1900 

6.50500 
6.87200 

7.23900 

7.60600 

7.97300 

6.54170 
6.90870 

7.27570 
7.64270 

8.00970 

6.57840 
6.94540 
7.31240 
7.6/940 
8.04640 

6.61510 
6.98210 

7.34910 

7.71610 

8.08310 

6.65180 
7.01880 
7.38580 
7.75280 
8.11980 

2000 

8.34000 

8.37670 

8.41340 

8.45010 

8.48680 

t 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

-000 

0.81650 

0.77980 

0.74310 

0.70640 

0.669/0 

+000 

IOO 
200 

300 
400 

1.18350 

1  -55050 
1.91750 

2.28450 
2.65150 

I.22O2O 
1.58720 
1-95420 
2.32I2O 
2.6882O 

1.25690 
1.62390 
1.99090 
2-55790 
2.72490 

1.29360 
1.66060 
2.02760 
2.39460 
2.76160 

I-33030 
1.69730 
2.06430 

2-43  J  3° 
2.79830 

500 

600 
700 
800 
900 

3.01850 

3-38550 
3-75250 
4.11950 

4.48650 

3.05520 
342220 
3.78920 
4.15620 
4.52320 

3.09190 
3.45890 
3.82590 
4.19290 
4-55990 

3.12860 
3-4956o 
3.86260 
4.22960 
4.59660 

3-16530 

3-53230 
3-89930 
4.26630 

4-63330 

1000 

IIOO 

1  200 
1300 
1400 

•4-85350 

5.22050 

5-58750 
5-95450 
6.32150 

4.89020 
5.25720 
5.62420 
5.99I2O 
6.35820 

4.92690 
5.29390 
5.66090 
6.02790 
6.39490 

4.96360 
5-33o6o 
5.69760 
6.06460 
6.43160 

5.00030 
5-36730 
5-73430 
6.10130 
6.46830 

1500 

1600 
1700 
1800 
1900 

6.68850 

7-05550 
7.42250 
7.78950 

8.15650 

6.72520 
7.O922O 
7.45920 
7.82620 
8.19320 

6,76190 
7.12890 
7.49590 
7.86290 
8.22990 

6.79860 
7.16560 
7-53260 
7.89960 
8.26660 

6.83530 

7.20230 
7.56930 

7-93630 
8.30330 

2000 

8.52350 

8.56O2O 

8.59690 

8.63360 

8.67030 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


I65 


TABLE  176 


VOLUME    OF 

(c)  Logarithms  of  1  +  .00367  '  for  Values 


t 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

Mean  diff. 
per  degree. 

—  40 

1931051 

1.929179 

1.927299 

1.925410 

^•9235'3 

1884 

—  3° 

•949341 

•947546 

•945744 

•943934 

.942117 

1805 

20 

.966892 

.965169 

•963438 

.961701 

•959957 

J733 

IO 

.983762 

.982104 

.980440 

.978769 

.977092 

1667 

O 

0.000000 

.998403 

.996801 

.995192 

•993577 

1605 

+  0 

o.oooooo 

0.001591 

0.003176 

0.004755 

0.006329 

1582 

IO 

•015653 

.017188 

.018717 

.020241 

.021760 

1526 

20 

.030762 

•032244 

.  .033721 

•°35193 

.036661 

1474 

3° 

.045362 

.046796 

.048224 

.049648 

.051068 

1426 

40 

.059488 

.060875 

.062259 

.063637 

.065012 

1381 

50 

0.073168 

0.0745  ^3 

0-075853 

0.077190 

0.078522 

1335 

60 

.086431 

•087735 

.089036 

•090332 

.091624 

1299 

70 

.099301 

.100567 

.101829 

.103088 

.104344 

*259 

80 

.111800 

.113030 

.114257 

.115481 

.116701 

1226 

90 

.123950 

.125146 

.126339 

.127529 

.128716 

1191 

100 

0.135768 

0.136933 

0-138094 

0.139252 

0.140408 

1158 

no 

.147274 

.248408 

•149539 

.150667 

•I5'793 

1129 

120 

.158483 

.159588 

.160691 

.161790 

.162887 

IIOI 

130 

.169410 

.170488 

•'715.63 

.172635 

•173705 

1074 

140 

.180068 

.181120 

.182169 

.183216 

.184260 

1048 

150 

0.190472 

0.191498 

0.192523 

0.193545 

0.194564 

1023 

160 

.200632 

.201635 

.202635 

.203634 

.204630 

1000 

170 

.210559 

.211540 

.212518 

•2  1  3494 

.214468 

976 

180 

.220265 

.221224 

.222180 

•223135 

.224087 

956 

190 

.229959 

.230697 

•231633 

•232567 

•233499 

935 

200 

0.239049 

0.239967 

0.240884 

0.241798 

0.242710 

916 

210 

.248145 

.249044 

.249942 

.250837 

•25I731 

897 

220 

•257054 

•257935 

.258814 

.259692 

.260567 

878 

230 

.265784 

.266648 

.267510 

.268370 

.269228 

861 

240 

•274343 

.275189 

.276034 

.276877 

.277719 

844 

250 

0.282735 

0.283566 

0.284395 

0.285222 

0.286048 

828 

260 

.290969 

.291784 

.292597 

.293409 

.294219 

813 

270 

.299049 

.299849 

.300648 

.301445 

.302240 

798 

280 

.306982 

.307768 

.308552 

•309334 

•3IOII5 

784 

290 

•314773 

•315544 

•3!63H 

•3I7o83 

•3  17850 

769 

300 

0.322426 

0.323184 

0.323941 

0.324696 

0-32545° 

756 

310 

•329947 

.330692 

•331435 

•332178 

•3329i9 

743 

320 

•337339 

.338072 

•338803 

•339533 

.340262 

73° 

33° 

.344608 

•345329 

•345048 

.346766 

.347482 

719 

340 

•35T758 

.352466 

•353!74 

.353880 

•354585 

707 

350 

o.35879i 

0.359488 

0.360184 

0.360879 

0-361573 

696 

360 

•365713 

•366399 

.367084 

.367768 

.368451 

684 

370 

•372525 

,373201 

•373875 

•374549 

•375221 

674 

380 

•379233 

,379898 

.380562 

.381225 

.381887 

664 

390 

•385439 

.386494 

.387148 

.387801 

•388453 

654 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


166 


TABLE  176. 


PERFECT   CASES. 

of  t  between  —49°  and  +399°  C.  by  Degrees. 


t 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Mean  diff. 
per  degree. 

—  40 

1.921608 

1.919695 

1.917773 

^•9!  5843 

1.913904 

1926 

—  3° 

.940292 

.938460 

.936619 

•934771 

.932915 

I84S 

20 

.958205 

.956447 

.954681 

.952909 

.951129 

1771 

—  10 

.975409 

•973719 

.972022 

.970319 

.968609 

1699 

O 

.991957 

.990330 

.988697 

.987058 

•985413 

1636 

'  +  0 

0.007897 

0.009459 

0.011016 

0.012567 

0.014113 

1554 

10 

.023273 

.024781 

.026284 

.027782 

.029274 

1500 

20 

.038123 

.039581 

.041034 

.042481 

.043924 

145° 

3° 

.052482 

•053893 

.055298 

.056699 

.058096 

1402 

40 

.066382 

.067748 

.069109 

.070466 

.071819 

1359 

50 

0.079847 

0.081174 

0.082495 

0.08381  1 

0.085123 

1315 

60 

.092914 

.094198 

.095516 

.096715 

.098031 

I28l 

70 

•I°5595 

.106843 

.108088 

.109329 

.110566 

1243 

80 

.117917 

.119130 

.120340 

.121547 

.122750 

12IO 

90 

.129899 

.131079 

.132256 

•133430 

.134601 

"75 

100 

0.141559 

0.142708 

0.143854 

0.144997 

0.146137 

1144 

no 

•152915 

•154034 

•tSS'S1 

.156264 

•'57375 

1115 

1  20 

.163981 

.164072 

.166161 

.167246 

.168330 

1087 

130 

•174772 

•175836 

.176898 

•177958 

.179014 

1060 

!;  140 

.185301 

.186340 

•187377 

.188411 

.189443 

•035 

150 

0.195581 

0.196596 

0.197608 

0.198619 

0.199626 

ion 

160 

.205624 

.206615 

.207605 

.208592 

.209577 

988 

170 

•2  '5439 

.216409 

.217376 

.218341 

.219904 

966 

180 

.225038 

.225986 

.226932 

.227876 

.228819 

946 

190 

.234429 

•235357 

.236283 

.237207 

.238129 

925 

200 

0.243621 

0.244529 

0.245436 

0.246341 

0.247244 

906 

2IO 

.252623 

•253512 

.254400 

.255287 

.256172 

887 

2  2O 

.261441 

.262313 

.263184 

.264052 

.264919 

870 

230 

.270085 

.270940 

•271793 

.272644 

•273494 

853 

24O 

.278559 

.279398 

.280234 

.281070 

.281903 

836 

250 

0.286872 

0.287694 

0.288515 

0.289326 

0.290153 

820 

260 

.295028 

•295835 

.296860 

•297445 

.298248 

805 

270 

•303034 

.303827 

.304618 

•305407 

.306196 

790 

280 

.310895 

•3Il673 

•3I245° 

.313226 

.314000 

776 

290 

.318616 

•3T938i 

.320144 

.320906 

.321667 

763 

3OO 

0.326203 

0.326954 

0.327704 

0.328453 

0.329201 

75° 

310 

•333659 

•334397 

•335r35 

•335871 

.336606 

737 

320 

.340989 

•34I7I5 

.342441 

•343  *  64 

.343887 

724 

33° 

.348198 

.348912 

•349624 

•350337 

.351048 

713 

340 

•355289 

•355991 

•356693 

•357394 

•358093 

701 

350 

0.362266 

0.362957 

0.363648 

0-364337 

0.365025 

690 

360 

.369132 

.369813 

•370493 

•37'i7i 

.371849 

678 

370 

•375892 

.376562 

•377232 

.377900 

•378567 

668 

380 

.382548 

.383208 

.383868 

•384525 

•385183 

658 

39° 

.389104 

•389754 

•390403 

.391052 

.391699 

648 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


I67 


TABLE  176. 

VOLUME    OF    PERFECT   CASES. 

d    Logailtluns  of  l     .00367'  for  Values  of  /  between  400    and  1990°  C.  by  10°  Steps. 


* 

00 

10 

20 

30 

40 

400 

0-392345 

0.398756 

0.405073 

0.411300 

0.417439 

500 

0-452553 

0.458139 

0.463654 

0.469100 

0-474479 

600 

.505421 

•5I037i 

.515264 

•520103 

.524889 

700 
800 

•552547 
•595055 

.556990 
.599086 

.561388 
•603079 

.565742 
•607037 

.570052 
.610958 

900 

•633771 

.637460 

.641117 

•644744 

.648341 

1000 

0.669317 

0.672717 

0.676090 

0.679437 

0.682759 

IIOO 

.702172 

•705325 

•708455 

•7"563 

.714648 

1200 

•732715 

•735655 

•738575 

•741745 

•744356 

1300 

.761251 

.764004 

.766740 

•769459 

.772160 

1400 

.788027 

.790616 

.793190 

•795748 

.798292 

15OO 

0.813247 

0.815691 

0.818120 

0.820536 

0.822939 

1600 

.837083 

•839396 

.841697 

.843986 

.846263 

1700 

•859679 

.861875 

.864060 

.866234 

.868398 

1800 

.881156         .883247 

.885327 

.887398 

.889459 

1900 

.901622 

.903616 

.905602 

.907578 

•909545 

t 

60 

60 

70 

80 

90 

400 

0.423492 

0.429462 

0-435351 

0.441161 

0.446894 

5OO 

0.479791 

;    0.485040 

0.490225 

0-49535° 

0.500415 

600 

.529623 

•534305 

•538938 

•5435,22 

.548058 

700 

•574321 

•578548 

•582734 

.586880 

.590987 

800 

.614845 

.618696 

•622515 

.626299 

.630051 

900 

.651908 

.655446 

•658955 

.662437 

.665890 

1000 

0.686055 

0.689327 

0.692574 

0-695797 

0.698996 

IIOO 

.717712 

.720755 

.723776 

.726776 

.729756 

1  200 

.747218 

.750061 

.752886 

.755692 

.758480 

1300 

.774845 

•7775H 

.780166 

.782802 

.785422 

1400 

.800820 

•803334 

.805834 

.808319 

.810790 

1500 

0.825329 

0.827705 

0.830069 

0.832420 

0.834758 

1600 

.848828 

.850781 

•853023 

•855253 

.857471 

1700 

.870550 

\      .872692 

.874824 

.876945 

.879056 

1800 

.891510 

•89355  * 

•895583 

.897605 

.899618 

1900 

.911504 

•9*3454 

•915395 

•9'7327 

.919251 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


168 


TABLE  17', 


DETERMINATION   OF   HEIGHTS  BY  THE   BAROMETER. 


Formula  of  Babinet :  Z  =  C  -~ 


B0+B 

C  (in  feet)  =  52494  ft  -\-fQ~T~  *~  &4  |   English  measures. 
l_  900        -I 

C  (in  metres)  =  16000  \  i  +  2  ^  "  ~*~    '  I  metric  measures. 
L  1000     J 

In  which  Z  rr  difference  of  height  of  two  stations  in  feet  or  metres. 
S0,  B  —  barometric  readings  at  the  lower  and  upper  stations  respectively,  corrected  for  all 

sources  of  instrumental  error. 
/„,  t  :=  air  temperatures  at  the  lower  and  upper  stations  respectively. 

Values  of  C. 


ENGLISH  MEASURES. 

METRIC  MEASURES. 

i('o  +  >). 

C 

LogC 

H'o  +  O- 

C 

LogC 

Fahr. 

Feet. 

Cent. 

Metres. 

10° 

49928 

4.69834 

—10° 

15360 

4.18639 

15 

5°5  " 

•70339 

—8 

15488 

.19000 

—6 

15616 

•'9357 

20 

51094 

4.70837 

—4 

15744 

.19712 

25 

5l677 

•7'33° 

2 

15872 

.20063 

3O 

52261 

4.71818 

0 

16000 

4.20412 

35 

52844 

.72300 

+  2 

16128 

.20758 

4 

16256 

.2IIOI 

40 

53428 

4-72777 

6 

16384 

.21442 

45 

540II 

•73248 

8 

16512 

.21780 

50 

54595 

4-737I5 

10 

16640 

4.22II5 

55 

55178 

•74177 

12 

16768 

.22448 

14 

16896 

.22778 

60 

5576i 

474633 

16 

17024 

.23106 

65 

56344 

•75085 

18 

17152 

•23431 

70 

56927 

4-75532 

20 

17280 

4-23754 

75 

575" 

•75975 

22 

17408 

.24075 

24 

17536 

•24393 

80 

58094 

4.76413 

26 

17664 

.24709 

85 

58677 

.76847 

28 

17792 

.25022 

90 

59260 

4.77276 

30 

17920 

4-25334 

95 

59844 

.77702 

32 

18048 

•25643 

34 

18176 

.25950 

100 

60427 

4.78123 

36 

18304 

.26255 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


169 


TABLE  178. 


BAROMETRIC 


Barometric  pressures  corresponding  to  different 
This  table  is  useful  when  a  boiling-point  apparatus  is  used 


(a)  British  Measure. 


Temp.  F. 

.0 

.1 

.2 

.3 

.4 

.5 

.6 

.7 

.8 

.9 

185° 

186 

17-05 
17.42 

17.08 
17.46 

17.12 
I7-50 

17.16 
17-54 

17.20 
17.58 

I7-23 
17.61 

17.27 
17.65 

I7-3I 
17.69 

17-35 
17-73 

17-39 
17-77 

187 

188 

17.81 

1  8.  20 

17.84 
18.24 

17.88 
18.27 

17.92 
18.31 

17.96 
18-35 

18.00 
18.39 

18.04 
18.43 

18.08 
18.47 

18.12 
18.51 

18.16 
18.55 

189 

190 

18.59 

19.00 

18.63 
19.04 

18.67 
19.08 

18.71 
19.12 

18-75 
19.16 

18.79 
19.20 

18.83 
19.24 

18.87 
19.28 

18.91 
19.32 

18.95 
19.36 

191 

192 

19.41 
19.82 

19-45 
19.87 

19.49 
19.91 

J9-53 
19-95 

19-57 
19.99 

19.61 

20.04 

19.66 

20.08 

19.70 

20.  1  2 

19.74 
20.17 

19.78 

20.  2  1 

193 

194 

20.25 
20.68 

20.29 
20.73 

20.34 
20.77 

20.38 
20.82 

20.42 
20.86 

20-47 
20.90 

20.  5  r 
20.95 

20-55 
20.99 

20.60 
21.04 

20.64 

21.08 

195 

196 

21.13 
21.58 

21.17 
21.62 

21.22 
21.67 

21.26 
21.71 

21.30 
21.76 

21-35 

21.80 

21.39 

21.85 

21.44 
21.89 

21.48 
21.94 

21-53 
21.99 

197 

198 

22.03 

22.50 

22.08 
22.54 

22.12 
22.59 

22.17 
22.64 

22.22 
22.69 

22.26 
22.73 

22.31 

22.78 

22.36 
22.83 

22.40 

22.88 

22.45 
22.92 

199 

200 

22.97 
23-45 

23.02 
23-50 

23.07 
23-55 

23.11 
23.60 

23.16 
23-65 

23.21 

23.70 

23.26 
23-75 

23-31 
23.80 

23-36 
23-85 

23.40 
23.89 

201 

202 

23-94 
24.44 

23-99 
24.49 

24.04 
24.54 

24.09 
24-59 

24.14 
24.64 

24.19 
24.69 

24.24 
24.74 

24.29 
24.80 

24-34 
24.85 

24-39 
24.90 

203 

204 

24-95 
25.46 

25.00 
25-52 

25.05 
25-57 

25.10 
25.62 

25-I5 
25.67 

25.21 
25-73 

25.26 
25.78 

25-3I 
25-83 

25-36 
25.88 

25.41 
25-94 

205 

206 

25-99 
26.52 

26.04 
26.58 

26.IO 
26.63 

26.15 
26.68 

26.20 
26.74 

26.25 
26.79 

26.31 
26.85 

26.36 
26.90 

26.42 
26.96 

26.47 
27.01 

207 

208 

27.07 
27.62 

27.12 

27.67 

27.18 
27-73 

27.23 
27.79 

27.29 
27.84 

27-34 
27.90 

27.40 
27-95 

27-45 
28.01 

27-51 
28.07 

27.56 
28.12 

209 

2IO 

28.18 
28.75 

28.24 
28.81 

28.29 
28.87 

28.35 
28.92 

28.41 
28.98 

28.46 
29.04 

28.52 
29.10 

28.58 
29.16 

28.64 
29.21 

28.69 
29.27 

211 

212 

29-33 
29.92 

29-39 
29.98 

29-45 
30.04 

29.51 
30.10 

29-57 
30.16 

29.62 
30.22 

29.68 
30.28 

29.74 
3°-34 

29.80 
30.40 

29.86 
30-46 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


170 


TABLE  178. 


PRESSURES. 

temperatures  of  the  boiling-point  of  water. 

in  place  of  the  barometer  for  the  determination  of  heights. 


(b)  Metric  Measure.* 


Temp.  C. 

.0 

.1 

.2 

.3 

.4 

.5 

.6 

.7 

-8 

.9 

80° 

354-6 

356-I 

357-5 

359-Q 

360.4 

361.9 

363-3 

364.8 

366.3 

367.8 

81 

369-3 

370.8 

372.3 

373-8 

375-3 

376.8 

378.3 

379-8 

381-3 

382.9 

82 

384-4 

385-9 

387-5 

389.0 

390.6 

392.2 

393-7 

395-3 

396.9 

398-5 

83 

400.1 

401.7 

403-3 

404.9 

406.5 

408.1 

409.7 

4"-3 

413.0 

414.6 

84 

416.3 

417.9 

419.6 

421.2 

422.9 

424.6 

426.2 

427.9 

4296 

431-3 

85 

433-0 

434-7 

436-4 

438.1 

439-9 

441.6 

443-3 

445-  ' 

446.8 

448.6 

86 

45°-3 

452-1 

453-8 

455-6 

457-4 

459-2 

461.0 

462.8 

464.6 

466.4 

87 

468.2 

470.0 

471-8 

473-7 

475-5 

477-3 

479-2 

481.0 

482.9 

484.8 

88 

486.6 

488.5 

490.4 

492-3 

494.2 

496.1 

498.0 

499-9 

501.8 

503-8 

89 

505-7 

507.6 

509.6 

5ii-5 

5I3-5 

5r5-5 

5I7-4 

5*9-4 

521.4 

5234 

90 

525-4 

527-4 

529-4 

531-4 

533-4 

535-5 

537-5 

539-6 

541.6 

543-7 

9i 

545-7 

547-8 

549-9 

551-9 

554-0 

556-? 

558.2 

560.3 

562.4 

564.6 

92 

566-7 

568.8 

57i-o 

57  3-  i 

575-3 

577-4 

579-6 

581.8 

584.0 

586.1 

93 

588.3 

590-5 

592.7 

595-0 

597-2 

599-4 

601.6 

603.9 

606.  1 

608.4 

94 

610.7 

612.9 

615.2 

617.5 

619.8 

622.1 

624.4 

626.7 

629.0 

631.4 

95 

633-7 

636.0 

638.4 

640.7 

643.1 

645-5 

647.9 

650.2 

652.6 

655.0 

96 

657-4 

659-9 

662.3 

664.7 

667.1 

669.6 

672.0 

674-5 

677.0 

679-4 

97 

681.9 

684.4 

686.9 

689.4 

691.9 

694-5 

697.0 

699.5 

702.1 

704.6 

98 

707.2 

709.7 

712.3 

714.9 

7I7-5 

720.1 

722.7. 

725-3 

727.9 

73°-5 

99 

733-2 

735-8 

738.5 

741.2 

743-8 

746.5 

749-2 

.  751-9 

754-6  « 

•  757-3 

100 

760.0 

762.7 

765-5 

7§8.2 

770.9 

773-7 

776.5 

779-2 

782.0 

784.8 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  Pressures  in  millimetres  of  mercury. 


I/I 


TABLE  179. 


STANDARD  WAVE-LENGTHS, 


This  table  is  an  abridgment  of  the  table  published  by  Rowland  (Phil.  Mag.  [5]  vol.  36,  pp  49-75).  The  first  column 
gives  the  number  of  the  line  reckoned  from  the  beginning  of  Rowland's  table,  and  thus  indicates  the  number  of 
lines  of  the  table  that  have  been  omitted.  The  second  column  gives  the  chemical  symbol  of  the  element  repre- 
sented by  the  line  of  the  spectrum.  The  third  column  indicates  approximately  the  relative  intensity  of  the  lines 
recorded  and  also  their  appearance ;  A"  stands  for  reversed,  d  for  double,  ?  for  doubtful  or  difficult.  The  fourth 
column  gives  tie  relative  "  weights  "  to  be  attached  to  the  values  of  the  wave-lengths  as  standards.  The  last 
column  gives  the  values  of  the  wave-lengths  in  Angstrom's  units,  i.  e.,  in  ten  millionth*  of  a  millimetre  in  ordinary 
air  at  about  20-'  C.  and  760  millimetres  pressure.  When  two  or  more  elements  are  on  the  same  line  of  the  table 
it  indicates  that  they  have  apparently  coincident  lines  in  the  spectrum  for  that  wave-length.  When  two  or  more 
lines  are  bracketed  it  means  that  the  first  one  has  a  line  coinciding  with  one  side  of  the  corresponding  line  in  the 
solar  spectrum  and  so  on  in  order.  Lines  marked  A(o)  and  A(iw)  denote  lines  due  to  absorption  by  the  oxygen 
or  water  vapor  in  the  earth's  atmosphere.  The  letters  placed  in  front  of  some  of  the  numbers  in  the  first  column 
are  the  symbols  of  well-known  lines  in  the  spectrum.  The  footnotes  are  from  Rowland's  paper. 


No.  of 
line. 

Element. 

Inten- 
sity and 
appear- 
ance. 

Weight. 

Wave- 
length (arc 
spectrum). 

No.  of 
line. 

Element. 

Inten- 
sity and 
appear- 
ance. 

Weight. 

Wave- 
lengih  (arc 
spectrum). 

I 

Sr 

2 

I 

2152.912 

"5 

Fe 

10  R 

4 

2937.020 

4 

Si 

3 

2 

2210.939 

117 

Fe 

IK 

4 

2954.058 

7 

Si 

2 

2 

2218.146 

121 

Fe 

8  R 

12 

2967.016 

9 

Al 

4 

2 

2269.161 

124 

Fe 

\2R 

15 

297335s 

ii 

Ca 

20  R 

3 

2275.602 

126 

Fe 

10  R 

15 

2983.689 

14 

Ba 

20  R 

I 

2335.267 

129 

Fe 

%R 

18 

2994.547 

16 

Fe 

- 

2 

2348.385 

J3* 

Ca 

\o  R 

3 

2997-43° 

19 

Al 

7 

3 

2373.213 

Fe 

8  R 

IS 

3001.070 

22 

Fe 

2 

2388.710 

[36 

Ca 

\^R 

3 

3006.978 

24 

Ca 

25  R 

5 

2398.667 

141 

Fe 

6A3 

15 

3008.255 

'51 

Fe 

25* 

18 

3020.759 

29 

Si 

8 

15 

2435.247 

163 

Fe 

20  R 

13 

3047.720 

31 

Si 

3 

10 

2443.460 

169 

Fe 

loR 

15 

3059.200 

33« 

37* 

4O 

Si 
C 
Bo 

3 

10 

20 

IO 

15  , 

20 

2478.661 
24Q7.82I 

(Sun 
spectrum.) 

i           *fv 

™*ry* 

136 

? 

3 

- 

3005.160 

51 

Si 

IS 

7 

2516.210 

144 

? 

4 

- 

301  2-557 

55 

Si 

9 

10 

2524.206 

J54 

? 

5 

7 

3024475 

59  1 

Hg 

50  R 

2 

2536.648 

158 

? 

5 

7 

Al 

10 

5 

2568.085 

164 

? 

5 

3050.212 

6$ 

Mn 

— 

2 

2593.810 

171 

Co 

3 

5 

3061.930 

•73 

Si 

5 

7 

2631.392 

177 

Fe? 

4 

6 

3078.148 

77 

Fe 

3 

2720.989 

187 

? 

2 

9 

3094-739 

78 

Ca 

5 

i 

2721.762 

197 

Vat 

5 

9 

3121.275 

82 

Fe 

3 

2742.485 

20  1 

- 

3 

5 

3140.869 

85 

Fe 

- 

3 

2756.427 

203 

Mn 

i 

5 

3167.290 

99 

Mg 

20  R 

12 

2795.632 

207 

Cr? 

4 

5 

3188.164 

102 

Mg 

20  A' 

10 

2802.805 

209 

Ti 

4 

5 

3200.032 

106 

Fe 

4 

7 

2832.545 

211 

Ti 

3 

6 

3218.390 

in 

Mg 

100  R 

15 

2852.239 

215 

Ti 

4 

3 

3224.368 

112 

Si 

15 

12 

2881.695   i             222 

Cu 

9 

5 

3247.680 

*  Seems  to  be  the  only  single  carbon  line  not  belonging  to  a  band  in  the  arc  spectrum.    It  was  determined 

to  belong  to  carbon  by  the  spark  spectrum. 

t  This  line  appears  as  a  sharp  reversal,  with  no  shading,  in  the  spectra  of  all  substances  tried  that  contained 

any  trace  of  a  continuous  spectrum  in  the  region. 

t  There  is  a  faint  line  visible  on  the  violet  side. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


172 


STANDARD  WAVE-LENGTHS. 


TABLE  179. 


No.  of 
Line. 

Element. 

Inten- 
sity and 
appear- 
ance. 

Weight. 

Wave- 
length (sun 
spectrum). 

No.  of 
Line. 

Element. 

Inten- 
sity and 
appear- 
ance. 

Weight. 

Wave- 
length (sun 
spectrum). 

224 

Va 

4 

IO 

3267.839 

409t 

Fe? 

10 

3 

4005.305 

229 

Na 

6 

6 

5302.501 

410 

Fe 

3 

7 

4016.578 

235 

Ti 

5 

IO 

33l8-i63 

417 

Fe 

20 

7 

4045.975 

239 

Zr 

i 

8 

3356.222 

420 

Mn 

5 

J3 

4055-70I 

241 

Fe 

2 

12 

3389.887 

422 

Fe 

15 

7 

4063.756 

244 

Fe 

4 

18 

3406.955 

424 

Fe 

4 

H 

4073.920 

250 

Co 

4 

IO 

3455-3*4 

428 

Fe 

2 

8 

4088.716 

255 

Co,  Fe,  Ni 

4 

IO 

3478.001 

431 

Fe 

4 

M 

4114.600 

261 

Fe 

3 

4 

3500.721 

434 

Fe 

3 

17 

4157.948 

265 

Co 

5 

IO 

55*8487 

436 

Fe 

3 

20 

4185.063 

269 

Fe 

5 

IO 

3540.266 

439 

Fe 

5 

4 

4202.188 

274 

1  Ti    \ 
}   Fe   J 

i,d? 

12 

3564.680 

.T445 
448 

Ca 

Cr      i 

10 

IO 

15 

4226.892 
4254.502 

278 

Fe 

40 

6 

358i-344 

45i 

Fe 

8 

9 

4271.924 

279 

Fe? 

4 

12 

3583-483 

456 

? 

4 

14     i    4293-249 

284 

Fe 

4 

12 

3597-92 

(   Ca 

2  ) 

3    '    4307-904 

290 

Fe 

15 

IO 

3609.015 

6462 

)     - 

-></ 

3 

4308.034 

292 

Fe 

4 

15 

3612.217 

(   Fe 

5) 

10 

4308.071 

294 

Fe 

20 

10 

3618.924 

/465 

Fe 

8 

i5 

4325.940 

298 

Fe 

4 

14 

3623-332 

467 

Fe 

3 

17 

4352-903 

301 

Fe 

20 

IO 

3631.619 

^47i 

Fe 

10 

ii 

4383721 

3°7 

Fe 

IO 

II 

3647-995 

473 

Fe 

8 

ii     |    4404-927 

311 

Fe 

3 

'3 

3667-397 

477 

Ca 

4 

7 

4425.609 

(  Co  ) 

48ot 

Fe 

5 

18 

4447.899 

3»3 

Fef 

6 

13 

3683.202 

484 

Fe 

5 

18 

4494-735 

f   Va  ) 

320 

Fe 

5 

II 

3707.186 

49° 

Ti 

4 

17 

4508.456 

324 

Fe 

5° 

10 

3720.086 

493 

Ba 

7 

8 

4554-213 

327 

Fe 

5 

15 

3732-542 

496 

Ti 

6 

14 

4572.157 

338 

Fe 

20 

8 

3789-633 

500 

Fe 

4 

20 

4602.183 

34i 

Fe 

15 

7 

3758-379 

505 

IS.} 

5 

!3 

4629.515 

348 

Fe 

3 

15 

378i.330 

508 

Fe 

4 

17 

4643-645 

355 

Fe 

3 

15 

3804-153 

5" 

Fe 

6 

12 

4679.028 

35« 

Fe 

30 

4 

3820.567 

5J5 

<  Ni 

4 

12 

4686.395 

361 

Fe 

20 

4 

3826.024 

5'8§ 

Mg 

9 

II 

4703.180 

369 

Fe 

5 

8 

3843.406 

524 

Mn 

6 

I 

4783.601 

37i 

Fe 

IO 

3 

3860.048 

528 

Mn 

6 

12 

4823.697 

375 

C 

7 

3 

3883.472 

^"531- 

H 

15 

5 

4861.496 

379 

Fe 

4 

12 

3897-599 

537 

Fe 

7    : 

4 

4919.183 

382 
A-  387* 

Ti 
Ca 

4 
300 

15 

5 

3924.669 
3933-809 

545 

[£} 

3 

10 

4973-274 

39i 

Al 

10 

7 

3944-159 

549 

Fe 

4 

7 

4994.316 

393 

Fe 

4 

15 

3950.101 

558 

Ti 

3 

8 

5020.210 

397 

Fe 

3 

ii 

3960.429 

561 

Fe 

5 

12 

5050.008 

-#399 

Ca 

200 

5 

3968.620 

564 

Fe 

4 

H 

5068.946 

404 

Fe,  Ti 

4 

H 

3981.914 

567 

Fe 

2 

9 

5090.959 

*  This  line  is  doubly  reversed  and  spread  out  in  broad  shading  for  6.000  to  7.000  on  either  side.     In  each 

case  the  second  reversal  is  slightly  excentric  with  respect  to  the  other,  being  displaced  towards  the  red. 

t  Seven  or  eight  lines,  the  brightest,  and  most  of  the  others  are  due  to  iron. 

J  There  is  a  faint  side  line  towards  the  red. 

',     §  This  lin»is  shaded  towards  the  violet,  probably  due  to  a  close  side  line. 

,! 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


173 


TABLE  1  79. 


STANDARD   WAVE-LENGTHS. 


Inten- 

— — 

No.  of 
Line. 

Element. 

sity  anc 
appear 
ance. 

Weight 

Wave- 
length (sun 
spectrum). 

No.  of 
Line. 

Element. 

sity  and 
appear- 
ance. 

Weight 

Wave- 
length (sun 
spectrum). 

570 

Fe 

2 

II 

5109.825 

762 

Fe 

6 

H 

5930.410 

575 

Fe 

4 

9 

51  27-53° 

764 

Si 

6 

H 

5948.761 

580 

Fe 

3 

5 

5141.916 

770 

Fe 

6 

7 

5987.286 

589 

Fe 

4 

5162.448 

774 

Mn 

6 

6013.717 

778 

Fe 

6 

8 

6024.280 

(592 

Mg 

8) 

3 

5167.501 

**  I  593 

- 

-{d 

7 

5l67-572 

782 

Fe 

7 

13 

6065.708 

(594 

Fe 

6^ 

3 

5167.686 

786 

Ca 

6 

9 

6102.941 

(  595 

Fe 

4) 

3 

5169.066 

792 

Ca 

9 

ii 

6122.428 

l>3  <  596 

- 

-  >  d 

5 

5169.161 

797 

Ca 

10 

9 

6162.383 

(597 

Fe 

4) 

3 

5169.218 

804 

Fe 

8 

10 

6191.770 

£2599 

Mg 

10 

9 

5172.671 

808 

Fe,Va 

7 

12 

6230.946 

bi  601 

Mg 

20 

ii 

5183.792 

811 

Fe 

7 

9 

6252.776 

610 

Fe 

4 

10 

52I5-352 

815 

Fe 

5 

II 

6265.347 

614 

Fe 

8 

9 

5233-  *  24 

822 

Fe 

7 

7 

6301.719 

618 

Fe 

3 

12 

5253-649 

827 

Fe 

6 

12 

6335-550 

EZ  630* 

Fe 

8<t? 

16 

5269.722 

834 

Fe 

7 

9 

6393.818 

(631 

Ca 

*i 

5270.448 

838 

Fe 

7 

10 

64  1  1  .864 

E\  <  632 

- 

-(d 

12 

5270.495 

843 

Ca 

7 

II 

6439.298 

(633 

Fe 

4) 

5270.533 

846 

Ca 

5 

7 

6471.881 

639 

Fe 

6 

II 

5283-803 

850 

Fe 

7 

9 

6495.209 

643 

Fe 

4 

10 

5307-546 

856 

(Ti  ) 

6 

ii 

6546.486 

647 

Fe 

8 

8 

5324.373 

£"858 

H 

30 

13 

6563.054 

655 

Fe 

6 

8 

5367-670 

863 

Fe 

5 

ii 

6593.161 

659 

Fe 

6 

ii 

867 

Ni 

5 

10 

6643.482 

662 

Fe 

7 

M 

5405.987 

870 

Fe 

5 

10 

6678.232 

668 

Fe 

7 

9 

5347-I30 

877 

Fe 

4 

12 

6750.412 

674 

Fe 

4 

10 

5463-493 

879 

Ni 

4 

9 

6768.044 

676 

Ni 

4 

10 

5477.128 

883 

Fe 

3 

8 

6810.519 

679 

Fe 

4 

8 

5501.685 

886 

Fe 

3 

6 

6441.591 

682 

Mg 

7 

8 

5528.636 

#896 

A(o) 

12 

6870.186 

687 

Fe 

5 

8 

5569-848 

911 

A(o) 

4 

I3 

6884.083 

690 

Ca 

6 

9 

5588.980 

925 

A(o) 

6 

9 

6909.675 

695 

Ca 

4 

4 

5601.501 

93  l 

A(o) 

4 

9 

6919.245 

699t 

Fe 

2 

12 

5624-253 

938 

A(wv) 

8 

IO 

6947.781 

7oot 

Fe,  Va 

4 

M 

5624.768 

940 

A(wv) 

8 

12 

6956.700 

706 

Fe 

s 

9 

5662.745 

957 

? 

6 

8 

7035-I59 

710 

Na 

6 

7 

5688.434 

961 

? 

6 

5 

7122.491 

717 

Fe 

5 

10 

573  i  -973 

969 

A  (wv) 

10 

5 

7200.753 

720 

Fe 

5 

10 

5753-342 

977 

A(wv) 

15 

4 

7243.904 

725 

Cu?Co? 

jd? 

9 

5782.346 

984 

A(ivv) 

no 

3 

7290.714 

732 

Fe 

5 

7 

5806.954 

99° 

? 

7 

2 

7389.696 

737  1 

Ca 

7 

5857.672 

99711 

A(o) 

4 

7594-059 

Z>3740§ 

He 

- 

— 

5875-982 

998 

A(o) 

10 

5 

7621.277 

A  743 

Na 

15 

20 

5890.182 

1004 

A(o) 

14 

3 

7660.778 

A  745 

Na 

10 

20 

5896.154 

IOIO 

•? 

4 

i 

7714.686 

*  Component  about  .088  apart  on  the  photographic  plate.     It  is  an  exceedingly  difficult  double. 

t  Lines  used  by  Pierce  in  the  determination  of  absolute  wave-lengths. 

t  There  is  a  nickel  line  near  to  the  red. 

§  This  value  of  the  wave-length  is  the  result  of  three  series  of  measurements  with  a  grating  of  20,000  lines 

to  the  inch  and  is  accurate  to  perhaps  .02. 

II  Beginning  at  the  head  of  A  ,  outside  edge. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


174 


TABLE  18O. 


WAVE-LENGTHS   OF    FRAUNHOFER    LINES. 


For  convenience  of  reference  the  values  of  the  wave-lengths  corresponding  to  the  Fraunhofer  lines  usually  designated 
by  the  letters  in  the  column  headed  "  index  letters,"  are  here  tabulated  separately.  The  values  are  in  ten  mil- 
lionths  of  a  millimetre  on  the  supposition  that  the  D  line  value  is  5896.156.  The  table  is  for  the  most  part  taken 
from  Rowland's  table  of  standard  wave-lengths,  but  when  no  corresponding  wave-length  is  there  given,  the  number 
given  by  Kayser  and  Runge  has  been  taken.  These  latter  are  to  two  places  of  decimals. 


Index  letter. 

Line  due  to  — 

Wave-length  in 
centimetres  X  io8. 

Index  letter. 

Line  due  to  — 

Wave-length  in 
centimetres  X  io8. 

(d 

7621.277* 

G'  or  H 

II 

4340.66  § 

A 

/ 

fo 

7594-059* 

fFe 

4308.071 

a 

.    - 

7184.781 

G 

- 

4308.034 

B 

u 

6870.186! 

lea 

4307.904 

C  or  Ha 

ii 

6563.054 

g 

Ca 

4226.892 

a 

o 

6278:289^: 

h  or  Hg 

II 

4101.87 

D, 

Na 

5896.154 

H 

Ca 

3968.620 

Do 

Na 

5890.182 

K 

Ca 

3933-809 

D3 

He 

5875.982 

L 

Fe 

3820.567 

fFe 

5270.533 

M 

Fe 

3727.763 

Ei 

- 

5270.495 

N 

Fe 

358I-344 

ICa 

5270.448 

O 

Fe 

344I-I35 

E2 

Fe 

5269.722 

P 

Fe 

3361.30 

bi 

Mg 

5183.792 

Q 

Fe 

3286.87 

b-2 

Mg 

5172.871 

f  Ca 

3181.40 

Ril 

1 

fFe 

5169.218 

(  Ca 

3l79-45 

b3 

\- 

5169.161 

Vl 

Fe 

3M4.58  (?) 

1 

IFe 

5169.066 

fFe 

3100.779 

Si 

| 

fFe 

5167.686 

3100.415 

S2 

I 

b< 

j    - 

5167.572 

[Fe 

3100.064 

Ug 

5167.501 

s 

Fe 

3047.720 

F  or  llft 

H 

4861.496 

T 

Fe 

3020.759 

d 

Fe 

4383.721 

t 

Fe 

2994-542 

f 

Fe 

4325-940 

U 

Fe 

2947-993 

*  The  two  lines  here  given  for  A  are  stated  by  Rowland  to  be  :  the  first,  a  line  "  beginning  at  the  head  of  A,  out- 
side edge;  "  the  second,  a  "single  line  beginning  at  the  tail  of  A." 
t  The  principal  line  in  the  head  of  B. 
t  Chief  line  in  the  a  group. 
§  Ames,  "  Phil.  Mag."  (5)  vol.  30. 

II  Cornu  gives  3179.8,  which,  allowing  for  the  different  value  of  the  standard  D  line,  corresponds  to  about  3180.3. 
IT  Cornu  gives  3144.7,  which  would  correspond  to  about  3145.2. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

175 


TABLE  181. 

DETERMINATIONS    OF    THE    VELOCITY    OF    LIGHT,    BY    DIFFERENT 

OBSERVERS.* 


Wt.  of 

obser- 

Date of 
determi- 
nation. 

No.  of 

experi- 
ments 
made. 

Method. 

Interval 
worked 
across  in 
kilometres. 

Velocity  in 
kilometres  per 
second. 

Velocity  in  miles 
per  second. 

Refer- 
ence. 

vation 
as  esti- 
mated 
by 

Hark- 

ness. 

1849 

- 

Toothed  wheel 

8.633 

31  5324 

195935 

I 

O 

1862 

80 

Revolving  mirror 

O.O2 

298574  zt  204 

1  85.527  ±127 

2 

I 

1872 

658 

Toothed  wheel 

IO.3IO 

298500  J-  995 

l8548l-J-6l8 

3 

I 

I874 

546 

" 

22.91 

300400  -±-  300 

186662  J,  1  86 

4 

2 

1879 

too 

Revolving  mirror 

0.6054 

299910^-51 

186357^31.7 

5 

3 

1880 

12 

Toothed  wheel 

I  5-5510  ) 

301384-1-263 

187273^164 

6 

I 

148 

Revolving  mirror 

5.1019 

299709 

186232 

7 

_ 

1880 

to 

39 

"             '" 

74424 

299776 

186274 

7 

- 

I 

65 

k< 

7.4424 

299860 

186326 

7 

6 

1882 

23 

!' 

0.6246 

299853  i  60 

186322  -j-  37 

8 

3 

Mean  from  all  weighted  measurements    .     . 

299835  rk1  54 

186310^-95.6 

9 

Mean  from  those  having  weights  >  i    .     .     . 

299893-1-23 

186347  -j-  14.3 

9 

i  Fizeau.  "  Comptes  Rendus,"  1849. 

2  Foucault,  "Recueil  des  travaux  scientifiques,"  Paris,  1878. 

3  Cornu,  "  Jour,  de  1'Ecole  Polytechnique,"  Paris,  1874. 

4  Cornu,  "  Annales  de  1'Observatoire  de  Paris,"  Memoires,  tome  13,  p.  A.  298,  1876. 

5  Michelson,  "  Proc.  A.  A.  A.  S."  1878. 

6  Young  and  G.  Forbes,  "  Phil.  Trans."  1882. 

7  Newcomb,  "Astronomical  Papers  of  the  American  Ephemeris,"  vol.  2,  pp.  194,  201,  and  202. 
8  Michelson,  "  Astronomical  Papers  of  the  American  Ephemeris,"  vol.  2,  p.  244. 

9  Harkness. 

TABLE  182. 


PHOTOMETRIC   STANDARDS.' 


Name  of  standard. 

Violle 
units. 

Carcels. 

Star 

candles. 

German 
candles. 

English 
candles. 

Hefner- 
Alteneck 
lamps. 

Violle  units  |.    .         .              :   . 

1.  000 

2.08 

16.1 

16.4 

18.5 

18.9 

Carcels      .         .         .    .     .     I   . 

0.481 

1.  00 

7-75 

7.89 

8.91 

9.08 

Star  candles      .         .         ... 

O.O62 

0.130 

I.OO 

1.02 

J-'S 

I.I7 

German  candles 

0.061 

0.127 

0.984 

I.OO 

i-»3 

'•'5 

English  candles 

0.054 

O.I  12 

0.870 

0.886 

I.OO 

I.  O2 

Hefner-Alteneck  lamps     .  "     . 

0-°53 

O.II4 

0-853 

0.869 

0.98 

I.OO 

*  Quoted  from  Harkness,  "  Solar  Parallax,"  p.  33. 

t  This  table,  founded  on  Violle's  experiments,  is  quoted  from  Paterson's  translation  of  Palaz'  "  Industrial  Pho- 
tometry," p.  173- 

t  The  Violle  unit  is  sometimes  called  the  absolute  standard  of  white  light.  It  is  the  quantity  of  light  emitted 
normally  by  one  square  centimetre  of  the  surface  of  melted  platinum  at  the  temperature  of  solidification. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

176 


TABLE   183. 


SOLAR    ENERGY  AND   ITS   ABSORPTION    BY  THE    EARTH   ATMOSPHERE. 

This -table  gives  some  of  the  results  of  Langley's  researches  on  the  atmospheric  absorption  of  solar  energy.*  The 
first  column  gives  the  wave-length  A,  in  microns,  of  the  spectrum  line,  while  the  second  and  third  columns  give 
the  corresponding  absorption,  according  to  an  arbitrary  scale,  for  high  and  low  solar  attitudes.  The  fourth  column, 

'   £,  gives  the  relative  values  of  the  energy  for  the  different  wave-lengths  which  would  be  observed  were  there  no 

;   terrestrial  atmosphere. 


A 

<*1 

(la 

E 

0*375 

112 

27 

353  j 

.400 

235 

63 

683  > 

•45° 

424    1 

140 

1031  i 

.500 

570 

225 

1203 

.600 

621 

3" 

1083  i 

.700 

553 

324 

849 

.800 

372 

246 

5J9 

.900 

238 

167 

316 

1.  000 

235 

167 

309 

THE    SOLAR    CONSTANT. 


TABLE  184. 


The  "  solar  constant  "  is  the  amount  of  heat'  per  unit  of  area  of  normally  exposed  surface  which,  at  the  earth's  mean 

distance,  would  be  received  from  the  sun's  radiation  if  there  were  no  terrestrial  atmosphere.     The  following  table 

;    is  taken  from  Langley's  researches  on  the  energy  of  solar  radiation. t    The  first  column  gives  the  wave-length  in 

'    microns.     The  second  and  third  columns  give  relatively  on  an  arbitrary  scale  a  i  upper  and  a  lower  limit  to  the 


possible  value  of  spectrum  energy. 




Spectrum 

'  Spectrum 

Spectrum 

Spectrum 

Wave- 

energy 

i     energy 

Wave- 

energy 

energy 

length. 

(upper 

i     (lower 

length. 

(upper 

(lower 

limit). 

limit). 

limit)< 

limit). 

0^.530 

203.9 

122-5 

I^.OOO 

105.0 

102.3 

•375 

196.6 

IIO.O 

I.2OO 

78.2 

6l.3 

.400 

242.2 

139-1 

I.4OO 

65.I 

J2-2 

•45° 

783.2 

105.5 

1.  6OO 

48.0 

45-o 

.500 

852.9 

374-1 

I.8OO 

39-2 

36-4 

.600 

5  "4-7 

333-0 

2.000 

29.1 

27.1 

.700 

3J7-7 

255-4 

2.2OO 

19.4 

17'5, 

.800 

173-9 

167.3 

2.400 

7-o 

6.8 

The  areas  of  the  energy  curves  are  respectively 
The  solar  constants  deduced  from  these  areas  are 


149,060  and  95,933 
3.505  and    2.630 


Langley  concludes  that  "in  view  of  the,large  limit  of  error  we  can  adopt  three  calories  as  the  mosf  probable  valuq 
of -the  solar  constant,"  or  that  "  at  the  earth's  mean  distance,  in  the  absence  of  its  absorbing  atmosphere,  the  solar 
rays  would  raise  one  gramme  of  water  three  degrees  per  minute,  for  each  normally  exposed  square  centimetre  of  its 
surface." 

*  "Am.  Jour,  of  Sci."  vols.  xxv.,  xxvii. ,  and  xxxii. 

t  "Professional  Papers  of  U.  S.  Signal  Service,"  No.  15,  1884. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  185. 


INDEX   OF    REFRACTION    FOR    CLASS. 


The  table  gives  the  indices  of  refraction  for  the  Fraunhofer  lines  indicated  in  the  first  column.  The  kind  of  glass, 
the  density,  and,  where  known,  the  corresponding  temperature  of  the  glass  are  indicated  at  the  top  of  the  different 
columns.  When  the  temperature  is  not  given,  average  atmospheric  temperature  may  be  assumed. 


(a)  FRAUNHOFER'S  DETERMINATIONS.     (Ber.  Munch.  Akad.  Bd.  5.) 


Density 
Temp.  C. 


li 

C 
D 

£ 

F 
G 
If 


Flint  glass. 


18^.75 


1.62775 
.62965 


.64202 
.64826 
.66029 
.67106 


1.60204 
.60380 
.60849 

•61453 
.62004 
.63077 
.64037 


Crown  glass. 


2.756 


1-55477 
•55593 
•55908 


.56674 
•57354 
•57947 


2-535 
'7°-5 


I-52583 
.52685 

•52959 

•533°! 
•53605 
.54166 

•54657 


•52530 
.52798 

•53*37 
•53434 
•53991 
.54468 


(b)  BAILLE'S  DETERMINATIONS.     (Quoted  from  the  Ann.  du  Bur.  des  Long.  193,  p.  620.) 


Flint  glass. 


Density 
Temp.  C. 


B 
C 

1) 
b, 
K 
G 
H 


1.5609 
.5624 
.5660 

•5715 
•5748 
.5828 
.5898 


I-5659 

•5675 
•57  '5 
•5776 


•5902 
•5979 


3-24 

22°.0 


1.5766 

•5783 
.5822 

•5887 
•5924 
.60l8 


1.5966 
.5982 
.6O27 
.6098 


.6246 
.6338 


3-54 
23°.  2 


1.6045 
.6062 
.6109 
.6183 
.6225 

•6335 
.6428 


3-63 
i3°-7 


1.6131 
.6149 
.6198 
.6275 
.6321 

•6435 
•6534 


3-68 
24°.o 


1.6237 

•6255 
.6304 
.6384 
.6429 

•6549 
.6647 


4.08 
1 2°.  4 


1.6771 

•6795 
.6858 

•6959 
.7019 
.7171 
.7306 


5.00 

22°.S 


I.78OI 

•7831 
.7920 
.8062 
.8149 


.8567 


Crown  glass.     (Bailie,  itiit.) 


Density 
Temp.  C. 


I 

C 

1) 
in 
F 
G 

H 


1.5126 

•5'34 
.5160 
.5198 
.5222 
.5278 
•5323 


2.50 
17^.8 


I-5244 
•5254 
.5280 
•5320 
•5343 
•5397 
•5443 


1.5226 
•5237 
•5265 
•5307 
•5332 
•5392 
•5442 


2.80 


1-5157 
.5166 

•5192 
•5234 
•5256 
•5313 
.5360 


1-5554 
.5568 
.5604 
•5658 
.5690 

•5769 
•5836 


(c)  HOPKINSON'S  DETERMINATIONS.     (Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  vol.  26.) 


Density  = 


Hard 
crown. 


2.486 


Soft 
crown. 


Titani- 
silicic 
crown. 


Flint  glass. 


2.866 


3.206 


3-659 


3.889 


A 
B 
C 
D 
E 
b! 
F 

(G) 
G 
h 


.5145 


•520331 
.520967 

•523139 
.527994 

•528353 
.530902 

•532792 


1.508956 
.510916 
.511904 
.514591 
.518010 
.518686 
.520996 
.526207 
•526595 
•529359 


I-539I55 
•540255 

•543249 
.547088 
.547852 
•55047i 
•556386 
•556830 
•559999 
•562392 


1.534067 
•536450 
•537673 
.54101 i 

•545306 
.546166 
.549121 
•555863 
•556372 
.560010 
.562760 


1.568558 
.570011 
•574015 
•579223! 
.580271  I 
.583886) 
.592190 
.592824 


•597332 
.600727 


1.615701 
.617484 
.622414 
.628895 
.630204 
.634748 
.645267 
.646068 
.651840 
.656219 


1-639143 
.642874 
.644866 
.650388 

•657653 
.659122 
.664226 
.676111 
.677019 

•683577 
.688569 


1.696531 
.701060 
.703478 
.710201 
.719114 
.720924 

•727237 
.742063 

•743204 
.751464 

•757785 


N.  B.  — D  is  the  more  refrangible  of  the  pair  of  sodium  lines;  (G)  is  the  hydrogen  line  near  G. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


I78 


INDEX  OF  REFRACTION  FOR  GLASS. 


TABLE  185. 


(d)  MASCART'S  DETERMINATIONS.    (Ann.  Ch  m.  Phys. 

(,8)  LANGLEV'S  DETERMINATIONS.     (Silliman's  Jour- 

1868.) 

nal,  27,  1884.) 

Flint  glass. 

Crown  glass. 

Flint  glass. 

Density  =: 

3-615 

3-239 

2.578 

Wave  length 

Index  of 

Temp.    — 

30'.  o 

26°.0 

28^.0 

in  mm.  X  io(>. 

refraction. 

A 

1.60927 

1.57829 

1.52814 

2030 

I-55I5 

B 

.61268 

.58114 

53011 

1918 

•5520 

1870 

•5535 

C 

.61443 

.58261 

•53"3 

1810 

•5544 

D 

.61929- 

.58671 

•53386 

1580 

•5572 

1540 

•55/6 

E 

.62569 

•59197 

•53735 

1360 

.5604 

b4 

.62706 

•59304 

•53801 

1270 

.5616 

1130 

•5636 

F 

.63148 

•59673 

•54037 

940 

.5668 

G 

.64269 

.60589 

.54607 

910 

•5674 

890 

.5678 

H 

.65268 

.61390 

55093 

850 

.5687 

L 

.65817 

.62012 

55349 

815 

.5697 

760.1  = 

=  A 

•57H 

M 

.66211 

.62138 

55531 

656.2  =  C 

•5757 

N 

.66921 

.62707 

55853 

588-9  = 

=  DI 

•5798 

516.7  = 

-  b4 

.5862 

O 

•67733 

•63341 

56198 

486.1  =  F 

.5899 

P 

•63754 

56419 

396.8  = 

=  HI 

.6070 

Q 

.64174 

56646 

344-0  = 

=  U 

.6266 

(f)  EFFECT  OF 

TEMPERATURE.    (Vogel,  Wied.  Ann. 

vo.  25.) 

nt+  nt'  =  a(t  —  t>)  -f  ft  (t  —  /')3, 

where  nt  is  the  absolute  index  of   refraction  for 

the 

temperature  /,  and  a  and  ft  are  constants.     For  tem- 

peratures ranging  from  12°  to  260°  Voge   obtains  the 
following  values  of  a  and  ft  for  the  Fraunhofer  lines 

given  at  the  tops  of  the  columns. 

*. 

D         Hp 

Hy 

White  glass  \ 

a.108  = 

96 
107 

123      224 

1  06       97 

327 

93 

A 

Flint  glass    j 

a  .TO*  = 

190 

101 

190     362 

147        221 

575 

221 

(g)  EFFECT  OF  TEMPERATURE. 

(Muller,  Publ.  d 

Astrophys.  Obs.  zu  Potsdam,  1885.) 

Flint  glass. 

Crown  glass. 

Fraun- 

hofer 

line. 

Density  =  3.855. 
Temp.  C.=—i°  to  24°. 

Density  =  3.  218. 
Temp.  C.  =  —  3°  to  21°. 

Density  =r  2.522. 
Temp.  C.  =  —  5°  to  23°. 

B 

1.643776  +  .00000474  * 

I-574359  +  .00000324* 

1.512588  —  .00000043* 

C 
D 

.645745  +  .00000486  * 
.651  193  -j-  .00000495  / 

.575828+  .00000333* 
.579856  +  .00000323  * 

•51  3558  —  -00000033* 

.516149  +  .OOOOOOI7  * 

bi 
F 

.659632  +  .00000710* 
.664936  +  .00000653  * 

.586000  +  .00000443  * 
.589828  +  .00000439  * 

.520004  +  .00000054  * 
.522349  +  .00000048  * 

Hy 

.676720  +  .00000783  * 

.598205  +  .00000560  * 

.527360  +  .00000082  * 

h 

.684144  -f-  .00000861  * 

.603398  +  .00000636  * 

.520376  +  .00000143  * 

N.  B.  —  The  above  examples  on  the  effect  of  temperature  give  an  idea  of 
effect,  but  are  only  applicable  to  the  particular  specimens  experimented  on. 

the  order  of  magnitude  of  that 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


179 


TABLE  186. 


INDEX    OF    REFRACTION. 

Indices  of  Refraction  for  the  various  Alums.* 


* 

o 

Index  of  refraction  for  the  Fraunhofer  lines. 

1 

E 
H 

a 

B 

c 

D 

E 

b 

F 

0 

Aluminium  Alums.     /?Al(SO4)2+i2H2O.t 

Na 

1.667 

17-28 

1.43492 

143563 

I-43653 

1.43884 

1.44185 

1.44231 

1.44412 

1.44804 

NH3(CH3) 

1.568 

7-17 

•45013 

.45062 

•45r77 

.45410 

.45691 

•45749 

.45941 

•46363 

K 

I-73S 

14-15 

.45226 

•45303 

•45398 

•45645 

•45934 

.45996 

.46181 

.46609 

Rb 

i.8S2 

7-21 

•45232 

;  -45328 

•45417 

.45660 

••45955 

•45999 

.46192 

.46618 

Cs 

1.961 

15-25 

•45437 

•455!7 

.45618 

.45856 

.46141 

.46203 

.46386 

.46821 

NH4 

1.631 

15-20 

•45509 

•45599 

•45693 

•45939 

.46234 

.46288 

.4648  1 

.46923 

Te 

2-329 

10-23 

.49226 

•493  !  7 

•49443 

.49748 

.50128 

.50209 

•50463 

.51076 

Indium  Alums,     .ff  In(SO4),+  i2H2O.t 

Rb 

2.065 

3_n 

1.45942 

1.46024 

1.46126 

1.46381 

1.46694 

1.46751 

1.46955 

1.49402 

Cs 

2.241 

17-22 

.46091 

.46170 

.46283 

.46522 

.46842 

.46897 

.47105 

.47562 

NH4 

2.01  1 

17-21 

.46193 

•46259 

•46352 

.46636 

•46953 

•47015 

•47234 

.  -4775° 

Gallium  Alums.    ^Ga(SO4)24-i2H2O.t 

Cs 

2.II3 

17-22 

1.46047 

1.46146 

1.46243 

1.46495 

r.  4678  5 

1.46841 

1.47034 

1.47481 

K 

.46118 

.46195 

.46296 

.46528 

.46842 

.46904 

•47093 

.47548 

Rb 

1.962 

13-15 

.46152 

.46238 

•46332 

.46579 

.46890 

.46930 

.47126 

.47581 

NH4 

1-777 

15-21 

.46390 

.46485 

•46575 

•46835 

.47146 

.47204 

.47412 

.47864 

Te 

2-477 

1  8-20 

.50112 

.50228 

•50349 

.50665 

•5^57 

•5"3i 

•51387 

.52007 

Chrome  Alums.     /?Cr(SO4)2+i2H2O.t 

Cs 

2.043 

6-12 

1.47627 

1-47732 

1.47836 

1.48100 

1.48434 

1.48491 

1.48723 

1.49280 

K 

1.817 

6-!  7 

.47642 

•4773s 

.47865 

•48137 

•48459 

•48513 

•48/53 

.49309 

Rb 

1.946 

12-17 

.47660 

•47756 

.47868 

.48151 

.48486 

.48522 

•48775 

•49323 

NH4 

1.719 

7-18 

.47911 

.48014 

.48125 

.48418 

•48744 

.48794 

.49040 

•49594 

Te 

2-386 

9-25 

.51692 

.51798 

.52280 

.52704 

•52787 

.53082 

.53808 

Iron  Alums.     -ffFe(SO4)2+i2H,O.t 

K 

i.  806 

7-1  1 

1.47639 

1.47706 

1-47837 

1.48169 

1.48580 

1.48670 

1.48939 

1.49605 

Rb 

1.916 

7-20 

.47700 

.47770 

.47894 

•48234 

•48654 

.48712 

.49003 

.49700 

Cs 

2.061 

20-24 

.47825 

•47921 

.48042 

•48378 

.48797 

.48867 

.49136 

•49838 

NH4 

I-7I3 

7-20 

.47927 

.48029 

.48  1  50 

.48482 

.48921 

.48993 

.49286 

.49980 

Te 

2.385 

15-17 

j.5'674 

•5^90 

•5'943 

•52365 

•52859 

.52946 

.53284 

.54112 

*  According  to  the  experimenits  of  Soret  (Arch.  d.  Sc.  Phys.  Nat.  Geneve,  i884,  1888,  and  Comptes  Rendus,  1885). 
t  A"  stands  for  the  different  bases  given  in  the  first  column. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

1 80 


TABLE  187. 


INDEX  OF  REFRACTION. 

Index  of  Refraction  of  Metals  and  Metallic  Oxides. 


(a)    Experiments  of  Kundt  *  by  transmission  of  light  through  metallic  prisms  of  small  angle. 

Index  of  refraction  for 

Name  of  substance. 

Red. 

White. 

Blue. 

Silver         .... 

_ 

0.27 

_ 

Gold           .... 

0-38 

0.58 

I.OO  ! 

Copper             t. 

0-45 

0.65 

o-95 

Platinum   .     /. 

1.76 

1.64 

i-44 

Iron            .  /    . 

1.81 

1.73 

1.52 

Nickel       .... 

2.17 

2.01 

1.85 

Bismuth     .... 

2.61 

2.26 

2.13 

Gold  and  gold  oxide 

1.04 

- 

1.25 

"                "         " 

0.89 

0-99 

i-33 

"    t 

—  ' 

2.03 

— 

Bismuth  oxide  . 

— 

I.QI 

- 

Iron  oxide 

. 

1.78 

2.11 

2.36 

Nickel  oxide 

2.18 

2.23 

2-39 

Copper  oxide     . 

2.63 

2.84 

Platinum  and  platinum  oxide   . 

3-31 

3-29 

2.90 

• 

4.99 

4.82 

4.40 

(b)  Experiments  of  Du  Bois  and  Rubens  by  transmission  of  light  through  prisms  of  small  angle. 

The  experiments  were  similar  to  those  of  Kundt,  and  were  made  with  the  same  spectrometer. 

Somewhat  greater  accuracy  is  claimed  for  these  results  on  account  of  some  improvements  intro- 

duced, mainly  by  Prof.  Kundt,  into  the  method  of  experiment.     There  still  remains,  however, 
a  somewhat  large  chance  of  error. 

Index  of  refraction  for  light  of  the  following  color  and  wave-length. 

Name  of  metal.             Red  (u^ 

"  Red." 

Yellow  (D). 

Blue  (F). 

Violet  (G). 

A  =  67.1 

A  =  64.4 

A  =  58.9 

A  =  48.6 

A  =  43.  .* 

Nickel     .        .             2.04 

193 

1.84 

1.71 

'•54 

Iron         .         .              3.12 

3.06 

2.72 

2-43 

2.05 

Cobalt     .         .              3.22 

3.10 

2.76 

2-39 

2.IO 

(0)    Experiments  of  Drude. 

The  following  table  gives  the  results  of  some 

of  Drude's  experiments.  §     The  index  of  refrac- 

tion  is  derived  in  this  case  from 

the  constants  of  elliptic  polarization  by  reflection,  and  are  for 

sodium  light. 

Metal. 

Index  of 
refraction. 

!           Meta  . 

Index  of     ! 
refraction, 
j 

Aluminium      .     ;     . 

1.44 

Mercurv 

'•73 

Antimony        .         .         .     ! 

3-°4 

Nickel     

1,79 

Bismuth            .     '     . 

1.90 

Platinum 

2.06 

Cadmium         .  :       . 

1-13 

Silver       .... 

0.181 

Copper    .         ... 

0.641 

Steel 

2.41 

Gold        .... 

0.366 

Tin,  solid         .         .         .  : 

1.48 

Iron          .         ... 

2.36 

"    fluid          .         .         .  j 

2.IO  •       . 

Lead         .         ... 

2.OI 

Zinc         .         .         .         .1 

2.12 

Magnesium      .1 

o-37 

^ 

*  "  Wied.  Ann."  voli  34,  and  "  Phil    Mag."  (5)  vol.  26. 
t  Wave-lengths  A  are  in  millionths  of  a  centimetre. 


t  Nearly  pure  oxide. 
§  "  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  39. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


181 


TABLES  188,  189. 


INDEX    OF    REFRACTION. 

TABLE  188.  —Index  of  Refraction  of  Rock  Salt. 


Determined  by  Langlev. 
Temp.  24°  C. 

Determined  by  Rubens  and 
Snow. 

Determined  by  other  authorities. 

Line  of 
spec- 
trum. 

Wave- 
length 
in  cms. 
X  io«. 

Index  of 
refraction. 

Line  of 
spec- 
trum. 

Wave- 
length 
in  cms. 
X  10". 

Index  of 
refrac- 
tion. 

Line  of 
spec- 
trum. 

Index  of 
refraction. 

Authority. 

M 

37-2? 

1.57486 

Hy 

43-4 

1.5607 

Ha 

1.54046 

j 

L 

38.20 

•57207 

F 

48-5 

•553' 

H0 

•553'9 

>  Haagen  at  20°  C. 

H2 

39-33 

.56920 

D 

58-9 

•5441 

Hy 

.56056 

) 

HX 

39.68 

•56833 

C 

65.6 

•5404 

G 

43-°3 

•56133 

75-5 

•5370 

Ha 

I-54095 

!Bedson  and 

V 

48.61 

•55323 

79-o 

•5358 

H* 

•55384 

Carleton  Williams 

b4 

S'-67 

•54991 

83-1 

•5347 

Hy 

•52515 

at  I5°C. 

bi 

5I-83 

•54975 

87.6 

•5337 

.  D! 

57-89 

.54418 

92-3 

•5329 

B 

1.53884 

1 

D2 

58.95 

.54414 

97-8 

•S321 

C 

.54016 

1 

C 

65.62 

•54051 

I03-5 

•53r3 

D 

•54381 

iMiilheims. 

B 

68.67 

•539'9 

110.7 

•5305 

E 

.54866 

A 

76.01 

•5367 

118.6 

•5299 

F 

.55280 

p  a  r 

94- 

•5328 

127.7 

•5293 

i 

"3- 

•53°5 

138.4 

•5286 

A 

I-53663 

1 

v 

139- 

•5287 

151.1 

.5280 

B    \ 

•53918 

n 

132. 

•5268 

166.0 

•5275 

B    i 

•53902 

184.5 

.5270 

C    \ 

•54050 

Determined  by  Baden  Powell. 

207.6 

237.2 
277.1 

•5264 
•5257 
•5247 

C    \ 
M 

•54032 
.54418 
.54400 

Stefan  at  17°  and 
22°  C.    The  up- 

B 
C 
D 

- 

1-5403 
•5415 
•5448 

302.2 

332.0 
oj 

369.0 
415.0 

•5239 
•5230 

•5217 
•5208 

H 

Fi 

.54901 
.54882 

•55324 
•55304 

per  values  are 
at  17°  and  the 
lower  at  22°  for 
each  line. 

E 

- 

.5498 

474-5 

•5J97 

G 

.56129 

F 

- 

•5541 

554-0 

.5184 

°    \ 

.56108 

G 

- 

.5622 

644.7 

•5l63 

H 

.56823 

H 

.5691 

830-7 

•5138 

H    i 

.56806 

TABLE  189.  —  Index  of  Refraction  of  Sylvine  (Potassium  Chloride). 


Determined  by  Rubens  and  Snow. 

Determined  by  other  authorities. 

Wave-length 
in  cms.  X  10". 

Index  pf 
refraction. 

Wave- 
length in 

Index  of 
refraction. 

Line  of 
spec- 

Index  of 
refraction. 

Authority. 

43-4  (Hy) 

1.5048 

145.8 

1.4766 

A 

I-48377 

48.6  (F) 

.4981 

160.3 

•476l 

B 

•48597 

58.9  (H) 

.4900 

478.1 

4755 

C 

•48713 

65-6  (C) 

.4868 

200.5 

•4749 

D 

.49031 

•  Stefan  at  20  C. 

E 

•49455 

80.2 

1.4829 

229.1 

1.4742 

F 

.49830 

84-5 

.4819 

267.3 

•4732 

G 

•50542 

89-3 

.4809 

320.9 

.4722 

H 

.51061 

94-4 

.4807 

356.I 

•4717 

B 

•4754 

C 

.4767 

100.3 
107.0 

1-4795 
.4789 

4OO.I 
457-7 

1.4712 

.4708 

D 
E 

•4825 
.4877 

•  Grailich. 

U4-5 

.4781 

534-5 

.4701 

F 

•4903 

123.4 

•4776 

641.2 

•4693 

G 

•5005 

D 

•4904 

Tschermak. 

1337 

1.4771 

802.2 

1.4681 

D 

•493° 

Groth. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


182 


TABLE  1  9O. 


INDEX    OF    REFRACTION. 

Index  of  Refraction  of  Fluor  Spar. 


Determined  by 
Rubens  and  Snow. 

Determined  by 
Sarasi  n. 

Determined  by  the 
authorities  quoted. 

Wave-length 
in  cms. 
Xio«. 

Index 
of 
refraction. 

Line 
of 
spectrum. 

Wave- 
length in 
cms.  X  10°. 

Index 
of 
refraction. 

Line 
of 
spectrum. 

Index 
of 
refraction. 

Authority. 

43-4(Hy) 

1-4393 

A 

76.040 

1.431010 

D 

1-4339 

Fizeau. 

48-5(Fj 

•4372 

a 

71.836 

•43  r  57  5 

58.9(D) 

•4340 

B 

68.671 

•431997 

A 

1.43003" 

65.6(C) 

•4325 

c 

65.618 

•43257i 

a 

•43'53 

80.7 

•43°7 

D 

58.920 

•433937 

B 

.43200 

85.0 

•43°3 

F 

48.607 

•437051 

c 

•43250  • 

Miilheims. 

89.6 

.4299 

h 

41.012 

.441215 

D 

•43384 

95-Q 

.4294 

H 

39.681 

•442137 

E 

•43551 

100.9 

.4290 

Cd 

36.090 

•445356 

F 

.43696  . 

107.6 

.4286 

u 

34.655 

.446970 

115.2 

.4281 

" 

34.0I5 

•447754 

B 

1.43200 

124.0 

.4277 

" 

32-525 

.449871 

D 

•43390 

134-5 

.4272 

" 

27.467 

•459576 

F 

•43709  • 

Stefan. 

146.6 

.4267 

" 

25-7I3 

.464760 

G 

.43982 

161.3 

.4260 

" 

23-I25 

.475166 

H 

.44204 

179.2 

.4250 

" 

22.645 

.477622 

201.9 

.4240 

" 

21-935 

.481515 

Red 

M33     j 

DesCloi- 

230-3 

.4224 

" 

21.441 

.484631 

Yellow 

•435     ) 

seaux. 

268.9 

.4205 

Zn 

20.988 

.487655 

322.5 
403-5 

.4174 
.4117 

« 

20.610 
20.243 

.490406 
.493256 

Na 

1.4324*) 
-4342t  ) 

Kohl- 
rausch. 

462.0 

.4080 

Al 

19.881 

.496291 

538.0 

.4030 

" 

19.310 

.502054 

646.0 

.3960 

H 

18.560 

.509404 

807.0 

.3780 

*  Gray  at  23°  C. 
t  Black  at  19°  C. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


183 


TABLE  191. 


INDEX    OF    REFRACTION. 

Various  Monorefringent  or  Optically  Isotropic  Solids. 


Substance. 

Line  of 
Spectrum. 

Index  of 
Refraction. 

Authority. 

Agate  (light  color)      .        .        . 

red 

1-5374 

De  Senarmont. 

Ammonium  chloride  ..... 

D 

1.6422 

Grailich. 

Arsenite      ....... 

D 

1-755 

DesCloiseaux. 

Barium  nitrate    

D 

1.5716 

Fock. 

Bell  metal           .       !  •     .  ,« 

D 

1.0052 

Beer. 

t                         *     '      1               "  J 

(Li 

2.34165  ) 

Blende         .        .        

{  Na 

2.36923  1 

Ramsay. 

(Tl 

2.40069  ) 

, 

(C 

1.46245] 

Boric  acid           .        .        ... 

fa 

1-46303  1 

(  F 

1.47024  1 
1.51222  | 

Bedson  and 
Carleton  Williams. 

!j) 

1.51484  1 

. 

F 

1.52068] 

Camphor     

D 

i  1.5462 

Kohlrausch. 
Mulheims. 

Diamond  (colorless)  .        . 

(red 
}  green 

2.414      J 
2.428      J 

DesCloiseaux. 

f  B 

2.46062  ) 

Diamond  (brown)       

<  D 

2.46986  [ 

Schratif. 

'  E 

2.47902  ) 

Ebonite       

D 

1.6 

Ayrtqn  &  Perry. 

fA 

1.73       ] 

IB 

1.81 

•{  c 

1.90       }- 

\Verijicke. 

i 

I  ~ 

i-3i 

j 

i        .                               i 

LH 

i-54 

l 

Garnet  (different  varieties)         .        .        .  • 

D 

(  1.74  to  / 
/  1.90       f 

Variojus. 

red 

1.480 

Jamiri. 

Wollaston. 

Hanyne       .         .         .              .  ;  . 

D 

1.4961 

Tschifchatscheff. 

Helvine        .               •  . 

D 

1-739 

Levy.&  Lecroix. 

Obsidian     .               ,  

D 

(  1.48210  ) 
}  1.486     J 

Various. 

Opal    .        .        .      !  .        .        .        .        . 

D 

i  1.406    (. 
1  1-450    I 

"i 

Pitch  .-...-  j  

red 

Wollaston. 

Potassium  bromide  !  
"          chlorstannate    .... 
"          iodide      !  . 

D 

1-5593    ) 
1-6574    I 
1.6666    ) 

Topsoe  and 
Christiansen. 

ii 

2.1442 

Gladstone  &  Dale.  J 

Resins  :  Aloes    .       i  

red 

T^T- 
I.6I9 

Jamiri. 

Canada  balsam 

" 

1.528 

Wrollaston. 

M 

Jamiri. 

Copal    

« 

1.528 

"   i                       P 

Mastic  .      !  .         ...         .         .1 

" 

1.535 

Wollaston. 

Peru  balsam          .        .        .        . 

D 

i-593 

Baderi  Powell. 

,: 

fA 

2-653     } 

1 

Selenium;  vitreous    !  i 

i 

JB 

1C      « 

2-73°      I 
2.86        f 

Sirks.' 

ID 

2.98       j 

i 

D 

2  17^         ) 

,                                                      ; 

Silver  <  chloride  .      ',  .         .         .         .         .   ' 

2.o6l 

Wernicke. 

(  iodide     .      !  : 

' 

2.182        ) 

Sodalite  \  blue  '.        '        '        '        '        ' 

1 

1.4827      I 

-        .Q  _  _           [ 

Feusner. 

I  clear  like  water          ... 

I-4833      I 

* 

I.CJ  CQ 

Dussaud. 

Spinel          

' 

j    j 

DesCloiseaux. 

Strontium  nitrate        

1.5667 

Fock. 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


184 


TABLE  192. 


INDEX  OF  REFRACTION. 

Index  of  Refraction  of  Iceland  Spar. 


'.'he  determinations  of  Carvallo,  Mascart,  and  Sarasin  cover  a  considerable  range  of  wave-length,  and  are  here  given. 
Many  other  determinations  have  been  made,  but  they  differ  very  little  from  those  quoted. 


Line  of 
spectrum. 

Wave- 
length in 
cms.  X  IOB. 

Index  of  refraction  for  — 

Line  of 
spectrum. 

Wave: 
length  in 
cms.  X  10*. 

Index  of  refraction  for  — 

Ordinary 
ray. 

Extraordi- 
nary ray. 

Ordinary 
ray. 

Extraordi- 
nary ray. 

Authority:  Carvallo. 

Authority  :  Sarasin. 

- 

2I5 

- 

1-4753 

Cdi2 

32-53 

1.70740 

1.50857 

- 

198 

1.6279 

- 

Cd17 

27.46 

•74I51 

.52276 

- 

177 

- 

.4766 

Cd18 

25-71 

.76050 

•53019 

- 

154 

•6350 

- 

Cd23 

23.12 

.80248 

•54559 

;    - 

US 

.6361 

•4779 

Cd24 

22.64 

.81300 

.54920 

,    - 

122 

.6403 

- 

Cd25 

21  -93 

.83090 

•555!4 

A 

i  ! 

B 

108 

76.04 
68.67 

.6424 
.65006 
•65293 

•44799 
.48275 
.48406 

Cd26 

21.43 

.84580 

•55993 

Authority  :  Mascart. 

.      A 

a 
B 

- 

1.65013 
.65162 
.65296 

1.48285 
.48409 

Authority  :  Sarasin. 

A 

76.04 

1.65000 

1.48261 

a 

71.84 

•65156 

•48336 

C 

- 

.65446 

.48474 

B 

68.67 

.65285 

.48391 

D 

- 

.65846 

.48654 

Cdi 

64-37 

•65501 

.48481 

E 

- 

.66354 

.48885 

D 

58.92 

•65339 

.48644 

b4 

- 

.66446 

- 

Cd2 

53-77 

.66234 

.48815 

F 

- 

•66793 

.49084 

Cd3 

S3-36 

.66274 

.48843 

G 

-. 

.67620 

•49470 

Cd4 

50.84 

.66525 

•48953 

H 

- 

.68330 

•49777 

F 

48.61 

•66783 

49079 

L 

- 

.68/06 

.49941 

Ccl5 

47-99 

.66858 

.49112 

M 

- 

.68966 

•50054 

Cd6 

46.76 

.67023 

.49185 

N 

- 

.69441 

•50256 

Cd7 

44.14 

•67417 

•49367 

0 

- 

.69955 

.50486 

h 

41.0.1 

.68036 

•49636 

P 

- 

.70276 

.50628 

H 

39-6fe 

.68319 

•49774 

Q 

_  ! 

.70613 

.50780 

;    Cd9 

36-op 

.69325 

.50228 

R 

- 

•7"55 

.51028 

:'    Cd10    • 

34-65 

.69842 

•50452 

S 

- 

.71580 

- 

Cdn 

34.01 

.70079 

•50559 

T 

- 

•71939 

- 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


I85 


TABLE   1  93. 


INDEX  OF  REFRACTION. 

Index  of  Refraction  of  Quartz. 


Line  or  wave- 
length in  cms. 
X  io6. 

Index  for  — 

Line 
of 

spectrum. 

Index  for  — 

Ordinary 
ray. 

Extraordinary 
ray. 

Ordinary 
ray. 

Extraordinary 
ray. 

Quincke  (right-handed  quartz). 

B 

I-53958 

1.54780 

c 

cjoS? 

C/1Q77 

D 

•54335 

•55J99 

Cdi 

1.54227 

I-55I24 

E 

.54649 

•555°8 

D 

Cd2 
Cd3 

fA 

•54419 
•54655 
•54675 

•55335 
•55573 
•55595 

F 
G 

.54868 
•55241 

•55758 

.54825 

•55749 

Cd5 
Cd6 

•55014 
•55104 

•55943 
.56038 

Quincke  (left-handed  quartz). 

Cd7 

•55318 

.56270 

Cd9 
Cd10 
Cdn 

•56348 
.56617 

•56744 

•57599 
•57741 

B 
C 
I) 

1.54022 
.54092 

1.54880 

•54945 
.55245 

Cd12 
Cd17 
Cd18 
Cd23 

•57094 
•58750 
.59624 
.61402 

ft  i  ,4  1  f, 

.58097 
.59812 
.60713 
.62561 

E 
F 
G 

•54575 
•54845 
•55246 

•55533 
.55801 

•56163 

Cd26 

.62502 
.63040 

.62992 

•63705 
.64268 

Authority  :  Mascart. 

£n27 

•63569 

•64813 

Zn28 
Zn2g 
A130 
A131 
A132 

.64041 
.64566 
.65070 
.65990 
.67500 

.65308 
•65852 
.66410 
.67410 
.68910 

A 
a 
B 
C 
D 

1.53902 
54018 

•54099 
.54188 

•54423 

1.54812 

•549'9 
.55002 

•55095 
•55338 

E 

.54718 

•  "5  56  T.6 

b4 

•54770 

•55694 

F 

.54966 

•55897 

Authority  :  Rubens. 

G 

•55429 

•56372 

H 

.55816 

•56770 

L 

.56019 

•56974 

434(Hy) 
48-5(F) 
59-0(0) 
65.6(0 

1-5538 

•5499 
•5442 
•5419 
•5376 

- 

N 
O 
P 

Q 

R 

•5615° 
.56400 
.56668 
.56842 

.57121 
•5738r 
•57659 
.57822 

•57998 
•58273 

90.4 

.K1O4 

_ 

97-9 

•5353 

_ 

106.7 
T  17  A 

•5342 

- 

Authority:  Van  der  Willigen  (left-handed  quartz). 

'30-5 
146.8 
167.9 
*95-7 

•5287 
.5257 
.5216 

- 

A 
B 
C 

I-539M 
•54097 
•54185 

1.54806 
•54998 
•55085 

234.8 

.5160 

— 

D 
E 

•54419 

•54715 

•55329 
•55633 

C  r(Q  r  r 

G 

.55422 

•55^55 
•56365 

H 

.55811 

•56769 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  For  wave-lengths,  see  Tables  190  and  192. 

1 86 


INDEX    OF    REFRACTION. 

TABLE  194.  -  Uniaxial  Crystals. 


TABLES  194,  195. 


Substance. 

Line  of 
spec- 
trum. 

Index  of  refraction. 

Authority. 

Ordinary 
ray. 

Extraordi- 
nary ray. 

Alunite  (alum  stone)   .         .         .         .  -     ..»' 

D 

T-573 

1.592 

Levy  &  Lacroix. 

Ammonium  arseniate  ..... 

red 

i-577 

4.524 

De  Senarmont. 

Anatase        .      •.        ».-»       >.'•-.        . 

D 

2-5354 

2-4959 

Schrauf. 

Apatite         .         ...         .        .        . 

D 

1-6345 

" 

Benzil  ........ 

D 

1.6588 

1.6784 

DesCloiseaux 

Beryl    .      "  .        ...         .        .         .        . 

"I 

1.589  to 
1.570 

1.582  to 
1.566 

/  Various. 

Brucite         .        •/•    .  *        '        '        *        • 

D 

1.560 

1.581 

Kohlrausch. 

Calomel       .•/••• 

red 

1.96 

2.60 

De  Senarmont. 

Cinnabar      

red 

2.854 

3-J99 

DesCloiseaux. 

Corundum  (ruby,  sapphire,  etc.) 

red  j 

1.767  to 

1.769 

1-759 
1.762 

*    : 

Dioptase      ....... 

green 

1.667 

r-723 

Emerald  (pure)    ...... 

green 

1.584 

1.578 

" 

Ice  at—  8°  C  

D 

1.309 

i-3i3 

Meyer. 

Idocrase       ....... 

Dl 

1.719  to 

1.717  to 

>  DesCloiseaux. 

I 

1.722 

1.720 

) 

Ivory    ........ 

D 

'•539 

i-54i 

Kohlrausch. 

Magnesite     

D 

1.717 

I-5I5 

Mallard. 

Potassium  arseniate     

red 

1.564 

i-5i5 

DesCloiseaux. 

"                "            ..... 

red 

'•493 

1.501 

De  Sernamont. 

Silver  (red  ore)    

red 

3.084 

2.881 

Fizeau. 

Sodium  arseniate         

D 

1.459 

1.467 

Baker. 

"       nitrate     ...... 

D 

i-5»7 

J-336 

Schrauf. 

"       phosphate       

D 

1.446 

2.452 

Dufet. 

Strychnine  sulphate     ..... 

D 

1.614 

1.519 

Martin. 

Tin  stone      

D 

1.997 

2.093 

Grubenman. 

Tourmaline  (colorless)         .... 

D 

'•637 

1.619 

Heusser. 

"           (different  colors) 

°i 

1.63310 
1.650 

1.616  to 
1.625 

1  Jerofejew. 

Zircon  (hyacinth)         

red 

1.92 

1.97 

De  Senarmont. 

1) 

1.924 

1.968 

Sanger. 

TABLE  195. -Biaxial  Crystals. 


Index  of  refraction. 

Line  of 

. 

Substance. 

spec- 
trum. 

Minimum. 

Interme- 
diate. 

Maximum. 

Authority. 

Anglesite 

D 

1.8771 

1.8823 

1.8936 

Arzruni. 

Anhydrite 

D 

I-5693 

I-5752 

1.6130 

Miilheims. 

Antipyrin 

D 

1.5101 

1.6812 

1.6858 

Glazebrook. 

Aragonite 

D 

I-530I 

1.6816 

1.6859 

Rudberg. 

Axinite 

red 

1.6720 

1.6779 

I.68IO 

DesCloiseaux. 

Barite    .... 

D 

1.636 

1-637 

1.648 

Various. 

Borax  

D 

1.4467 

1.4694 

1.4724 

Dufet. 

Copper  sulphate  . 

D 

1.5140 

1.5368 

1-5433 

Kohlrausch. 

Gypsum         .         .         . 

D 

1.5208 

1.5228 

1-5298 

Miilheims. 

Mica  (muscovite)  .        ... 

D 

1  5601 

I-5936 

J-5977 

Pulfrich. 

divine  .... 

D 

1.661 

1.678 

1.697 

DesCloiseaux. 

Orthoclase    .         .         . 

D 

1.5190 

!-5237 

1.5260 

" 

Potassium  bichromate  . 

D 

1.7202 

1.7380 

1.8197 

Dufet. 

"          nitrate 

D 

13346 

1.5056 

1.5064 

Schrauf. 

"          sulphate 

D 

I-4932 

1.4946 

1.4980 

Topsoe  &  Christiansen. 

Sugar  (cane) 

D 

'•5397 

1.5667 

1.5716 

Calderon. 

Sulphur  (rhombic) 

D 

l-9S°S 

2-0383 

2.2405 

Schrauf. 

Topaz  (Brazilian) 

D 

1.6294 

1.6308 

I-6375 

Miilheims. 

Topaz  (different  kinds) 

DS 

1.630  to 
1.613 

1.631  to 
1.616 

1.637  to 
1.623 

>  Various. 

Zinc  sulphate 

D 

1.4568 

1.4801 

1.4836 

Topsoe  &  Christiansen. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


I87 


TABLE  «  96. 


INDEX   OF    REFRACTION. 

Indices  of  Refraction  relative  to  Air  for  Solutions  of  Salts  and  Acids. 


Substance. 

Indices  of  refraction  for  spectrum  lines. 

Authority. 

Density. 

Temp.  C. 

D 

C 

F 

Hy 

H 

(a)  SOLUTIONS  IN  WATFR. 

Ammonium  chloride 

1  .067 

27°-Q5 

1  ^7703 

I-37936 

I-38473 

I-39336 

Willigen. 

1 

" 

•025 

29-75 

•34850 

•35050 

•355r5 

•36243 

Calcium  chloride 

•398 

25-65 

.44000 

.44279 

.44938 

.46001 

." 

" 

.215 

22.9 

•394" 

•39652 

.40206 

.41078 

11 

" 

...  ^* 

•143 

25.8 

•37152 

•37369 

•37876 

.38666 

Hydrochloric  acid    . 

I.I66 

20.75 

1.40817 

1.41109 

1.41774 

1.42816 

Nitric  acid  . 

•359 

18.75 

•39893 

.40181 

.40857 

.41961 

Potash  (caustic)   .     . 

.416 

II.O 

.40052 

.40281 

.40 

SoS 

•41637 

Fraunhofer. 

Potassium  chloride  . 

normal  solution 

•34087 

.34278 

•34719 

I-35049 

Bender. 

" 

double  normal 

.34982 

•35179 

•35645 

•35994 

" 

a 

" 

triple  normal 

•35831 

.36029 

•36512 

.36890 

" 

Soda  | 

caustic) 

I-376 

21.6 

1.41071 

I-4I3 

34  1.41936 

1.42872 

Willigen. 

Sodium  chloride  .     . 

.189 

18.07 

•37562 

•377! 

*9 

.38322 

1.38746 

Schutt. 

"  . 

" 

.109 

18.07 

•35751 

•35959 

.36442 

.36823 

" 

** 

u 

•035 

18.07 

.34000 

•34I91 

.34628 

•34969 

Sodium  nitrate     .  '•  . 

1.358 

22.8 

1.38283 

1  -38535 

I-39I34 

1.40121 

Willigen. 

Sulphuric  acid      .     . 

.811 

I8.3 

•43444 

•43669 

.44168 

•44 

«3 

' 

1  • 

" 

" 

.632 

I8.3 

.42227 

.42466 

•42967 

•43694 

4 

" 

" 

.221 

I8.3 

•36793 

.37009 

.37468 

•38158 

i 

" 

*' 

.028 

I8.3 

•33663 

.33862 

•34285 

•34938 

t 

Zinc  chloride    .     .     . 

!-359 

26.6 

1-39977 

1.40222 

1.40797 

- 

1.41738 

< 

ii 

.209 

26.4 

•37292 

•375'5 

.38026 

-38845 

4 

(to)  SOLUTIONS  IN  ETHYL 

ALCOHOL. 

Ethyl  alcohol  .     .     . 

0.789 

25-5 

I-3579I 

I-3597I 

I-36395 

- 

I-37094 

Willigen. 

" 

" 

•932 

27.6 

•35372 

•35556 

•35986 

.36662 

Fuchsin   (nearly  sat- 

urated)    . 

- 

16.0 

.3918 

•398 

.361 

•3759 

Kundt. 

Cyanin  (saturated)   . 

~v 

16.0  ' 

•3831 

•37°5 

.3821 

NOTK.  —  Cyanin  in  chloroform  also  acts  anomalously 

for  example,  Sieben  gives  for 

a  4-5 

per  cent,  solution  /uu=  1.4593,  M«=  l-4^9^  Mp(greeit)  =  I-45I4»  M«  (blue)  =  i 

•4554- 

For  a  9.9  per  cent,  solution  he  gives  /x^=  1.4902,  /tp(green)  =  1.4497,  /ir;(blue)  =  i 

•4597- 

(o)  SOLUTIONS  OF  POTASSIUM  PERMANGANATE  IN  WATER.* 

Wave- 
length 

Spec- 
trum 

Index 
for 

Index 
for 

Index 
for 

Index 
for 

Wave- 
length 

Spec-i 
trum  : 

Index 
for 

Index 
for 

Index 
for 

Index 
for 

in  cms. 
X  io«. 

Hue. 

i  %  sol. 

2  %  SOI. 

3  %  sol. 

4  %  sol. 

in  cms. 
X  jo". 

line.   : 

i  %  sol. 

2  %  sol. 

3  %  sol. 

.4  %  sol. 

68.7 

B 

1.3328 

1-3342 

_ 

1.3382 

5,.6 

_            ; 

1-3368 

I-3385 

_ 

_ 

65.6 

C 

•3335 

•3348 

'•3365l 

•3391 

50.0 

- 

•3374 

•3383 

1-3386 

1.3404 

6l.7 

- 

•3343 

•3365 

•338i 

.3410 

48.6 

F 

•3377 

.3408 

59-4 

- 

•3354 

•3373 

•3393  , 

.3426 

48.0 

- 

•338i 

•3395 

•3398 

•34'3 

58.9 

D 

•3353 

•3372 

.3426 

46-4 

- 

•3397 

.3402 

•3414 

•3423 

56.8 

- 

•3362 

•3387 

.3412  : 

•3445 

44-7 

- 

•3407 

•3421 

.3426 

•3439 

55-3 

- 

•3366 

•3395 

•3417 

•3438 

43-4 

- 

•3417 

- 

- 

'34£o 

52-7 

E 

•3363 

- 

42-3 

- 

•343  ! 

•3442 

•3457 

•3468 

52.2 

•3362 

•3377 

•3388 

1 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  According  to  Christiansen. 

188 


TABLE  197. 


INDEX    OF    REFRACTION. 

Indices  of  Refraction  of  Liquids  relative  to  Air. 


Substance. 

Temp. 
C. 

Index  of  refraction  for  spectrum  lines. 

Authority. 

C 

D 

F 

H7 

H 

Acetone     .... 

10° 

1.3626 

1.3646 

1.3694 

I-3732 

_ 

Korten. 

Almond  oil     ... 

0 

•4755 

.4782 

•4847 

- 

Olds. 

Analin*     .... 

20 

•5993 

•5863 

.6041 

.6204 

- 

Weegmann. 

Aniseed  oil     ... 

21.4 

.5410 

•5475 

.5647 

- 

- 

Willigen. 

"... 

I5-I 

.5508 

•5572 

•5743 

- 

1.6084 

Baden  Powell.  . 

Benzene  t  •     •     •     • 

IO 

1.4983 

1.5029 

1.5148 

- 

1-5355 

Gladstone. 

. 

21.5 

•4934 

•4979 

•5°95 

— 

•53°4 

" 

Bitter  almond  oil    . 

20 

•5391 

•5623 

•5775 

Landolt. 

Bromnaphtalin   .     . 

20 

.6495 

.6582 

.6819 

.7041 

.7289 

Walter. 

Carbon  disulphide  J 

o 

1-6336 

I-6433 

1.6688 

1.6920 

17175 

Ketteler. 

"               " 

20 

.6182 

.6276 

•6523 

.6748 

.L994 

" 

"               " 

IO 

.6250 

•6344 

•6592 

.7078 

Gladstone. 

"               " 

!9 

.6189 

.6284 

•6352 

— 

.7010 

Dufet. 

Cassia  oil  .... 

IO 

.6007 

.6104 

.6389 

—  ' 

•7039 

Baden  Powell. 

u       '*.... 

22.5 

•5930 

.6026 

.6314 

- 

.6985 

«          u 

Chinolin    .... 

20 

1.6094 

1.6171 

1.6361 

1.6497 

_ 

Gladstone. 

Chloroform    .     .     . 

IO 

.4466 

.4490 

•4555 

.4661 

Gladstone  &  Dale. 

"             ... 

3° 

- 

•4397 

- 

.4561 

"                " 

"             ... 

20 

•4437 

.4462 

•4525 

- 

Lorenz. 

Cinnamon  oil      .     . 

23-5 

.6077 

.6188 

.6508 

- 

- 

Willigen. 

Ether     

I  c 

I.-5CC4 

i.  TI;  66 

1.^606 

i.  -?68^ 

Gladstone  &  Dale. 

1  J 

I  c 

'•JJJ^ 

.7C77 

•  •  j  j"" 

JCOJ. 

'Jp***** 

,76j.I 

1  j^'o 
.-371-5 

Kundt. 

Ethyl  alcohol 

1  j 

o 

Jj/  J 
•3677 

•jjy-t 
•3695 

*JrMr* 

•3739 

•3773 

•o/  *  j 

Korten. 

"           "           .     . 

IO 

•3636 

•3654 

.3698 

•3732 

- 

" 

"           "           .     . 

20 

•3596 

.3614 

•3657 

.3690 

- 

" 

*'                        . 

15 

.3621 

•3638 

•3683 

•3751 

Gladstone  &  Dale. 

Glycerine  .... 

20 

1.4706 

_ 

1.4784 

1.4828 

- 

Landolt. 

Methyl  alcohol   .     . 

15 

•3308 

1.3326 

•3362 

- 

.3421 

Baden  Powell. 

Olive  oil    .... 

o 

•4738 

•4763 

•4825 

- 

- 

Olds. 

Rock  oil     .... 

o 

•4345 

•4573 

.4644 

— 

— 

« 

Turpentine  oil    .     . 

10.6 

M7I5 

1.4744 

1.4817 

- 

M939 

Fraunhofer. 

"           "     .     . 

20.7 

.4692 

.4721 

•4793 

— 

•4913 

Willigen. 

Toluene     .... 

20 

•49" 

•4955 

.5070 

•5X7° 

- 

Bruhl. 

Water§     .... 

16 

•33'8 

•3336 

•3377 

•3409 

- 

Dufet 

16 

•33i8 

•3337 

•3378 

•3442 

Walter. 

*  Weegmann  gives  jtifl=:  1.59668 — .000518*.  Knops  gives /KF=  1.61500 — .00056*. 
t  Weegmann  gives  f*c  =  1.51474  —  .000665*.  Knops  gives  HD=  1.51399  —  .000644*. 
t  Wiillner  gives  fi^=  1.63407  —  .00078*;  i*-p=  1.66908  —  .00082*;  ^  =  1.69215 — .00085*. 

§  Dufet  gives  /«./>=  '-33397 — io—7  (125  *  + 20.6** —  .000435/3 — .oonj*4)  between  o°  and  50°;  and  nearly  the 
same  variation  with  temperature  was  found  by  Ruhlmann,  namely,  MB—  !-33373  — '°~ 7 (20. 14 *2+. 000494 *«). 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

189 


TABLE  198. 


INDEX    OF    REFRACTION. 


Indices  of  Detraction  of  Gases  and  Vapors. 


A  formula  was  given  by  Biot  and  Arago  expressing  the  dependence  of  the  index  of  refraction  of  a  gas  on  pressure  and 

temperature.      More  recent  experiments  confirm  their  conclusions.     The  formula  is  nt—  i  =r  — °—  -  -  "-•  where 

i  +  0/760 

nt  is  the  index  of  refraction  for  temperature  t,  na  for  temperature  zero,  a  the  coefficient  of  expansion  of  the  gas 
with  temperature,  and/  the  pressure  of  the  gas  in  millimetres  of  mercury.  Taking  the  mean  value,  for  air  and 
white  light,  of  «0  —  i  as  0.0002936  and  a  as  0.00367  the  formula  becomes 

.0002936     _  P     .0002895 P_ 

i  -j-  .00367  t     1.0136  X  io6       i  +  .00367  io°' 

where  P  is  the  pressure  in  dynes  per  square  centimetre,  and  t  the  temperature  in  degrees  Centigrade. 


(a)  The  following  table  gives  some  of  the  values  obtained  for  the  different  Fraunhofer  lines  for  air. 

Spectrum 

Index  of  refraction  according  to  — 

Spectrum       Ind"  l^™'1011 

line. 

Ketteler. 

Lorenz. 

Kayser  &  Runge. 

Kayser  &  Runge. 

A 

1.0002929 

1  .0002893 

1.0002905 

M               1.0002993 

B 

2935 

2899 

2911 

N                       3003 

C 

2938 

2902 

2914 

O                        3015 

D 

2947 

2911 

2922 

E 

29S8 

2922 

2933 

P                1.0003023 

Q                  3031 

F 

1.0002968 

1.0002931 

1.0002943 

R                  3°43 

G 

2987 

2949 

2962 

H 

3°°3 

2963 

2978 

S                1.0003053 

K 

b  '                   — 

2980 

T                         3064 

L 

— 

— 

2987 

u                3075 

(b)  The  following  data  have  been  compiled  from  a  table  published  by  Briihl  (Zeits.  fur  Phys.  Chem.  vol.  7, 

pp.  25-27). 

The  numbers  are  from  the  results  of  experiments  by  Biot  and  Arago,  Dulong,  Jamin,  Ketteler, 

Lorenz,  Mascart,  Chappius,  Rayleigh,  and  Riviere  and  Prytz.     When  the  number  given  rests  on  the  authority 

of  one  observer  the  name  of  that  observer  is  given.     The  values  are  for  o°  Centigrade  and  760  mm.  pressure. 

Substance. 

Kind  of 
light. 

Indices  of  refraction 
and  authority. 

Substance. 

Kind  of 
light. 

Indices  of  refraction 
and  authority. 

Acetone   . 

D 

I. 

OOIO79-I.OOIIOO 

Hydrogen     .     . 

white 

1.000138-1.000143 

Ammonia 

white 

1.000381-1.000385 

" 

white 

1.000139-1.000143 

i< 

D 

1.000373-1.000379 

Hydrogen  sul-  j 

D 

1.000644  Dulong. 

Argon  .     . 

D 

1.000281  Rayleigh. 

phide     .     .     1 

D 

1.000623  Mascart. 

Benzene   . 

D 

1.001700-1.001823 

Methane  .     .     . 

white 

1.000443  Dulong. 

Bromine  . 

D 

i. 

001152  Mascart. 

" 

D 

1.000444  Mascart. 

Carbon  dioxide 

white 

i  .000449-1  .000450 

Methvl  alcohol  . 

D 

1.000549-1.000623 

" 

" 

D 

i  .000448-1  .000454 

Methyl  ether     . 

D 

1.000891  Mascart. 

Carbon  disul-    { 

white 

i 

001500  Dulong. 

Nitric  oxide  . 

white 

1.000303  Dulong. 

phide    . 

•     ) 

D 

1.001478-1.001485 

D 

1.000297  Mascart. 

Carbon  mon-     \ 

white 

1.000340  Dulong. 

Nitrogen  .     .     . 

white 

i  .00029  5-  1  .000300 

oxide     . 

•     1 

white 

i 

000335  Mascart. 

M 

D 

i  .000296-  r  .000298 

Chlorine  . 

white 

<  t. 

000772  Dulong. 

Nitrous  oxide    . 

white 

1.000503-1.000507 

" 

D 

r 

000773  Mascart. 

"           " 

D 

1.000516  Mascart. 

Chloroform  .     . 

D 

1.001436-1.001464 

Oxygen     .     .     . 

white 

1.000272-1.000280 

Cyanogen 

white 

1.000834  Dulong. 

u 

D 

1.000271-1.000272 

" 

D 

1.000784-1  .000825 

Pentane    .     .     . 

D 

1.001711  Mascart. 

Ethyl  alcohol    . 

D 

1.000871-1.000885 

Sulphur  dioxide 

white 

1.000665  Dulong. 

Ethyl  ether  .     . 

D 

1.001521-1.001544 

"             " 

D 

i.  000686  Ketteler. 

Helium    . 

D 

1.000043  Rayleigh. 

Water.     .     .     . 

white 

1.000261  Jamin. 

Hydrochloric     $ 

white 

1.000449  Mascart. 

"     .     .     .     . 

D 

T  .000249-1  .000259 

acid  .     . 

•     1 

D 

i 

000447 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


IQO 


ROTATION    OF    PLANE    OF    POLARIZED    LIGHT. 


TABLE   1  99. 


A  few  examples  are  here  given  showing  the  effect  of  wave-length  on  the  rotation  of  the  plane  of  polarization.  The 
rotations  are  for  a  thickness  of  one  decimetre  of  the  solution.  The  examples  are  quoted  from  Landolt  &  Born- 
stein's  "  Phys.  Chem.  Tab."  The  following  symbols  are  used  :  — 

/=:  number  grammes  of  the  active  substance  in  100  grammes  of  the  solution. 

c  =       "  solvent        " 

g  —      "  active         "  "    cubic  centimetre     ' 

Right-handed  rotation  is  marked  + ,  left-handed—. 


Line  of 

Wave-length 
according  to 

Tartaric  acid,*  CuH6O6, 
dissolved  in  water. 

Camphor,*  Ci0H16O, 
dissolved  in  alcohol. 

Santonin,  t  ClsHj8O3, 
dissolved  in  chloroform. 

spectrum. 

Angstrom  in 

q  =  50  to  95, 

q  =  50  to  95, 

9=75  to  06.5, 

cms.  X  io6. 

temp.  =  24"  C. 

temp.  ~  22.9°  C. 

temp.  =  20°  C. 

B 

68.67 

—  140°.  I     +0.2085? 

C 

65.62 

+  2°.  748  +  0.09446? 

38°.  549  —  0.0852? 

—  149.3   +°-I555? 

D 

58.92 

+  1.950  +  0.13030? 

51.945  —  0.0964? 

—  202.7   +  0.3086  ? 

E 

52.69 

+  0.153  +  0.17514? 

74-33'—  o-1  343  '/ 

—  285.6   +0.5820? 

DI 

-                    - 

-               - 

—  302-38  +  o-6557  ? 

D2 

F 
e 

51.72 
48.61 
43-83 

—  0.832  +  0.19147? 
—  3-598  +  0.23977  ? 
—  9.657  +  0.31437? 

79-348  —  0.1451  ? 
99.601  —  0.1912  ? 
149.696  —  0.2346? 

—  365-55  +  0.8284  ? 
—  534.98+  1.5240? 

Santonin,  t  C];1H18O3,  * 
dissolved  in  alcohol. 

Santonin,  t  Cj>;H18O3, 

Santouicacid,t 
C15H,o04, 
dissolved  in 
chloroform. 

Cane  sugar,! 
dissolved  in 

dissolved  in 
alcohol. 

dissolved  in 
chloroform 

temp.  :=  20°  C. 

c  =  4.046. 
temp.  = 

20°  C. 

c  =13.  1-30.5. 
temp.  = 

20°  C. 

(-  =  27.192. 
temp.  =r  20°  C. 

p  =  io  to  30. 

B 

68.67 

—  110.4° 

442° 

484° 

-49° 

47°-56 

C 

65.62 

—  118.8 

5°4 

549 

—  57 

52-70 

D 

58.92 

—  161.0 

693 

754 

—  74 

60.41 

E 

52.69 

—  222.6 

991 

1088 

—  105 

84.56 

b, 

5I-83 

—  237-1 

IO53 

1148 

112 

- 

b, 

51.72 

- 

- 

- 

87.88 

F 

48.61 

—  261.7 

1323 

1444 

—  '37 

101.18 

e 

43-83 

—  380.0 

2OII 

22OI 

—  197 

- 

G 

43-°7 

- 

- 

- 

- 

131.96 

g 

42.26 

" 

238l 

26lO 

—  230 

*  Arndtsen,  "  Ann.  Chim.  Phys."  (3)  54,  1858. 

t  Narini,  "  R.  Ace.  dei  Lincei,"  (3)  13,  1882. 

t  Stefan,  "  Sitzb.  d.  Wien.  Akad."  52,  1865. 

ROTATION   OF    PLANE    OF    POLARIZED    LIGHT. 


TABLE  2OO. 


Sodium  chlorate  (Guye,  C.  R.  108,  1889). 

Quartz  (Soret  &  Sarasin,  Arch,  de  Gen.  1882,  or  C.  R.  95,  1882).* 

Spec- 
trum 
line. 

Wave- 
length. 

Temp. 
C. 

Rotation 
per  mm. 

Spec- 
trum 
line. 

Wave- 
length. 

Rotation 
per  mm. 

Spec- 
trum 
litie. 

Wave- 
length. 

Rotation 
per  mm. 

a 

71.769 

i5°.o 

2°.o68 

A 

76.04 

i2°.66S 

Cd9 

36.090 

63°.  268 

B 

67.889 

17.4 

2.318 

a 

71.836 

14.304 

N 

35.818 

64-459 

C 

65-073 

2O.6 

2-599 

B 

68.671 

15.746 

Cdio 

34-655 

69.454 

D 

59.085 

18.3 

3.104 

0 

34.406 

70.587 

E 

53-233 

1  6.0 

3.841 

C 

65.621 

17.318 

F 

48.912 

11.9 

4.587 

D2 

58951 

21.684 

Cdn 

34-015 

72.448 

G 

45-532 

IO.I 

5-331 

L>i 

58.891 

21.727 

P 

33.600 

74-571 

G 

42.834 

14.5 

6.005 

^ 

32.858 

78.579 

H 

40.714 

13-3 

6.754 

E 

52.691 

27-543 

Cdi2 

32.470 

80.459 

L 

38.412   " 

14.0 

7-654 

F 

48.607 

32-773 

M 

37-352 

10.7 

8.100 

G 

,     43-072 

42.604 

R 

3!-798 

84.972 

N 

35-544 

12.9 

8.861 

Cdn 

27.467 

121.052 

P 

33-93  i 

I2.I 

9.801 

h 

41.012 

47.481 

Cd18 

25-713 

143.266 

Q 

32-34I 

II-9 

10.787 

H 

39.681 

5I-I93 

Cd23 

23.125 

190.426 

R 

30.645 

I3.r 

11.921 

K 

39-333 

52-i55 

T 

29.918 

12.8 

12.424 

Cd24 

22.645 

201.824 

Cd17 

28.270 

r2.2 

13.426 

L 

38.196 

55-625 

Cd25 

21-935 

220.731 

Cd18 

25-038 

11.6 

14.965 

M 

27.262 

58.894 

Cd2e 

21.431 

235-972 

*  The  paper  is  quoted  from  a  paper  by  Ketteler  in  "  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  21,  p.  444.     The  wave-lengths  are  for 
the  Fraunhofer  lines,  Angstrom's  values  for  the  ultra  violet  sun,  and  Cornu's  values  for  the  cadmium  lines. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


IQI 


TABLE  201. 


LOWERING   OF    FREEZING-POINT    BY   SOLUTION    OF   SALTS. 


Under  P  is  the  number  of  grammes  of  the  substance  dissolved  in  100  cubic  centimetres  of  water.  Under  C  is  the 
amount  of  lowering  of  the  freezing-point.  The  data  have  been  obtained  by  interpolation  from  the  results  pub- 
lished by  the  authorities  quoted. 


Substance  and 
observer. 

P 

c° 

Substance  and 
observer. 

P 

c- 

Substance  and 
observer. 

P 

C3 

AgNOs 

5 

o-93 

ZnSO4 

i 

O.IO 

MgCl2 

°-5 

0.26 

F.  M.  Raoult.* 

10 

1.71 

F.  M.  Raoult.* 

2 

0.23 

S.  Arrhenius.t 

I.O 

°-53 

15 

2.38 

3 

0.36 

'•5 

0.81 

20 

2-97 

4 

o-49 

2.O 

1.  10 

25 

3-53 

5 

061 

2-5 

i-39 

30 

4.00 

IO 

1.23 

1.69 

35 

4-43 

15 

1.85 

3-5 

2.00 

40 

4.80 

20 

2.50 

4.0 

2.32 

45 

5-15 

25 

4-5 

2.65 

5° 

5-45 

30 

3-94 

5-° 

2.98 

55 

5-75 

5-5 

3-32 

60 

6.00 

CuSO4 

i 

0.15 

6.0 

3-67 

65 

6.26 

F.  M.  Raoult.* 

2 

0.29 

3 

0.40 

BaCl2 

o-5 

O.II9 

Ca(N03)2 

i 

0.28 

4 

0.51 

Harry  C.  Jones.§ 

I.O 

0.234 

F.  M.  Raoult.* 

2 

0.56 

5 

0.62 

1.5 

0-344 

3 

0.84 

6 

0.72 

2.O 

0.450 

4 

1.  12 

7 

0.82 

5 

I.4O 

8 

0.92 

SrCl2 

o-5 

0.17 

10 

2.78 

9 

i.  02 

S.  Arrhenius.t 

I.O 

o-34 

15 

4.26 

10 

1.  12 

'•5 

0.50 

20 

6.00 

2.0 

0.65 

CdSO4 

i 

O.O9 

2-5 

0.80 

Cd(N03)2 

o-5 

O.I  1  2 

F.  M.  Raoult* 

2 

O.ig 

3-o 

o-95 

Harry  C.  Jones.  § 

I.O 

0.217 

3 

0.28 

3-5 

.12 

4 

0.38 

4.0 

.29 

Na2S()4 

i 

0.28 

5 

0.48 

4-5 

•44 

F.  M.  Raoult  * 

2 

0.56 

IO 

I.OO 

.60 

3 

0.84 

15 

i-54 

5-5 

-76 

4 

1.  12 

20 

2.  1  I 

6.0 

•93 

5 

I.4O 

25 

2-77 

30 

3-51 

CuCl2  +  2H20 

o-5 

0.15 

K2S04 

0.5 

0.14 

35 

4.40 

S.  Arrhenius.t 

I.O 

0.30 

S.  Arrhenius. 

I.O 

0.27 

1.5 

0.44 

1.5 

o-39 

NaCl 

0.5 

0.32 

2.O 

0-58 

2.O 

0.51 

S.  Arrhenius.t 

I.O 

0.62 

2-5 

0.72 

2-5 

0.63 

1.5 

0.92 

3-° 

0.86 

3-o 

0.74 

2.0 

1.22 

3-5 

.00 

3-5 

4.0 

0.85 
0.96 

2-5 

1.52 
1.82 

4.0 
4-5 

.14 
.29 

4-5 

1.07 

5-° 

•43 

5-° 

1.17 

KC1 

0.5 

0.234 

5-5 

•57 

5-5 

.27 

Harry  C.  Jones.}: 

I.O 

0.464 

6.0 

1.71 

6.0 

•37 

1.5 

0.693 

6-5 

1.85 

6-5 

•47 

2.O 

0.915 

2.0 

2.OO 

7.0 

•57 

2.5 

1.136 

7-5 

.67 

3-° 

!-359 

CdCl2 

o-5 

O.I  2O 

8.0 

•77 

Harry  C.  Jones.§ 

I.O 

O.227 

LiCl 

o-5 

o-45 

1.5 

0.322 

MgSO4 
F.  M.  Raoult.* 

i 

2 

3 

0.18 

o-35 
0.52 

S.  Arrhenius.t 

I.O 
2.O 

0.89 

i-34 

1.78 

CaCl2 
S.  Arrhenius.t 

0.5 

I.O 

1.5 

0.23 
0.45 

0.68 

4 

0.70 

2-5 

2-23 

2.0 

0.91 

C 

0.89 

J 
IO 

2O 

i-77 
2.78 
3.68 

NH4C1 
Harry  C.Jones.} 

0.5 

I.O 

0.326 
0.644 
0-957 

2-5 

3-o 

3-5 
4.0 

1.14 

1.37 

1.61 
1.85 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  In  "  Zeits.  fur  Physik.  Chem."  vol.  2,  p.  48g,  i! 
t  Ibid.  vol.  2,  p.  491,  1888. 
Z  Ibid.  vol.  ii,  p.  no,  1893. 
§  Ibid.  vol.  ii,  p.  529,  1893. 

192 


TABLE  2O1 


LOWERING   OF    FREEZING-POINT    BY    SOLUTION    OF   SALTS. 


Substance  and 
observer. 

P 

c-^ 

Substance  and 
observer. 

P 

C° 

Substance  and 
observer. 

P 

C° 

ZnCl2 

0.5 

0.185 

Alcohol,  C»H6O 

O.I 

0.044 

H2S03 

°-5 

0.15 

Harry  C.  Jones.* 

I.O 

0.348 

Harry  C.  Jones.} 

0.2 

0.087 

S.  Arrhenius.t 

I.O 

0-30 

o-3 

0.129 

»-5 

o-45 

CdBro 

°-5 

0.080 

0.4 

0.170 

20 

0.60 

Harry  C.  Jones.* 

I.O 

0.142 

o-S 

0.212 

2-5 

0.75 

i:5 

0.195 

I.O 

O.4O2 

3-o 

0.90 

2.0 

0.248 

3-5 

1.05 

2-5 

0.300 

4.0 

1.20 

3-° 

0.352 

4-5 

i-35 

Acetic  acid, 

O.I 

0.034 

5-o 

1.50 

CdI2 

I 

0.06 

C2H402 

0.2 

0.067 

5-5 

1.65 

S.  Arrhenius.t 

2 

0.12 

Harry  C.Jones.} 

o-3 

O.O99 

6.0 

i.  80 

3 

O.ig 

o-4 

O.I3I 

6-5 

i-95 

4 

0.25 

°-5 

O.l62 

7-o 

2.IO 

5 

0.32 

I.O 

o-3  *  3 

10 

0.63 

H2SO4 

O.I 

O.O44 

'5 

0.92 

Harry  C.  Jones.} 

O.2 

0.088 

20 

1.22 

°-3 

O.I3I 

25 

!-52 

P(OH)3 

°-5 

0.18 

0.4 

O.I72 

S.  Arrhenius.t 

I.O 

o-35 

o-5 

O.2I2 

NaOH 

O.I 

O.O92 

!-5 

0.50 

I.O 

O.4O2 

Harry  C.  Jones.} 

O.2 

0.178 

2.O 

0.65 

o-3 

O.2OO 

H3P04 

o-5 

O.I4 

0.4 

0-337 

S.  Arrhenius.t 

I.O 

0.27 

o-5 

0.410 

i-5 

0.38 

HI03 

o-5 

0.09 

2.0 

0.49 

KOH 

O.I 

0.064 

S.  Arrhenius.t 

I.O 

0.18 

2-5 

O.6O 

Harry  C.  Jones.} 

O.2 

0.126 

i-5 

0.27 

3-o 

0.70 

0-3 

0.189 

2.O 

o-35 

3-5 

0.80 

0-4 

0.252 

2-5 

o-44 

4.0 

O.OX) 

o-5 

0.312 

3-o 

0.52 

0.6 

0.370 

3-5 

0.61 

Cane  sugar. 

0.5 

0.030 

0.7 

0.430 

4.0 

0.69 

F.  M.  Raoult.§ 

i.o 

O.OOO 

4-5 

0.78 

2.O 

O.II8 

NH4OH 

0.05 

0.028 

5-° 

0.86 

3-° 

0.176 

Harry  C.  Jones.} 

O.IO 

0.056 

4.0 

0-234 

0.15 

0.084 

5-o 

O.292 

0.20 

0.113 

IO.O 

0.587 

0.25 

0.143 

HC1 

O.I 

0.099 

15.0 

0.88  1 

Harry  C.  Jones.| 

O.2 

0.198 

2O.O 

1.174 

Na2CO8 

O.I 

0.048 

°-3 

0.296 

25.0 

1.465 

Harry  C.  Jones.} 

O.2 

0.096 

0.4 

o-395 

30.0 

i-752 

o-3 

0.143 

o-5 

0-493 

35-o 

2.048 

0.4 

0.188 

40.0 

2-333 

0.5 

0.228 

I.O 

0.417 

Glycerine.il 

I.O 

O.22 

HNO3 

O.I 

0.06  1 

S.  Arrhenius.t 

2.O 

0-42 

K2C03 

O.I 

0.039 

Harry  C.  Jones.} 

0.2 

0.118 

3-° 

0.64 

Harry  C.  Jones.  } 

0.2 

0.078 

0-3 

0-175 

4.0 

0.87 

o-3 

0.116 

0.4 

0.232 

50 

I.  II 

0.4 

0.152 

0.5 

0.285 

6.0 

i-34 

0.5 

0.187 

0.6 

o-33« 

8.0 

1.83 

I.O 

o-343 

o-7 

0.390 

IO.O 

2.32 

12.0 

,83 

*  In  "  Zeits.  fiir  Physik.  Chem.''  vol.  n,  p.  529,  1883. 
t  Ibid.  vol.  2,  p.  491,  1888. 
t  Ibid.  vol.  12,  p.  623,  1893. 
§  F.  M.  Raoult,  C.  R.  114,  p.  268. 

II  50%  solution  solidifies  at  — 31°  C.,  according  to  Fabian,  "Ding.  Poly.  Journ."vol.  155,  p.  345.    This  gives  an 
average  of  .3  per  gramme. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

193 


TABLE  202. 

VAPOR    PRESSURE    OF   SOLUTIONS   OF   SALTS    IN    WATER.* 

The  first  column  gives  the  chemical  formula  of  the  salt.  The  headings  of  the  other  columns  give  the  number  of 
gramme-molecules  of  the  salt  in  a  litre  of  water.  The  numbers  in  these  columns  give  the  lowering  of  the 
vapor  pressure  produced  by  the  salt  at  the  temperature  of  boiling  water  under  76  centimetres  barometnc  pressure. 


Substance. 

0.5 

1.0 

2.0 

3.0 

4.0 

5.0 

6.0 

8.0 

10.0 

A12(S04)3    -      '  . 

12.8 

36-5 

A1C13  .... 

22.5 

61.0 

179.0 

318.0 

Ba(S03)2     .         .        . 

6.6 

'5-4 

34-4 

Ba(OH)2     .         .         / 

12.3 

22.5 

39-o 

Ba(N03)2    :     ^.       .-. 

!3-5 

27.0 

Ba(C103)2    . 

15-8 

33-3 

70.5 

1  08.  2 

BaCl2  .... 

16.4 

36.7 

77.6 

BaBr2  .... 

1  6.8 

38.8 

91.4 

I5O.O 

204.7 

Ca(S03)2     • 

9-9 

23.0 

56.0 

I  O6.O 

Ca(NO3)2    . 

16.4 

34-8 

74.6 

139-3 

161.7 

205.4 

CaCl2  .... 

17.0 

39-8 

95-3 

1  66.6 

24I-5 

3I9-5 

CaBr2. 

!7-7 

44.2 

1,5.8 

191.0 

283-3 

368.5 

CdSO4 

4.1 

8.9 

18.1 

CdI2    .... 

7.6 

14.8 

33-  S 

52-7 

CdBr2. 

8.6 

17.8 

36-7 

55-7 

8o.O 

CdC12. 

9.6 

18.8 

36-7 

57-o 

77-3 

99-0 

Cd(N03)2    .        . 

15.9 

36.1 

78.0 

122.2 

Cd(C103)2   . 

i?-5 

CoS04 

5-5 

10.7 

22.9 

45-5 

CoCl2. 

15.0 

34-8 

83.0 

136.0 

186.4 

Co(N03)2    . 

!7-3 

39-2 

89-0. 

152.0 

218.7 

282.0 

332-0 

FeSO4 

5-8 

10.7 

24.0* 

42.4 

H3BO3         .        .        . 
H3P04 

6.0 
6.6 

12.3 
14.0 

25.1 
28.6 

38.0 
45-2 

51.0 
62.0 

81.5 

103.0 

146.9 

'89-5 

H3As04       . 

7-3 

15.0 

30.2 

46.4 

64.9 

H2S04         .        .        . 

12.9 

26.5 

62.8 

104.0 

148.0 

198.4 

247.0 

343-2 

KH2P04      . 

IO.2 

'9-5 

33-3 

47-8 

60.5 

73-1 

85.2 

KNO3. 

10-3 

21.  1 

40.1 

57-6 

74-5 

88.2 

IO2.I 

126.3 

148.0 

KC1O3 

10.6 

21.6 

42.8 

62.1 

80.0 

KBr03         .        .        . 

10.9 

22.4 

45.0 

KHSO4 

10.9 

21-9 

43-3 

65-3 

85-5 

107.8 

129.2 

170.0 

KNOZ 

n.  i 

22.8 

44-8 

67.0 

90.0 

110.5 

I30-7 

167.0 

198.8 

KC1O4 

"•5 

22-3 

KC1     .... 

12.2 

24.4 

48.8 

74.1 

100.9 

128.5 

152.2 

KHCO2       . 

II.6 

23.6 

59-o 

77-6 

104.2 

132.0 

1  6O.O 

210.0 

255-0 

KI 

12-5 

25-3 

52.2 

82.6 

1  1  2.2 

Hi-S 

I7I.8 

225-5 

278.5 

K2C2O4        . 

13-9 

28.3 

59-8 

94.2 

I3I.O 

K2WO4 

13-9 

33-° 

75-° 

123.8 

175-4 

226.4 

K2C03 

144 

31.0 

68.3 

i°5-S 

I52.O 

209.0 

258.5 

35°-° 

KOH  .... 

15.0 

29.5 

64.0 

99.2 

I4O.O 

181.8 

223.0 

309-5 

387.8 

K2CrO4 

16.2 

29.5 

60.0 

LiN03 

12.2 

25-9 

55-7 

88.9 

122.2 

'55-i 

1  88.0 

253-4 

309.2 

LiCl     .... 

I  2.  1 

25-5 

57-i 

95-° 

!32-5 

J75-5 

219.5 

3"-5 

393-5  1 

LiBr     .... 

12.2 

26.2 

60.0 

97.0 

I4O.O 

186.3 

241.5 

341-5 

438.0  1 

Li2S04 

13-3 

28.1 

56.8 

89.0 

LiHSO4       . 

12.8 

27.0 

57.0 

93-o 

130.0 

1  68.0 

Lil 

13-6 

28.6 

64.7 

105.2 

J54-5 

206.0 

264.0 

357-o 

445-° 

Li28iFl6       . 

15-4 

34-o 

70.0 

1  06.0 

LiOH  .... 

J5-9 

37-4 

78.1 

Li2CrO4 

16.4 

32-6 

74.0 

I2O.O 

171.0 

*  Compiled  from  a  table  by  Tamniann,  "  Me'm.  Ac.  St.  Petersb."  35.  No.  9, 
Phys."  ch.  2,  42,  1886. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

194 


See  also  Referate,  "Zeit.  f. 


TABLE  202. 
VAPOR    PRESSURE    OF   SOLUTIONS   OF   SALTS    IN    WATER. 


Substance. 

0.5     j     1.0 

2.0 

3.0 

4.0 

5.0 

6.0 

8.0 

10.0 

MgS04        .        .  .     ,. 

6.5 

I2.O 

24-5 

47-5 

MgCl2.        .        .        . 

1  6.8 

39-o 

100.5 

183-3 

277.0 

377-Q 

Mg(N03)2  .        .        , 

17.6 

42.0 

IOI.O 

174.8 

MgBr2 

17.9 

44-o 

115.8 

205-3 

298.5 

MgH2(S04)2        .    .'". 

18.3 

46.0 

116.0 

MnSO4 

6.0 

10.5 

21.0 

Mn€l2.         .        *    /I 

15.0 

34-o 

76.0 

122.3 

167.0 

209.0 

NaHoPO4    .        .  /T 

10.5 

20.0 

36-5 

5i-7 

66.8 

82.0 

96.5 

126.7 

157.1 

NaHSO4              .'     . 

10.9 

22.1 

47-3 

75.0 

IOO.2 

126.1 

148.5 

189.7 

2-31-4 

NaN03       -.        .        . 

10.6 

22.5 

46.2 

68.1 

90-3 

111.5 

I3I-7 

167.8 

198.8 

NaClO3       /"'  .     ". 

10.5 

23.0 

48.4 

73-5 

98-5 

123-3 

147-5 

196-5 

223-5 

(NaP03)6    .        .        . 

H.6 

NaOH         .        ;        . 

1  1.8 

22.8 

48.2 

77-3 

107-5 

i39-i 

172.5 

243-3 

314.0 

NaNO2 

1  1.6 

24.4 

50.0 

75-o 

98.2 

122.5 

146.5 

189.0 

226.2 

NaHPO4     . 

12.1 

23-5 

43-° 

60.0 

78.7 

99.8 

I22.I 

NaHCO2    . 

12-9 

24.1 

48.2 

77-6 

IO2.2 

127.8 

152.0 

198.0 

239-4 

NaS04 

12.6 

25.0 

48.9 

74.2 

NaCl    .... 

12.3 

25.2 

52.1 

80.0 

I  II.O 

143.0 

176.5 

NaBrO3 

I2.I 

25.0 

54-i 

81.3 

108.8 

136.0 

NaBr   .... 

12.6 

25'9 

57-o 

89.2 

124.2 

J59-5 

'97-5 

268.0 

Nal      .... 

12.1 

25.6 

60.2 

99-5 

136-7 

177-5 

22I.O 

301-5 

370.0 

Na4P2O7      . 

13.2 

22.0 

Na2CO3        . 

14-3 

27-3 

53-5 

80.2 

I  II.O 

Na2C2O4      .         .         . 

M-5 

30.0 

65.8 

105.8 

146.0 

Na2WO4      . 

I4.8 

33-6 

7r.6 

"5-7 

162.6 

Na3PO4 

I6.S 

30.0 

52-S 

(NaP03)3    • 

17.1 

36.5 

NH4NO3     . 

12.8 

22.O 

42.1 

62.7 

82.9 

103.8 

I2I.O 

152.2 

180.0 

(NH4)2SiFl6 

"•5 

25.0 

44-5 

NH4C1 

I2.O 

237 

45-1 

69-3 

94.2 

118.5 

138.2 

179.0 

213.8 

NH4HSO4  . 

II.5 

22.O 

46.8 

71.0 

94-5 

118. 

139.0 

181.2 

2  1  8.0 

(NH4)2S04.        .        . 

II.O 

24.0 

46.5 

69.5 

93-° 

117.0 

I4I.8 

NH4Br 

II-9 

23-9' 

48.8 

74-i 

99.4 

121.5 

M5-5 

190.2 

228.5 

NH4I  .... 

12.9 

2S.I 

49-8 

78-5 

104.5 

132-3 

156.0 

2OO.O 

243-5 

NiSO4 

5-° 

10.2 

21.5 

NiCl2  .... 

16.1 

37-o 

86.7 

147.0 

212.8 

Ni(N03)2    . 

16.1 

37-3 

9i-3 

156.2 

235-o 

Pb(N03)2    . 

12.3 

23-5 

45-° 

63.0 

Sr(S03)2      .        .        . 

7.2 

20.3 

47.0 

Sr(N03)2     .        .       yj 

15.8 

31.0 

64.0 

97-4 

i3M 

\  SrCI2  .                          . 

16.8 

38.8 

91.4 

156.8 

223.3 

281.5 

SrBr2  .         .     '   .         .'-\ 

17.8 

42.0 

IOI.I 

179.0 

267.0 

ZnS04          .         .   '     .1 

4-9 

10.4 

21.5 

42.1 

66.2 

ZnCl2  .         .         .         t\ 

9.2 

18.7 

46.2 

75-o 

107.0 

'53-o 

195.0 

Zn(N03)2     .         .        .' 

16.6 

39-o 

93-5 

157-5 

223.8 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


195 


TABLE  2O3. 

RISE    OF    BOILING-POINT  PRODUCED   BY  SALTS   DISSOLVED  IN  WATER.* 

This  table  gives  the  number  of  grammes  of  the  salt  which,  when  dissolved  in  100  grammes  of  water,  will  raise  the 
boiling-point  by  the  amount  stated  in  the  headings  of  the  different  columns.  The  pressure  is  supposed  to  be  76 
centimetres. 


Salt. 

i«c 

2° 

3° 

4° 

5" 

7° 

10° 

15° 

20° 

25' 

BaCl2  +  2H20    . 

I 

5.0 

3I-1 

47-3 

63-5 

(7I-6  g 

ives  4° 

.5  rise 

of  temi 

'.) 

CaCU           .         . 

to 

11.5 

16.5 

2I.O 

25.0 

32.0 

4i-5|     55-5 

69.0 

84.5 

Ca(NO3)2  +  2H2O     . 

I 

2.0 

25-5 

39-5 

53-5 

68.5 

98.7 

152.51    2400 

331-5 

443-5 

KOH 

4-7 

9-3 

13.6 

17.4 

20.5 

26.4 

34-5  i      47-o 

57-5 

67-3 

KC2H3O2    . 

6.0 

12.0 

1  8.0 

24.5 

31.0 

44-o 

98.0 

134.0 

KC1     .        ..       .        . 

9-* 

I6.7 

23-4 

29.9 

36.2 

48.4 

(57.4  gives  a  rise  of  8°.  5) 

K2CO3 

11.5 

22.5 

32.0 

40.0 

47-5 

60.5 

78.5 

I03-5 

127-5 

J52-5 

KC103 

13.2 

27.8 

44-6 

62.2 

KI       . 

15.0 

30.0 

45-o 

60.0 

74-o 

99-5 

134. 

185.0 

(220  gives  i8°.5) 

KNO3 

'5-2 

3I.O 

47-5 

64-5 

82.0 

120.5 

188.5 

33»-5 

K2C4H4O6  +  ^H2O    . 

18.0 

36.0 

54-o 

72.0 

90.0 

126.5 

182.0 

284.0 

KNaC4H4O6       . 

J7-3 

34-5 

5'-3 

68.1 

84.8 

119.0 

171.0 

272.5 

390.0 

510.0 

KNaC4H4O6  +  4H2O 

25.0 

53-5 

84.0 

118.0 

I57-o 

266.0 

554-o 

5510.0 

LiCl'  .... 

3-5 

7-o 

IO.O 

12.5 

15.0 

18.5 

26.0 

35-o 

42.5 

50.0 

LiCl+2H2O      . 

6-5 

13.0 

»9-5 

26.0 

32.0 

44.0 

62.0 

92.0 

123.0 

160.5 

MgCl2  +  6H2O  . 

II.O 

22.O 

33.0 

44.0 

^55-o 

77-o 

I  IO.O 

170.0 

241.0 

334-5 

MgSO4  -|-  7H2O 

4 

I.C 

87-5 

138.0 

196.0 

NaOH 

4-3 

8.0 

"•3 

H-3 

17.0 

22.4 

30.0 

41.0 

51.0 

60.  i 

NaCl  .... 
NaNO3 

6.6 
9.0 

12.4 
18.5 

17.2 
28.0 

2I-5 
38.0 

25-5 
48.0 

&i 

(40.7 

99-5 

jives  8° 
156.0 

.8  rise) 

222.O 

NaC2H3Oo  +  3H.,O   . 

14.9 

30.0 

46.1 

62.5 

79-7 

118.1 

194.0 

484.0 

6250.0 

Na2S203      .         .         . 

14.0 

27.0 

39-o 

49-5 

59-o 

76.0 

104.0 

147.0 

214.5 

302.0 

NaoHPO4   . 

17.2 

34-4 

5i-4 

68.4 

85-3 

Na2C4H406  +  2H2O  . 

21.4 

44-4 

68.2 

93-9 

121.3 

183.0 

(237.3  gives  8°4  rise) 

Na2S2O3  +  5^2O 

23.8 

50.0 

78.6 

108.1 

139-3 

2  1  6.0 

400.0^ 

1765.0 

Na2CO3  4-  ioH2O      . 

34-i 

86.7 

177.6 

369.4 

1052.9 

NaoB4O7  +  ioH2O     . 

39- 

93-2 

254.2 

898.5 

(5555-5  gives  4°-5  rise) 

NH4C1 

6-5 

12.8 

19.0 

24.7 

29.7 

39-6 

56.2 

88.5 

NH4N03     . 

IO.O 

2O.O 

30.0 

41.0 

52.0 

74.0 

io8>o 

172.0 

248.0 

337-o 

NH4SO4     . 

iS-4 

30.1 

44-2 

58.0 

71.8 

99.1 

(115.3  gives 

108.2) 

SrCl3  4-  6H2O    . 

20.0 

40.0 

60.0 

81.0 

103.0 

150.0 

234.0 

524.0 

Sr(N08)a     • 

24.0 

45-o 

63.6 

81.4 

97.6 

C4H606       . 

17.0 

34-4 

52.0 

70.0 

87.0 

123.0 

177.0 

273.0 

374-0 

484.0 

C2H2O4  4-  2H20 

I9.O 

40.0 

.62.0 

86.0 

II2.O 

169.0 

262.0 

536-° 

1316.0 

50000.0 

C6H807  +  H20 

29.0 

58.0 

87.0 

1  1  6.0 

145.0 

208.0 

320.0 

553-o 

952.0 

Salt.                     40° 

60° 

80° 

100° 

120  > 

140° 

160°       180°       200°      240° 

CaCl2   .        .        .     137.5 

222.0 

314.0 

KOH   .        .        .      92.5 

I2I.7 

152.6 

185.0 

219.8 

263.1 

312.5      375.0      444.4    623.0 

NaOH          .        .      93.5 

150.8 

230.0 

345-o 

526-3 

800.0 

1  333-0   2353.0  6452.0 

NH4N03      .        .    682.0 

1370.0 

2400.0 

4099.0 

8547.0 

oo 

C4H6Oe        •        •    980.0 

3774-0 

'infinity  gives  170) 

*  Compiled  from  a  paper  by  Gerlach,  "  Zeit.  f.  Anal.  Chem."  vol.  26. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

196 


TABLE  2O4. 


CONDUCTIVITY    FOR    HEAT. 

Metals  and  Alloys. 

The  coefficient  k  is  the  quantity  of  heat  in  therms  which  is  transmitted  per  second  through  a  plate  one  centimetre 
thick  per  square  centimetre  of  its  surface  when  the  difference  of  temperature  between  the  two  faces  of  the  plate 
is  one  degree  Centigrade.  The  coefficient  k  is  found  to  vary  with  the  absolute  temperature  of  the  plate,  and  is  ex- 
pressed approximately  by  the  equation  kt=^k0  (i  -f-  at).  In  the  table  k0  is  the  value  of  kt  for  o°  C.,  t  the  tempera- 
ture Centigrade,  and  a  a  constant. 


Substance.                  ,  t 

fc, 

a 

0 

Substance. 

t 

fct 

6. 

s 

5 

Aluminium    .     . 

0-3435  I 
•36l9  f 

.0005356 

I 

Clay  slate, 
(Devonshire)  . 

.00272 

6 

Antimony  .     .     .  < 

.0442  1 
.0396  j 

—  .001041 

I 

Granite  .     .  i  . 

i  from 
{     to 

— 

.00510 

.00550 

I6 

Bismuth     .     .     .  < 

.0177  1 
.0164  ) 

—  .000735 

I 

Slate  : 
along   cleav-  j  from 

_ 

.00550 

u 

Brass  (yellow)    .  | 

.2041  1 
.2540  J 

.002445 

I 

age  . 
across  cleav- 

to 
from 

_ 

.00650 

.00315 

I  - 

I  6 

"      <«*>     '     '{      100 

.2460  i 
.2827  f 

.001492 

I 

age  .     .     . 
Marbles,       in- 

to 

— 

.00360 

r 

Cadmium  .     .     .  < 

.2200  | 
.2045  J 

—  .000705 

I 

cluding  lime- 
stone,      cal- 

from 

_ 

.00470 

U 

(       o 

I.O4O5 

.000039 

2 

c  i  t  e,     and 

to 

- 

.00560 

r 

Copper      .     .     .  <       o 
(      zoo 

.7226  ) 

.000051 

I 

compact   do- 
lomite     .    . 

German  silver    .  < 

.0700} 
.0887  J 

.002670 

I 

Micaceous  flagstone  : 
along  cleavage    .     . 

_ 

.00632 

6 

(  i        o 

!  Iron       .     .     .     .  < 

|        IOO 

.1665  ( 
.1627  \ 

—  .000228 

I 

across  cleavage  .     . 
Sand  (white  dry)  .     . 

~ 

.00441 

.00093 

6 
6 

"     (wrought)  *  <  ! 

.2070  / 

.1567  j 
.0836  I 

^~  .oooS(3i 

3 

Sandstone  and  i 
hard  grit< 
(dry)    .     .     .( 

from 
to 

- 

•00545 
.00565 

\6 

'      '  (        IOO 

.0764  > 

I 

Serpentine 

t  i     o 

.0148  i 

(Cornwall  red)    .     . 

- 

.00441 

6 

Mercury    .     .     .  <       50 

.0189  f 

4 

(     O-IOO 

.0201 

.001267 

2 

Snow      in      compact 

Magnesium    .     .      o—  100 

.7760 

.000000 

I 

layers 

_ 

.000  t;i 

7 

Steel  (hard)   .     . 

j^. 
.0620 

5 

Plaster  of  Paris 

- 

.0013 

/ 

6 

"      (soft)    .     . 

.IIIO 

- 

5 

Pasteboard  . 

— 

.00045 

8 

Silver    ....          o 

1.0960 

- 

4 

Strawboard  .     . 

- 

.00033 

8 

rr-                                       \  '.        O 

Tin  .                    .  < 

.1528) 
•1423  } 

—.000687 

i 

Paraffin    .     .     . 

( 

o 

.00014 
.00023 

8 
9 

\        IOO 

Wood's  alloy 

•0319  j. 

- 

4 

( 

IOO 

.00168 

9 



2 

Sawdust 

.OOOI  2 

8 

' 

Vulcanite      .     . 

_ 

.00087 

10 

Vulcanized 

from 

- 

.00034 

6 

rubber  (soft)  )    to 

- 

.OOO54 

6 

Wood,  Fir  : 

parallel  to  axis   .     . 

- 

.0003 

8 

perpendicular 

to 

axis    . 

—. 

.OOOO9 

8 

Wax  (bees)  .     . 

•     • 

- 

.00009 

8 

AUTHORITIES. 

i  Lorenz.          3  J.  Forbes.                  5  Kohlrausch.           7  Hjeltstrom.           9  R.  Weber. 

2  Berget.           4  H.  F.  Weber.          6  H.  L.  &  D.t           8  G.  Forbes.           10  Stefan. 

*  A  repetition  of  Forties's  experiments  by  Mitchell,  under  the  direction  of  Tail,  shows  the  conductivity  to  increase 
with  rise  of  temperature.     (Trans.  R.  S.  E.  vol.  33,  1887.) 

t  Herschel,  Lebour,  and  Dunn  (British  Association  Committee). 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

197 


TABLES  2O5-208. 

CONDUCTIVITY    FOR    HEAT. 

TABLE  205.  —  Various  Substances.  TABLE  206.  —  Water  and  Salt  Solutions. 


Au- 

Substance. 

t 

*t 

thor- 

ity. 

Carbon  

o 

.  00040  z 

I 

Cement      .... 

o 

.000162 

I 

Cork      

o 

.OOO7  1  7 

I 

Cotton  wool  .     .     . 

o 

.OOOO43 

I 

Cotton  pressed  .     . 

- 

.000033 

I 

Chalk    



.OO2OOO 

•7 

Ebonite      .... 

49 

.000370 

2 

Felt  

o 

.000087 

I 

Flannel      .... 

0 

.000035 

I 

,-,,         \  from  .     .     . 
Glass'jto.     .     .     . 

: 

.0005       ) 
.0023       J 

3 

Horn     

_ 

.000087 

i 

Haircloth  .... 

_ 

.000042 

i 

Ice    . 

: 

.00223 
.00568 

i 
4 

j 

Caen  stone  (build-  | 
ing  limestone)  .  \ 

- 

•00433 

2 

Calcareous  sand-     \ 

stone  (freestone)  j 

.OO2  1  1 

AUTHORITIES. 

I  G.  Forbes.             3  Various. 

2  H.,  L.,  &  D.*        4  Neumann. 

Au- 

Substance. 

Density. 

t 

*i 

thor- 

ity. 

Water      .     . 

_ 

_ 

.002 

I 

1 

- 

0 

.OOI2O 

2 

' 

- 

9-15 

.00136 

2 

•     • 

- 

4 

.OOI29 

3 

.     . 

- 

30 

.00157 

4 

~ 

18 

.OOI24 

5 

Solutions  in 

water. 

CuSO4     .     . 

1.160 

4-4 

.001  1  8 

2 

KC1     .     .     . 

1.026 

13 

.00116 

4 

NaCl  .     .     . 

3,H% 

10-18 

.00267 

6 

H2S04     .     . 

•054 

20.5 

.00126 

5 

•     • 

.100 

20.5 

.00128 

5 

ZnSO4      .     . 

.180 
•134 

21 

4-5 

.00130 
.00118 

5 

2 

• 

.136 

4-5 

.001  15 

2 

AUTHORITIES. 

i  Bottomlev.                4  Graetz. 

2  H.  F.  Weber.           5  Chree. 

3  Wachsmuth.              6  Winkelmann. 

TABLE  207.  —  Organic  Liquids. 


TABLE  208.  — Gases. 


Substance. 

t 

kt 

1 

3 

< 

Acetic  acid  .     .     . 

9-i  S 

.472 

_ 

I 

Alcohols  :  amyl    . 

9-'5 

.328 

- 

I 

ethvl    . 

9-15 

•423 

- 

methyl 

•495 

- 

\  Carbon  disulphide 

9-'  5 

•343 

- 

Chloroform  .     .     . 

9-15 

.288 

- 

Ether  

Q—  I  C 

^QT 



Glycerine     .     .     . 

•637 

O.I  2 

2 

Oils  :  olive  .     .     . 

- 

•39.S 

- 

3 

castor     .     . 

- 

.425 

- 

3 

petroleum  . 

IJ 

•3SS 

.on 

2 

turpentine  . 

'3 

•325 

.0067 

2 

AUTHORITIES. 

i  H.  F.  Weber.   2  Graetz.   3  Wachsmuth. 

Substance. 

t 

X  1000 

a 

Authority.  1 

Air      

o 

Q 
O 
0 

.568 
.458 

•499 
•307 

.00190 
.00548 

Ammonia    .     .     . 
Carbon  monoxide 
"      dioxide    . 

Ethvlene      .     .     . 
Hydrogen    .     .     . 
Methane.     .     .     . 

0 
0 

7-8 

•395 

•327 
.647 

.00445 
.00175 

Nitrogen       .     .     . 
Nitrous  oxide  .     . 
Oxygen    .... 

7-8 
7-8 
7-8 

•524 
•350 
•563 

.00446 

AUTHORITY. 

i  Winkelmann. 

*  Herschel,  Lebour,  and  Dunn  (British  Association  Committee). 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE   209. 


FREEZING    MIXTURES.* 


Column  i  gives  the  name  of  the  principal  refrigerating  substance,  A  the  proportion  of  that  substance,  B  the  propor- 
tion of  a  second  substance  named  in  the  column,  C  the  proportion  of  a  third  substance,  D  the  temperature  of 
the  substances  before  mixture,  E  the  temperature  of  the  mixture,  /"'  the  lowering  of  temperature,  G  the  tempera- 
ture when  all  snow  is  melted,  when  snow  is  used,  and  //  the  amount  of  heat  absorbed  in  heat  units  (therms  when 
A  is  grammes).  Temperatures  are  in  Centigrade  degrees. 


Substance. 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

G 

H 

NaC2H3O2  (cryst.) 

»S 

II2O-ioo 

_ 

10.7 

—  4-7 

15-4 

_ 

_ 

NII4C1  . 

3° 

"       " 

- 

'3-3 

—  5-i 

18.4 

- 

- 

NaN03. 

'75 

"       " 

- 

13.2 

—  5-3 

18.5 

— 

— 

Na2S2O3  (cryst.)    . 

I  10 

«       i< 

- 

10.7 

—  8.0 

18.7 

- 

- 

KI. 

140 

«       a 

- 

10.8 

—  11.7 

22.5 

- 

- 

CaClo  (cryst.) 

250 

"       " 

- 

10.8 

—  12.4 

23.2 

- 

- 

NH4N08       .'«   . 

60 

"       " 

- 

13.6 

-13.6 

27.2 

— 

- 

(NH4)2S04    . 

25 

<"      5° 

NH4NO3-25 

26.0 

- 

- 

NH4C1  . 

25 

"          " 

- 

- 

22.O 

- 

- 

CaCl2     . 

25 

"        " 

"          " 

- 

- 

2O.O 

- 

- 

KNO3    . 

25 

"       " 

NH4Cl-25 

- 

- 

2O.O 

- 

- 

Na2SO4 

25 

"       " 

"        " 

- 

- 

ig.O 

- 

- 

NaNO3. 

"       " 

"        •' 

- 

- 

17.0 

- 

- 

KoSO4  . 

10 

Snow  100 

- 

— 

—  1.9 

0-9 

— 

Na2CO3  (cryst.)     . 

20 

"         " 

- 

— 

2.O 

1.0 

- 

- 

KNO3    . 

'3 

u            ii 

- 

— 

-2.8S 

1.85 

- 

- 

CaCl2     . 

3° 

"         " 

- 

— 

10-9 

9.9 

- 

- 

NH4C1  . 

25 

"         " 

- 

— 

—  15-4 

14.4 

- 

- 

NH4N03 

45 

II           II 

- 

— 

—  l6.75 

'5-75 

- 

- 

NaN03  . 

50 

"         " 

- 

— 

—  17-75 

'6-75 

- 

- 

NaCl      . 

33 

«          II 

- 

— 

—  21-3 

20.3 

- 

- 

"    1.097 

- 

— 

—  37-0 

36.0 

—  37-0 

o.o 

"    1.26 

- 

— 

—  36.0 

35-o 

—  30.2 

17.0 

H2SO4+H2O 
(66.i%H2S04) 

"  1.38 

2.52 
4-32 

- 

— 

—  35-° 
—  30.0 
-25.0 

34-o 
29.0 
24.0 

—  25.0 
—  12.4 

—  7-0 

27.0 
133-0 
273.0 

7.92 

— 

— 

—  2O.O 

19.0 

—  3-1 

553-° 

"  13.08 

- 

— 

—  16.0 

15.0 

2.1 

967.0 

o-35 

-              :, 

o 

- 

- 

0.0 

52.1 

•49 

- 

o 

- 

— 

—  19.7 

49-5 

.61 

- 

0 

- 

- 

—  39-0 

40-3 

CaCl2  +  6H2O      - 

.70 
"       .81 

_ 

o 
o 

- 

_ 

—  54-9t 
—  40-3 

30.0; 
46.8 

"     1-23 

- 

o 

- 

- 

—  21.5 

88.5 

2.46 

- 

o 

- 

- 

—  9.0 

192.3 

4.92 

- 

o 

- 

- 

—  4.0 

392-3 

Alcohol  at  4°        I 

77 

"   73 
CO2  solid 

_ 

0 

—  30.0 
—  72.0 

: 

: 

— 

Chloroform    . 

- 

"        " 

- 

- 

—  77.0 

- 

_ 

_ 

Ether     . 

- 

"       " 

- 

— 

—  77-6 

- 

_ 

_ 

Liquid  SO2    . 

- 

"       " 

- 

- 

—  82.0 

- 

- 

_ 

i 

H20-.7S 

- 

20 

5-° 

- 

- 

33-o 

i 

•94 

- 

20 

—  4.0 

- 

- 

21.0 

i 

"       " 

- 

10 

—  4.0 

- 

- 

34-o 

i 

<*       « 

— 

5 

—  4.0 

— 

— 

40.5 

i 

Snow      " 

- 

o 

—  4.0 

— 

- 

122.2 

NH4NO3       . 

i 

H2O-i.20 

- 

IO 

—  14.0 

- 

~ 

l7-9 

i 

Snow     " 

- 

o 

—  14.0 

- 

_ 

I29-5; 

i 

H2O-i.3i 

- 

IO 

-i7-5t 

- 

- 

10.6 

i 

Snow     " 

- 

o 

—  J7-5t 

- 

- 

*y-9 

i 

H20-3.6i 

- 

IO 

—  8.0 

- 

_ 

0.4 

i 

Snow     " 

o 

—  8.0 

327.0 

*  Compiled  from  the  results  of  Cailletet  and  Colardeau,  Hammer!,  Hanamann,  Moritz.  Pfanndler,  Rudorf,  and 
Tollinger. 

t  Lowest  tejnperature  obtained. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

199 


TABLE  210. 


CRITICAL     TEMPERATURES,    PRESSURES,    VOLUMES,    AND     DENSITIES 

OF    CASES.* 

6  =  Critical  temperature. 

/'=  Pressure  in  atmospheres. 

<t>=  Volume  referred  to  air  at  o°  and  76  centimetres  pressure. 

*/—  Density  in  grammes  per  cubic  centimetre. 


Substance.  • 

e 

P 

<?> 

d 

Observer. 

Air.     \         .         .         .        , 

—  140.0 

39-° 

Olszewski. 

Alcohol  (C2H6O)    . 

243.6 

62.76 

0.007  1  3 

0.288 

Ramsay  and  Young. 

•        •         « 

233-7 

- 

- 

- 

Jouk  (lowest  value 

recorded). 

"      (CH40)     .        ,        ." 

239-95 

78.5 

- 

- 

Ramsay  and  Young. 

Ammonia        ...» 

130.0 

115.0 

_ 

_ 

Dewar. 

Argon                                .         , 

I2I.O 

50.6 

- 

J-5 

Olszewski. 

288.5 

47.0 

0.0098  1 

o  -jc  c 

\T  o  u  n  GT  • 

Carbon  dioxide       .                 . 

30.92 

*T/  y 
77 

0.0066 

U-JJ,5 

Andrews. 

"       monoxide  . 

I4I.I 

35-9 

_• 

_' 

Wroblewski. 

"       disulphide  . 

277.7 

78.1 

- 

- 

Dewar. 

Chloroform     .        .        .     ''-, 

26O.O 

54-9 

- 

- 

Sajotschewski. 

Chlorine          .... 

I4I.O 

83-9 

_ 

_ 

Dewar. 

"                 .... 

148.0 

- 

- 

Ladenburg. 

Ether       

19.7 

35-77 

0.01584 

0.208 

Battelli. 

"           ..... 

1944 

35-6' 

0.01344 

0.246 

Ramsay  and  Young. 

Ethylene          .... 

9-2 

58.0 

— 

- 

Van  cier  Waals. 

• 

I3.0 

- 

0.00569 

0.21 

Cailletet. 

Hydrogen        .... 

—  220.0 

2O.O 

_ 

_ 

Olszewski. 

"         chloride 

5I-25 

86.0 

- 

- 

•  Ansdell. 

X                              U 

52-3 

86.0 

- 

0.61 

Dewar. 

"          sulphide 

IOO.O 

88.7 

- 

- 

Olszewski. 

Methane          .        .        . 

—81.8 

54-9 

- 

- 

" 

.... 

—99-5 

50.0 

- 

- 

Dewar. 

Nitric  oxide  (NO)  . 

—93-5 

71.2 

_ 

_ 

Olszewski. 

Nitrogen         .... 

—  146.0 

35-o 

- 

0.44 

" 

"                .... 

—  146.0 

33-o 

- 

- 

Wroblewski. 

"        monoxide  (NgO) 

354-o 

75-o 

- 

- 

Dewar. 

Oxygen    

—118.0 

50.0 

_ 

0.6044 

Wroblewski. 

Sulphur  dioxide 

155-4 

78.9 

- 

- 

Sajotschewski. 

'•             "... 

157.0 

- 

- 

- 

Clark." 

Water     

K&I 

_ 

0.001874 

0.420 

Nadejdine. 

ii 

*JJ 

370.0 

195-5 

.   ^      ,7 

Dewar. 

*  Abridged  for  the  most  part  from  Landolt  and  Boernstein's  "  Phys.  Chem.  Tab." 

NOTE.  —  Guldberg  shows  (Zeit.  fur  Phys.  Chem.  vol.  5,  p.  375)  that  for  a  large  number  of  organic  substances  the 
ratio  of  the  absolute  boiling  to  the  absolute  critical  temperature,  although  not  constant,  lies  between  0.58  and  0.7,  the 
majority  being  between  .65  and  .7.     Methane,  ethane,  and  ammonia  gave  approximately  0.58.     H,S  gave  .566,  and 
CS,,  N,O,  and  O  gave  about  .59. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

200 


TABLE  21 1 


HEAT    OF   COMBUSTION. 


Heat  of  combustion  of  some  common  organic  compounds. 
Products  of  combustion,  CO2  or  SO2  and  water,  which  is  assumed  to  be  in  a  state  of  vapor. 


Substance. 

Therms  per 
gramme  of 
substance. 

Authority. 

Acetylene    ..... 

11923 

Thomsen. 

Alcohols  :  Amyl     /    . 

8958 

Favre  and  Silbermann. 

Ethyl 

7183 

«        «               <i 

Methyl 

53°7 

«        <i               « 

Benzene      .        .        .        .     .  . 

9977 

Stohmann,  Kleber,  and  Langbein. 

Coals  :  Bituminous     . 

7400-8500 

Various. 

Anthracite 

7800 

Average  of  various. 

Lignite    .... 

6900 

" 

Coke      .... 

7000 

" 

Carbon  disulphide 

3244 

Berthelot. 

Dynamite,  75%  . 

1290 

Roux  and  Sarran. 

Gas  :  Coal  gas    .... 

5800-11000 

Mahler. 

Illuminating 

5200-5500 

Various. 

Methane    .... 

13063 

Favre  and  Silbermann. 

Naphthalene 

9618-9793 

Various. 

Gunpowder          .... 

720-750 

« 

Oils  :  Lard          .... 

9200-9400 

« 

Olive         .... 

9328-9442 

Stohmann. 

Petroleum,  Am.  crude 

11094 

Mahler. 

"              "     refined    . 

11045 

" 

"           Russian  . 

10800 

« 

Woods  :  Beech  with  12.9%  H2O 

4168 

Gottlieb. 

Birch     "      11.83       " 

4207 

H 

Oak       "      13.3         « 

399° 

« 

Pine       "      12.17       " 

4422  . 

" 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


201 


TABLE  212. 


HEAT   OF 

Heat  of  combination  of  elements  and  compounds  expressed  in  units,  such  that  when  unit  mass  of  the  substance  is 

units,  which  will  be  raised  in  temperature 


Substance. 

Combined 
with  oxygen 
forms  — 

Heat 
units. 

Combined 
with  chlorine 
forms  — 

Heat 

units. 

Combined 
with  sulphur 
forms  — 

Heat 
units. 

tf 

o 

•£•  • 

3    •? 
<- 

Calcium     .... 

CaO 

3284 

CaCl2 

4255 

CaS 

2300 

I 

Carbon  —  Diamond. 

CO2 

7859 

- 

- 

2 

"                   "         .         . 

CO 

2141 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3 

"      —  Graphite   . 

C02 

7796 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3 

Chlorine    .... 

Cl20 

—  254 

— 

- 

- 

- 

i 

Copper      .... 

Cu2O 

321 

CuCl 

520 

- 

- 

i 

" 

CuO 

585 

CuCljj 

819 

CuS 

158 

i 

« 

" 

593 

- 

— 

— 

— 

4 

Hydrogen* 

H2O 

34154 

HC1 

22OOO 

H2S 

2250 

3 

« 

" 

34800 

- 

- 

- 

- 

"         •        .        .        . 

" 

34417 

- 

- 

- 

- 

6 

Iron  

FeO 

!353 

FeCl2 

1464 

FeSH2O 

428 

3 

« 

- 

FeCl3 

1714 

— 

- 

3 

Iodine        .... 

I205 

177 

- 

- 

- 

Lead          .... 

PbO 

243 

PbCl2 

4OO 

PbS 

98 

Magnesium 

MgO 

6077 

MgCl2 

6291 

MgS 

3'9I 

Manganese 

MnOH2O 

1721 

MnCl2 

2042 

MnSH2O2 

841 

Mercury    .... 

Hg20 

105 

HgCl 

206 

- 

- 

"           .... 

HgO 

153 

HgCl2 

310 

HgS 

84 

Nitrogen* 

N2O 

-654 

- 

- 

"           .... 

NO 

—  i54i 

- 

- 

- 

- 

"           .... 

N02 

—  H3 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Phosphorus  (red) 

P205 

5272 

- 

- 

- 

- 

"              (yellow) 

" 

5747 

- 

- 

- 

- 

7 

"                    " 

" 

5964 

- 

— 

- 

- 

i 

Potassium 

K20 

1745 

KC1 

2705 

K2S 

1312 

8 

Silver         .... 

Ag20 

27 

AgCl 

271 

Ag2S 

24 

i 

Sodium      .         . 

Na2O 

3293 

NaCl 

4243 

Na2S 

1900 

8 

Sulphur     .... 

S02 

2241 

- 

- 

- 

- 

i 

"           .         .         . 

" 

2165 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

Tin    ...... 

SnO 

573 

SnCl2 

690 

- 

- 

4 

"      

- 

SnCl4 

1089 

- 

- 

7 

Zinc  

ZnO 

1185 

- 

- 

— 

— 

4 

ijH 

ZnCl2 

'495 

~ 

~ 

i 

Substance. 

Combined 
withS  +  Ot 
to  form  — 

Heat 
units. 

Combined 
with  N-f-Oa 
to  form  — 

Heat 
units. 

Combined 
withC  +  O3 
to  form  — 

Heat 

units. 

.Author- 
ity. 

Calcium     .... 

CaSO4 

7997 

Ca(N03)2 

5080 

CaC03 

6730 

Copper      .... 

CuSO4 

2887 

Cu(N03)2 

I3°4 

— 

- 

Hydrogen 

H2S04 

96450 

HNO3 

41500 

- 

- 

Iron  ..... 

FeSO4 

4208 

Fe(NO3)2 

2134 

— 

- 

Lead          .... 

PbSO4 

1047 

Pb(N03)2 

512 

PbCO3 

814 

Magnesium 

MgS04 

12596 

- 

- 

- 

Mercury    .... 

— 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Potassium 

K2SO4 

4416 

KN03 

306  r 

K2CO3 

3583 

Silver         .... 

Ag2S04 

776 

AgN03 

266 

Ag2C03 

561 

Sodium      . 

Na2SO4 

7119 

NaNOs 

4834 

Na2CO3 

5841 

Zinc  ..... 

ZnSO4 

3538 

~ 

~ 

" 

AUTHORITIES. 

i  Thomsen.        3  Favre  and  Silbermann.     5  Hess.                                            7  Andrews. 

2  Berthelot.       4  Joule.                                 6  Average  of  seven  different.      8  Woods. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  Combustion  at  constant  pressure. 
2O2 


TABLE  212. 


COMBINATION. 

caused  to  combine  with  oxygen  or  the   negative  radical,  the  numbers  indicate  the  amount  of  water,  in   the  same 
from  o^  to  i°  C.  by  the  addition  of  that  heat. 


In  dilute  solutions. 

£ 
o 

Substance. 

Forms  — 

Heat 
units. 

Forms  — 

Heat 
units. 

Forms  — 

Heat 

units. 

|S 

Calcium 

CaOHfO 

3734 

CaCl2H2O 

4690 

CaS  4-  H20 

2457 

i 

Carbon  —  Diamond  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

<>                   >i 

- 

- 

- 

- 

— 

- 

3 

"       —  Graphite    . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3 

Chlorine     .               .  ./ 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

i 

Copper       .         .       / 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

i 

"                              . 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

i 

"            ... 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

-    . 

4 

Hydrogen  .     •    *' 

_ 

•• 

~~ 

_ 

: 

_ 

3 

Iron   .         .         . 

FeO  -f  H2O 

1  220* 

FeCI2+H2O 

1785 

: 

_ 

3 

" 

- 

- 

FeCl3 

2280 

- 

- 

3 

Iodine 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Lead  .... 

_ 

_ 

PbCl.2 

368 

- 

- 

Magnesium 

MgO2H2 

9°5°t 

MgCl2 

7779 

MgS 

4784 

Manganese 

- 

- 

MnCl2 

2327 

- 

- 

Mercury     . 

- 

- 

- 

— 

- 

- 

"           ... 

- 

- 

HgCl2 

299 

- 

- 

Nitrogen    . 

_ 

_ 

_ 

: 

_ 

- 

Phosphorus  (red) 

_ 

_ 

_ 

: 

- 

(yellow)  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

7 

"                   " 

— 

— 

'            — 

— 

— 

— 

i 

Potassium  . 

K20 

2  IIO* 

KC1 

2592 

K2S 

1451 

8 

Silver 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

i 

Sodium 

Na20 

3375 

NaCl 

4190 

Na2S 

2260 

8 

Sulphur 

- 

- 

— 

— 

— 

i 

Tin     .... 

_ 

_ 

SnCl2 

691 

: 

- 

7 

" 

- 

- 

SnCl4 

1344 

- 

- 

7 

Zinc  .... 

- 

- 

- 

— 

- 

- 

4 

"      . 

— 

— 

ZnCl2 

'735 

~ 

— 

i 

In  dilute  solutions. 

0 

Substance. 

Forms  — 

Heat 

units. 

Forms  — 

Heat 
units. 

Forms  — 

Heat 
units. 

\* 

Calcium      .               (  . 

- 

Ca(N03)2 

5175 

_ 

_ 

Copper 
Hydrogen  . 
Iron   .... 

CuSO4 
H2S04 
FeS04 

3150 
IO53OO 
42IO 

Cu(N08)a 
HNO8 

Fe(N03)3 

1310 

2455° 
2134 

- 

- 

Lead  .... 

_ 

- 

Pb(N08)a 

475 

- 

- 

Magnesium 

MgS04 

13420 

Mg(N08)3 

8595 

- 

- 

Mercury     . 
Potassium  . 

K2S04 

4324 

Hg(N03)2 
KN03 

335 
2860 

_ 

_ 

Silver 

Ag2S04 

753 

AgN03 

216 

- 

- 

Sodium 

Na2SO4 

7160 

NaNO3 

4620 

Na2CO8 

5995 

Zinc   .... 

ZnSO4 

3820 

Zn(N03)2 

2035 

" 

~ 

AUTHORITIES. 

i  Thomsen.         3  Favre  and  Silbermann.      5  Hess.                                          7  Andrews. 

2  Berthelot.         4  Joule.                                    6  Average  of  seven  different.    8  Woods. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  Thomsen.  t  Total  heat  from  elements. 

203 


TABLE  213. 


LATENT    HEAT   OF    VAPORIZATION, 


The  temperature  of  vaporization  in  degrees  Centigrade  is  indicated  by  T ;  the  latent  heat  in  calories  per  kilogramme 
or  in  therms  per  gramme  by  H ;  the  total  heat  from  o°  C.  in  the  same  units  by  H'.  The  pressure  is  that  due  to 
the  vapor  at  the  temperature  7". 


Substance. 

Formula. 

T 

H 

HI 

Authority. 

Acetic  acid     .    -    . 

C2H402 

118° 

84.9 

- 

Ogier. 

Alcohol  :  Amyl      .         . 

C5H120 

131 

120 

- 

Schall. 

Ethyl      . 

C2H60 

_ 

2O9 

- 

Favre  and  Silbermann. 

.         .        . 

" 

78.1 

205 

255 

Wirtz. 

" 

o 

236 

236 

Regnault. 

... 

" 

5° 

264 

" 

... 

" 

IOO 

- 

267 

" 

" 

150 

- 

285 

" 

Methyl    .         . 

CH4O 

64.5 

2.67 

307 

Wirtz. 

'         .         .        . 

" 

o 

289 

289 

Ramsay  and  Young. 

'         .         .         . 

" 

5° 

— 

274 

"                     ' 

'         .         .         . 

" 

IOO 

- 

246 

ii                     i 

'         .'       . 

" 

150 

- 

206 

ii                     i 

'         .         .         . 

" 

200 

— 

152 

11                     i 

'         .         .         . 

" 

238.5 

- 

44-2 

"                     ' 

Ammonia       .... 

NH3 

7-8 

294.2 

- 

Regnault. 

"             .... 

" 

ii 

291.3 

- 

" 

"             .... 

" 

16 

297.4 

- 

" 

.... 

•      " 

17 

296.5 

- 

" 

Benzene          .... 

C6H6 

80.  i 

92.9 

127.9 

Wirtz. 

Bromine          .... 

Ba 

88 

45-6 

- 

Andrews. 

Carbon  dioxide,  solid 

CO2 

_ 

_ 

138-7 

Favre. 

liquid   . 

" 

—  25 

72-23 

- 

Cailletet  and  Mathias. 

ii            u 

" 

o 

57.48 

- 

u           u           i> 

"            "                    •           I 

" 

12.35 

44-97 

- 

Mathias. 

"            "                    .         . 

" 

22.04 

31.8 

— 

" 

ii            11 

" 

29.85 

14.4 

- 

" 

.         . 

• 

30.82 

3-72 

- 

u 

"       disulphide 

CS2 

46.1 

83.8 

94.8 

Wirtz. 

"               "                  . 

II 

0 

90 

90 

Regnault. 

"               "                  .         . 

" 

IOO 

- 

100.5 

" 

ii               » 

** 

140 

- 

102.4 

" 

Chloroform     . 

CHC13 

60.9 

58-5 

78.8 

Wirtz. 

Ether      .        ... 

C4H100 

34-5 

88.4 

107 

« 

"        -  . 

" 

34-9 

9°-5 

Andrews. 

"      •  '  . 

" 

o 

94 

94 

Regnault. 

..... 

" 

5° 

- 

115.1 

" 

.        . 

11 

120 

- 

140 

" 

Iodine     .        .        .        .        . 

I 

- 

2-95 

- 

Favre  and  Silbermann. 

Sulphur  dioxide      .         .         .' 

SO2 

O 

91.2 

_ 

Cailletet  and  Mathias. 

"             "           ... 

" 

3° 

80.5 

— 

u          11          ii 

ii             u 

" 

65 

68.4 

— 

u 

Turpentine     .... 

C10H10 

'59-3 

74.04 

- 

Brix. 

Water    .                 .'      '. 

H20 

IOO 

535-9 

_ 

Andrews. 

u 

IOO 

637 

Regnault. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


2O4 


TABLE  2 13. 


LATENT    HEAT   OF    VAPORIZATION.* 


Substance,  formula,  and 
temperature. 

/r=  total  heat  from  fluid  at  g°  to  vapor  at  f. 
r  =  latent  heat  at  A"1. 

Authority. 

Acetone, 
C3H60, 

-  3°  to  14?°- 

/=  140.5  +  0.36644  /  —  0.000516  ft 
*=  '39-9  +  0.23356  /  +  0.00055358/2 
r  =  139.9  —  0.27287  /  +  0.0001571  ft 

Kegnault. 

Winkelmann. 
« 

Benzene, 
CeHe, 
7°  to  215°. 

1=  109.0  -f  0.24429^  —  0.0001315/3 

Regnault. 

Carbon  dioxide, 

CO* 

—  25°  to  31°. 

t*=  f  18.485  (31  —  t)  —  0.4707  (31  —ft) 

Cailletet  and 
Mathias. 

Carbon  disulphide, 
CS2, 
—  6°  to  143°. 

/  =  9O.o  +  0.14601  t  —  0.000412  ft 
/  =  8g-5  -j-  0.16993  /  —  0.0010161  ft-{-  0.000003424  fl 
r  =  89.5  —  0.06530  1  —  0.0010976  ft  -j-  0.000003424  fl 

Regnault. 
Winkelmann. 

Carbon  tetrachloride, 
CC14, 
8°  to  163°. 

/=  52.0  +  o.  14625  /  —  0.000172  ft 
1  =  5  1  .9  4-  o.  1  7867  t  —  0.0009599  ft  +  0.000003733  /* 
r=  51.9  —  0.01931  t  —  0.0010505  ft  +'  0.000003733  fl 

Regnault. 
Winkelmann. 

Chloroform, 

CHClg, 

—  5°  to  159°. 

1  =  67.0  -f-  o.i  375  1 
/  =  67.o-f-  o.i47i6/  —  0.0000437  ft 
r  =  67.0  —  0.08519  /  —  0.0001444  1'2 

Regnault. 

Winkelmann. 
u 

Nitrous  oxide, 
N2O, 

—  20°  tO  36°. 

r*=  131.75  (36.4  —  /)  —  0.928  (36.4  —  /)2 

Cailletet  and 
Mathias. 

Sulphur  dioxide, 
S02, 
o°  to  60°. 

r  =    91  .87  —  0.3842  t  —  0.000340  ft 

Mathias. 

*  Quoted  from  Landolt  and  Boernstein's  "  Phys.  Chem.  Tab."  p.  350. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

205 


TABLE  214, 


LATENT   HEAT  OF  FUSION. 


This  table  contains  the  latent  heat  of  fusion  of  a  number  of  solid  substances.  It  has  been  compiled  principally  from 
Landolt  and  Boernstem's  tables.  C  indicates  the  composition,  '!'  the  temperature  Centigrade,  and  H  -the  latent 
heat. 


Substance. 

C 

T 

H 

Authority. 

Alloys:  30.5?!:)  -f-  69.580   .        '. 

PbSn4 

I83 

17 

Spring. 

36.gPb  -j-  6i.3Sn  . 

PbSn3 

179 

'5-5 

" 

63.7Pb  +  36.3Sn   . 

PbSn 

177-5 

n.6 

" 

77.8Pb  -j-  22.2Sn  . 

Pb2Sn 

176-5 

9-54 

" 

Britannia  metal,  9811  -)-  i  Pb 

- 

236 

28.0* 

Ledebur. 

Rose's  alloy, 

24Pb  +  27-38n  -f-  48.7Bi 

- 

98.8 

6.85 

Mazzotto. 

tir          it         n           I    2^.ol'l)  —  1—   I4.7ol1    I 

Wood  s  alloy  <    f    ^    •  ,'•  _i7.  /^j  ( 

- 

75-5 

8.40 

" 

Bromine      .         .         .         .         .    ; 

Br 

—7-32 

16.2 

Regnault. 

Bismuth       .       '..-.-.         i 

Bi 

266.8 

12.64 

Person. 

Benzene      .  '      !. 

CCH6 

5-3 

30-85 

Fischer. 

Cadmium    ..... 

Cd 

320.7 

13-66 

Person. 

Calcium  chloride 

CaCl2  +  6H2O 

28.5 

40.7 

" 

Iron,  Gray  cast  

- 

2.3 

Gruner. 

White  "     ..-:"• 

- 

- 

33 

" 

Slag  

- 

- 

5° 

" 

Iodine          ..... 

I 

- 

11.71 

Favre  and  Silbermann. 

Ice       .         .         .    -    • 

H2O 

0 

79.24 

Regnault. 

"        .        '.         .      '  .     •    .         . 

" 

o 

80.02 

Bunsen. 

"     (from  sea-water) 

{H.O  +  3.S3SI 
J      of  solids      j 

-8-7 

54-o 

Petterson. 

Lead   ...... 

Pb 

325 

5-86 

Rudberg. 

Mercury      

Hg 

2.82 

Person. 

Naphthalene       .... 

79.87 

35-62 

Pickering. 

Palladium    ... 

Pd  * 

(1500)? 

36-3 

Violle. 

Phosphorus         .... 

P 

40-05 

4-97 

Petterson. 

Potassium  nitrate 

KNO3 

333-5 

48.9 

Person. 

Phenol         .         .        . 

C6H60 

25-37 

24-93 

Petterson. 

Paraffin                         I 

- 

52.40 

Batelli. 

Silver           ..... 

Ag 

999 

21.07 

Person. 

Sodium  nitrate    .         .         . 

NaNO3 

64.87 

" 

Sodium  phosphate 

(  Na2HP04  ) 
\    +  I2H20   J 

36.1 

66.8 

" 

Spermaceti          .... 

- 

43-9 

36-98 

Batelli. 

Sulphur       .         .         .         .         . 

S 

"5 

9-37 

Person. 

Wax  (bees)          .... 

•  -     . 

61.8 

42-3 

" 

Zinc    -      .      -  . 

Zn 

4I5-3 

28.13 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  Total  heat  from  o°  C. 


206 


MELTING-POINT   OF   CHEMICAL    ELEMENTS. 


TABLE  215. 


The  melting-points  of  the  chemical  elements  are  in  many  cases  somewhat  uncertain,  owing  to  the  very  different 
results  obtained  by  different  observers.  This  table  gives  the  extreme  values  recorded  except  in  a  few  cases  where 
one  observation  differed  so  mucji  from  all  others  as  to  make  its  accuracy  extremely  improbable.  The  column 
headed  "  Mean  "  gives  a  probable  average  value. 


Range. 

^ 

Range. 

V 

> 

tm 

Substance. 

Min. 

Max. 

L'.lll 

I 

O 

Substance. 

Min. 

Max. 

Mean. 

% 

i 

Aluminium  . 

("*  O 

6co. 

C.° 

850. 

C.° 
625. 

Lithium   .     .     . 

C. 

c..u 

180. 

13 

Antimony     . 

425. 

450- 

435- 

Magnesium  . 

75°- 

800. 

775- 

»3 

Arsenic    .     .     . 

bet.  Sb  anu  Ag 

I 

Manganese  . 

- 

1900. 

14 

Barium    .     .     . 

above  that  of  cast  iron 

2 

Mercury  .     . 

—  38-  5t 

—39-44 

—39-04 

Beryllium 

below  that  of  silver 

3 

Molybdenum    . 

above  white  heat 

15 

Bismuth  .     .     . 

266.8 

269.2 

268.1 

Nickel      .     .     . 

1450. 

1600. 

1500. 

Boron,  amorph 

melts  in  elect,  arc 

4 

Osmium  .     . 

- 

2500. 

16 

Bromine  .     .     . 

—7.2 

—7-3 

—7-27 

Nitrogen       .     . 

—203. 

—214. 

—208. 

Cadmium    .;  ^ 

3'5- 

321. 

318. 

Palladium     .     . 

'35°- 

1950. 

1600. 

Caesium  .     .     . 

26.5 

5 

Phosphorus 

44.2 

44-4 

44.25 

Chlorine,  liquid 

- 

- 

—  1  02. 

6 

Platinum 

1775- 

22OO. 

1900. 

Chromium   . 

above  that  of  platinum 

7 

Potassium    . 

55- 

63- 

60. 

Cobalt      .     .     . 

1  500.      1  800. 

1650. 

Rhodium      .     . 

2OOO. 

16 

Copper    .     .     . 

1050.      1330. 

1  100. 

Rubidium     .     . 

- 

38.5 

Gallium   .     . 

3°-  !  5 

8 

Ruthenium  .     . 

- 

- 

I800. 

Germanium 

- 

900. 

9 

Silenium  .     . 

- 

217. 

17 

Gold    .... 

1035- 

1250. 

1080. 

Silicon 

bet.  cast  iron  and  steel 

7 

Indium     .     .     . 

- 

176. 

10 

Silver  .... 

916. 

1040.      950. 

Iodine      .     . 

107. 

115. 

112. 

Sodium    .     . 

95-6 

—97.6     97.6 

Iridium    . 

1950.      1500. 

2225. 

Strontium     .     . 

red  heat 

18 

Iron  (pure)  . 

1500.      1800. 

J635- 

Sulphur  .     .     . 

in. 

1  20. 

II5.I 

"     (white  pig) 

1050. 

I  ICO. 

1075- 

Tellurium     .     .       452. 

525- 

470. 

"     (gray  pig) 

noo.     2275. 

1  200. 

Thallium      .     .       288. 

290. 

289. 

Steel    .... 

1300.     1400. 

1360. 

Tin      ....      226.1; 

235- 

230. 

"     (cast)  .     . 

-           — 

1375- 

1  1 

Tungsten     .    above  that  of  manganese 

'9 

Lanthanum  .     . 

between  Sb  and  Ag 

12 

Zinc     ....      400.        433. 

4I5- 

Lead   .... 

322. 

335- 

326. 

i 

1  Mallet.                    (i  Olszewski,  1884.     *>  Winkler,  1867.         u  Carnelley,  1879. 

2  Frey.                       ~  Deville,  1856.          »  Ledebur,  1881.         15  Buchholz.              *»  Wohler. 

3  Debray.                  8  Lecoq  de  Bois-       12  Hildebrand  and      16  Pictet,  1879. 

4  Despretz.                      baudran,  1876.           Norton,  1875.         n  Hittorf,  1851. 

5  Setterberg,  1882.    9  Winkler,  1886.        13  Bunsen.                     18  Matthieson,  1855. 

BOILING-POINT    OF   CHEMICAL    ELEMENTS. 


TABLE  216. 


The  column  headed  "  Range  "  gives  the  extremes  of  the  records  found.     Where  the  results  are  from  one  observer 
the  authority  is  quoted  with  date  of  publication. 


Range. 

i 

i. 

c 

Range. 

S 

Min. 

Max. 

£ 

0 

Min. 

Max. 

.S 

O 

Aluminium  .     . 

abov 

e  white 

heat 

I 

Nitrogen  .     .     . 

_ 

_ 

—194.4 

8 

Antimony     .     . 

1470. 

1700. 

>535- 

Oxygen     .     .     .  j  —  181. 

—  184. 

-183. 

Arsenic    .     .     . 

449- 

45°- 

2 

Ozone  ....         - 

- 

—  106. 

9 

Bismuth  . 

1090. 

1700. 

1413- 

Phosphorus      .  :  287.3 

20X). 

288. 

Bromine  .     .     . 

59-27 

63-05 

62.08 

Potassium     .     . 

667. 

725. 

695. 

Cadmium     .     . 

720. 

860. 

779- 

Selenium 

664. 

683. 

67  S- 

Chlorine  .     .     . 

- 

-  - 

-31-6 

3 

Sodium    .     .     . 

742. 

907. 

82  S. 

Iodine      .     . 

over  200° 

4 

Sulphur  .     .     . 

447- 

448.4 

448.1 

Lead    .... 

bet.  1450°  and  1600° 

5 

Thallium  .     .     . 

1600. 

1800. 

1700. 

Magnesium  .     . 

- 

•    - 

IIOO. 

6 

Tin      .... 

bet.  1450°  and  1600° 

Mercury  k     ..    ;• 

— 

"• 

357- 

7 

Zinc     .     . 

891. 

1040. 

958- 

1  Deville,  1854.   3  Regnault,  1863.   5  Carnellev,  1879.   7  Regnault,  1862.     9  Olszewski,  1887. 

2  Cbnechy.           *  Stas,  1865.            6  Ditte,  1871.           8  Olszewski,  1884. 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


207 


TABLI  217. 

MELTING-POINTS  OF   VARIOUS  INORGANIC  COMPOUNDS.* 


Melting-points. 

>, 

Substance. 

Chemical  formula. 

Particular 

o 

Date  of 

Min. 

Max. 

or  average 

1 

publication. 

values. 

•* 

Aluminium  chloride  . 

A1C13 

_ 

_ 

190. 

I       1888 

nitrate    . 

A1(N03)3  +  9H2O 

- 

- 

72.8 

2 

1859 

Ammonia  .... 

NH3 

- 

- 

—75- 

3 

1875 

Ammonium  nitrate   . 

(NH4)N03 

145. 

1  66. 

156. 

"           sulphate 

(NH4)2S04 

- 

140. 

4 

1837 

"           phosphite 

NH4H2PO3 

- 

- 

123. 

5 

1887 

Antimonietted  hydrogen  . 

SbH3 

- 

-  • 

—91.5 

6 

1886 

Antimony  trichloride 

SbCla 

72. 

73-2 

72.8 

- 

- 

"          pentachloride   . 

SbCI5 

—6. 

7 

I875 

Arsenic  trichloride    . 

AsCl3 

- 

- 

—  18. 

8 

1889 

Arsenietted  hydrogen 

AsH3 

- 

- 

—  "3-5 

6 

1884 

Barium  chlorate 

Ba(C103)2 

- 

- 

414. 

9 

1878 

"       nitrate 

Ba(N03)2 

- 

- 

593- 

9 

1878 

"       perchlorate  . 

Ba(C104)2 

- 

- 

5°5- 

10 

1884 

Bismuth  trichloride  . 

BiC)3 

22i;. 

230. 

227-5 

ii 

1876 

Boric  acid 

H3B03 

184. 

1  86. 

185. 

9  i       '878 

"     anhydride 

B203 

- 

577- 

9         1878 

Borax  (sodium  borate) 

Na2B407 

- 

- 

561. 

9         1878 

Cadmium  chloride     . 

CdCl2 

- 

- 

9         1878 

"          nitrate 

Cd(NO3)2  +  4H2O 

— 

- 

59-5 

2 

l859 

Calcium  chloride 

CaCl2 

719. 

723- 

721. 

9         1878 

" 

CaCl2  +  6H2O 

28. 

29. 

28.5 

-            - 

nitrate 

Ca(N03)2 

- 

56i. 

9         1878 

" 

Ca(NO3)2  -j-  4H2O 

- 

- 

44- 

2 

1859 

Carbon  tetrachloride 

CC14 

_ 

_ 

—24.7 

12 

1863 

trichloride     . 

C2C16 

182. 

187. 

184.5 

- 

- 

monoxide 

CO 

—  199. 

—207. 

203. 

- 

dioxide 

CO2 

-56.5 

—57-5 

—57- 

3        '845 

disulphide     . 

CS2 

—  no. 

•3         '883 

Chloric  acid 

HC1O4  +  H2O 

- 

- 

5°- 

14 

1  86  1 

Chlorine  dioxide 

C102 

— 

- 

-76. 

3 

1845 

Chrome  alum    . 

KCr(SO4)2+  i2H2O 

- 

- 

89. 

i  ^        1  884 

Chrome  nitrate          .        .< 

Cr2(N03)6  +  i8H20 

- 

- 

37- 

2            '859 

Cobalt  sulphate 

CoSO4 

96. 

98. 

97- 

15!          1884 

Cupric  chloride 

CuCl2 

498. 

9  i       1878 

Cuprous      " 

Cu2Cl2 

- 

- 

434- 

9         1878 

"         nitrate 

Cu(NO3)2  -f  2H2O 

- 

- 

114.5 

2  :     1859 

Hydrobromic  acid     . 

HBr 

- 

- 

--86.7 

Hydrochloric  acid 

HC1 

- 

- 

—112.5 

6 

1884 

Hydrofluoric  acid 

HF1 

- 

- 

—92.3 

6 

1886 

Hydroiodic  acid 

HI 

- 

- 

—49-5 

3 

1845 

Hydrogen  peroxide  . 

H202 

- 

- 

16 

1818 

"          phosphide 

PH3 

r 

- 

—  132.5 

6 

1886 

"          sulphide    . 

H2S 

- 

- 

—85.6 

3 

1845 

Iron  chloride 

FeCl3 

301. 

3°7- 

303- 

- 

"     nitrate 

Fe(N03)3  +  9H20 

47.2 

2 

1859 

"    sulphate     . 

FeSO4  +  7H2O 

- 

- 

64. 

15 

1884 

Lead  chloride    . 

PbCl2 

498. 

580. 

526. 

- 

"     metaphosphate 

Pb(P03)2 

800. 

_9 

1878 

Magnesium  chloride 

MgCl2 

- 

- 

708. 

9 

1878 

"            nitrate    . 

Mg(N03)2-f  6H2O 

- 

- 

90. 

2 

1859 

"             sulphate 

MgSO4  +  5H2O 

- 

- 

54- 

15 

1884 

Manganese  chloride  . 

MnCl2  +  4H2O 

-                 - 

87-5, 

17 

- 

nitrate     . 

Mn(NO3)2  +  6H2O 

; 

25-8 

1859 

sulphate  . 

MnSO4  +  5H2O 

-                     - 

54- 

15 

1884 

Mercuric  chloride 

HgCl2 

287.              293. 

290. 

"™ 

i   Friedel  and  Crafts.      5  Araat.                 9  Carnelley.                            13  VVroblewski  and  Olszewski. 

2  Ordway.                         6  Olszewski.        10  Carnelley  and  O'Shea.      14  Roscoe. 
3   Faraday.                         7  Kammerer.       n  Muir.      '                                15  Tilden.         17  Clark,  "Const,  of  Nat." 

4  Marchand.                    8  Besson.            12  Regnault.                            16  The'nard. 

*  For  more  extensive  tables  on  this  subject,  see  Carnelley's  "  Melting  and  Boiling-point  Tables,"  or  Landolt  and 
Boernstein's  "  Phys.  Chem.  Tab." 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


208 


TABLE  217. 
MELTING-POINTS   OF    VARIOUS    INORGANIC   COMPOUNDS. 


Melting-point. 

>, 

Substance. 

Chemical  formula. 

Min 

M.ax. 

Particular 
or 

o 

^ 

Date  of  pub- 
lication. 

probable 

^ 

value. 

Nickel  carbonyl  . 

NiCO4 

_ 

_ 

—25- 

I 

1890 

'       nitrate 

Ni(NO3)2  +  6H20 

- 

— 

56.7 

2 

1859 

'       sulphate  .         .         . 

NiSO4  -f  7H20 

98. 

IOO. 

99. 

3 

1884 

Nit  'ic  acid  .         .         . 

HN03 

- 

—47- 

4 

1878 

'       anhydride  .         ... 

N205 

,      - 

- 

30- 

5 

1872 

'       oxide  *       .         .        f 

NO 

'      - 

- 

-16.7 

6 

1885 

'       peroxide    .      ({'•      . 

N204 

- 

- 

—  10.14 

7 

1890 

Nitrous  anhydride 

N.203 

- 

- 

—82. 

8 

1889 

"        oxide 

N20 

- 

- 

—99- 

9 

18/3 

Phosphoric  acid  (ortho) 

H3P04 

38.6 

41.7 

40-3 

Phosphorous  acid 

H3P03 

7O.I 

74- 

72. 

- 

- 

Phosphorus  trichloride 

PC13 

iu.8 

10 

1883 

oxychloride 

PClOg 

- 

- 

—  '-5 

ii 

1871 

disulphide 

PS2 

296. 

298. 

297. 

12 

I879 

pentasulphide  . 

P-2S5 

274. 

276. 

275- 

,13 

I879 

sesquisulphide 

P4Sa 

142. 

167. 

158. 

trisulphide 

P-2S3 

290. 

Ii4 

1864 

Potassium  carbonate   . 

K2C03 

834. 

1150.  ? 

836. 

- 

'            chlorate 

KC103 

334- 

372. 

354- 

•  "  — 

- 

'            perchlorate 

KC104 

610. 

,•'5 

1880 

chloride 

KC1 

73°- 

738. 

734- 

- 

nitrate 

KN03 

327- 

353- 

340- 

— 

- 

'           acid  phosphate  . 

KH2P04 

96. 

3 

1884 

'           acid  sulphate 

KHS04 

- 

- 

200. 

16 

1840 

Silver  chloride     . 

AgCl 

450. 

457- 

453- 

- 

- 

nitrate 

AgN03 

198. 

224. 

214. 

— 

- 

nitrogenietted    . 

AgN3 

250. 

20 

1890 

perchlorate 

AgC104 

- 

- 

486. 

18 

1884 

phosphate 

Ag3P04 

- 

- 

849. 

'5 

1878 

metaphosphate 

AgP03 

- 

— 

482. 

15 

1878 

sulphate    . 

AgoS()4 

- 

- 

654. 

15 

1878 

Sodium  chloride  . 

NaCl 

772. 

960. 

772- 

- 

"       hydroxide 

NaOH 

- 

60. 

'7 

1884 

"       nitrate 

NaNO3 

298. 

33°- 

3I5- 

- 

- 

"       chlorate  . 

NaClO3 

302. 

;I5 

18/8 

'       perchlorate 

NaClO4 

- 

- 

482. 

18 

1884 

'       carbonate 

Na2CO3 

814. 

920. 

884. 

- 

- 

'              "... 

Na2C03  +  ioH2O 

_ 

_ 

34- 

3 

1884 

'       phosphate 

Na2HPO4-f-4H2O 

35- 

36-4 

35-4 

- 

'       metaphosphate 

NaPO3 

617- 

15 

1878 

'      pyrophosphate 

Na4P207 

- 

— 

888. 

15 

1878 

'       phosphite 

(H2NaP03)2  +  5H20 

- 

- 

42. 

'9 

1888 

"      sulphate  . 

Na2S04 

861. 

865. 

863. 

15 

1878 

"            "... 

Na2SO4  -f  ioH2O 

- 

— 

34- 

3 

1884 

"       hyposulphite   . 

Na2S203+5H20 

45- 

48.1 

47- 

- 

Sulphur  dioxide  . 

•so2 

76. 

79- 

78. 

- 

_ 

Sulphuric  acid 

H2S04 

10.  1 

10.6 

10.4 

21 

1884 

"           "... 

I2H2S04  +  H2O 

— 

- 

—°-5 

22 

1853 

"           "... 

H2S04  +  H2U 

7-5 

8.5 

8. 

— 

"  (pyo)  . 

H2S207 

35- 

22 

1853 

Sulphur  trioxide 

S03 

14.8 

T5- 

14.9 

5 

1876-1886 

Tin,  stannic  chloride  . 

SnCl4 

- 

—33- 

23 

1889 

"     stannous     " 

SnCl2 

_ 

_ 

250. 

24 

_ 

Zinc  chloride 

ZnCl2 

- 

- 

262. 

2  ^ 

1875 

"         "                ... 

ZnCl2  -f  3H2O 

- 

- 

7- 

26 

1886 

"     nitrate           .         .•  • 

Zn(N03)2  +  6H2O 

•     - 

- 

36-4 

3 

1884 

"     sulphate 

ZnSO4+7H2U 

- 

- 

50. 

3. 

1884 

i  Mond,  Langer  &  Quincke       10  Wroblewski  &  Olszewski.    15  Ornelley.           20  Curtius.                 25  Braun. 

2  Ordway.            6  Olszewski.     n  Gentlier  &  Michaelis.           16  Mitscherlich.      21  Mendelejeff.         26  Engel. 

3  Tilden.  •    -       7  Ramsay.        12  Ramme.                                 17  Cripps.                22  Marignac. 
4  Berthelot.          8  Birhaus.         13  V.  &  C.  Meyer.         18  Carnelley  &  O:Shea.      23  Benson. 

5  R.  Weber.        9  Wills.             14  Lemoine.     '                           19  Amat.                 24  Clark,  "  Const,  of  Nat." 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  Under  pressure  138  mm.  mercury. 
209 


TABLE  218. 


BOILING-POINTS   OF    INORGANIC   COMPOUNDS. « 


V 

Boiling-point. 

>, 

Substance. 

Chemical  formula. 

Particular 

'C 

o 

Date  of 

Min. 

Mix. 

or  aver- 

— 

publication. 

age  values. 

<, 

Airt   ;.      ;  ,    j    .      '  .  :     . 

_ 

_ 

_  • 

—  192.2 

I 

1884 

*'          •'  •   •  »     T    •          .          . 

— 

— 

— 

—  I9I-4 

2 

1884 

Aluminium  chloridej  .   ';     . 

A1C13 

- 

- 

207.5 

3 

1888 

"            nitrate       .    , 

A1(N03)3  +  9H20 

- 

- 

134- 

4 

J859 

Ammonia    .         .         .   ! 

NH3 

— 

- 

—38.5 

5 

1863 

Antimonietted  hydrogen     . 

SbH3 

_ 

—  '  • 

-i  8 

2 

1886 

Antimony  pentachloride  §  . 

SbCl5 

IO2. 

103. 

_ 

6 

1889 

trichloride  . 

SbC)3 

2  1  6. 

—3-5 

220. 

- 

_ 

Bismuth  trichloride 

BiCl3 

427. 

441. 

435- 

5-  7 

_ 

Cadmium  chloride 

CdClo 

861. 

954- 

908. 

10 

1880 

"          nitrate 

Cd(N03)2  +  4H2O 

- 

132. 

4 

l859 

Calcium  nitrate  . 

Ca(N03)2  +  4H20 

- 

- 

132. 

4 

1859 

Carbon  dioxide   . 

CO2 

-78.2 

-80. 

—79.1 

1863-1880 

"        disulphide 

CS2 

46. 

47-4 

46.6 

8,9 

1880-1883 

"        monoxide        .    ,     . 

CO 

190. 

—  J93- 

—  *9l-S 

2>  I 

1884 

Chromic  oxychloride  . 

CrO2Cl2 

"5-9 

118. 

117. 

_ 

_ 

Chromium  nitrate 

Cr2(N03)0+i8H20 

- 

I25-5 

4 

1859 

Copper  nitrate     .         .    '     .  "; 

Cu(N03)2  +  3H20 

- 

- 

170. 

4 

l859 

Cuprous  chloride 

Cu2Cl2 

954- 

1032. 

993- 

10 

1880 

Hydrobromic  acid  ||    . 

HBr 

125. 

I25-5 

ii 

1870 

Hydrochloric  acid 

HC1 

no. 

12 

'859 

Hydrofluoric  acid 

HF 

I25- 

I25-5 

_ 

13 

1869 

Hydroiodic  acid  . 

HI 

127. 

II 

1870 

Iron  nitrate 

Fe(N03)3  +  9H20 

- 

- 

I25- 

4 

'859 

Magnesium  nitrate 

Mg(N03)2  +  6H20 

- 

- 

143- 

4 

1859 

Manganese  chloride    . 

MnClo  -f  4H2O 

- 

- 

1  06. 

14 

nitrate 

Mn(N()3)2  +  6H2O 

- 

- 

I29-5 

4 

1859 

Mercuric  chloride 

HgCl2 

502. 

3°7- 

3°4- 

Nickel  nitrate      .         . 

Ni(N03)2  +  6H2O 

r36-7 

4 

1859 

Nitric  acid  .         .        ..'  !     . 

HN03 

- 

— 

86. 

IS 

1830 

"       anhydride          .    • 

N205 

45- 

50. 

- 

16 

1849 

"       oxide         .         .    i     . 

NO 

—'53- 

2 

1885 

Nitrous  anhydride       .         . 

N203 

—  10. 

3-5 

- 

- 

"        oxide 

N20 

-87.9 

—92. 

—92. 

- 

- 

Phosphorus  trichloride 

PC13 

73-8 

76. 

75- 

- 

- 

"            sesquisulphide 

P4-S3 

380. 

>7 

1883 

trisulphide  , 

P2S3 

- 

- 

490. 

17 

1886 

pentasulphide 

P2S5 

518. 

53°- 

522. 

- 

"            trioxide    .    '     . 

P203 

'73- 

18 

1890 

Silicon  chloride  . 

SiCl4 

56.8 

59- 

58. 

- 

- 

Sulphuric  acid     . 

i2H2SO4+  H2O 

338- 

J9 

'853 

Sulphur  trioxide 

S03 

46. 

47- 

46-3 

"        dioxide  . 

S02 

—8. 

—  10.5 

-9.6 

- 

- 

"        chloride 

S2C12 

138. 

144. 

!39- 

- 

- 

Tin,  stannous  chloride 

SnCl2 

606. 

628. 

617. 

- 

— 

"•    stannic           " 

SnCl4 

- 

- 

II3-9 

8 

1876 

Zinc  chloride 

ZnCl2 

676. 

73°- 

7°3- 

- 

- 

"     nitrate 

Zn(N03)2  +  6H2O 

— 

J31- 

4 

1859 

I 
I  Wroblewski.                       8  Thorpe.                                                    15  Mitscherlich. 

i    2  Olszewqki.                           9  Friedburg.                                                16  Deville. 

3  Friedel  and  Crafts.          10  Carnelley  and  Carleton-Williams.        17  Isambert. 

4  Ordway.                             n  Topsoe.                                                    18  Thorpe  and  Ttitton. 

5  Regnault.                           12  Roscoe  and  Dittmar.                             19  Marignac. 

6  Anschiitz  and  Evans.      13  Gore. 

7  Pictet.                               14  Clark,  "Const,  of  Nature." 

*  For  a  more  complete  table,  see  Clark's  "Constants  of  Nature1'  (Smithsonian  Collections). 

t  Pressure  76  cm.  t  Pressure  2.64  atmos.  §  Pressure  68  mm.  ||   Pressure  75.8  cm. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


2IO 


TABLE   219, 


MELTING-POINTS  OF   MIXTURES. 


Metals 
and 
observer. 

Atomic 
ratio. 

Percent 
of  metal.  1 

Per  cent 
of  metal. 

***: 

Metals 
and 
observer. 

Atomic 
ratio. 

Per  cent 
of  metal. 

Per  cent 
of  metal.  1 

Per  cent 
of  metal.  1 

Per  cent 
of  metal.  1 

be  . 

C"1. 

(jo 

Pb 

Sn 

Cd 

Sn 

Pb 

Bi 

Pb4Sn 

87.5 

12-5 

292. 

Cd,  Sn, 

Cd4Sn5Pb5Bi10 

10.8 

14.2 

24.9 

50.1 

65.5 

Pb3Sn 

84.0 

16.0 

283. 

Pb 

Cd3Sn4Pb4Bi8 

10.2 

14-3 

25.1 

50.4 

67-5 

Pb 
and 

Pb2Sn 
PbSn 

77-8 

3^3 

270. 
235- 

and 

CdSn2Pb2Bi4 
CdSnPbBi 

7.0 

14.8 
13.8 

26.0 
24-3 

48.8 

68.5 
68.5 

Sn  * 

PbSn2 

467 

53-3 

197. 

PbSn3 

36-9 

63.1 

181. 

PbSn4 

30-5 

69.5 

187. 

Cd,  Pb 

CdPb3Bi4 

Cd 

Pb 
39-7 

Bi 

53-2 

_ 

89.5 

Pb 

Pb 

Bi 

and  Bi  6 

Cd2Pb7Bi8 

6-7 

43-4 

49.9 

- 

95-0 

and 

PbaBig 

27.2 

72.8 

125-3 

Bi- 

Sn 

Pb 

Bi 

Cd 

ca 

Bi 

Sn,  Pb 

25.0 

25.0 

50.0 

- 

95-° 

and 

CdBi4 

21.2 

78.8 

146.3 

and  Bi7 

— 

18.8 

31.2 

50.0 

95-o 

Cd 
and 
Sn2 

CdSn2 

Cd 
32.2 

Sn 
67.8 

173-8 

Zn,  Pb 
and  Sn  8 

- 

Zn 
4.2 

Pb 
26.9 

Sn 
68.9 

- 

168. 

Sn 
and 

Sn3Bi4 

Sn 
29.8 

Bi 

70.2 

136.4 

Cu  and 
Zn 

Cu 

Zn 

Bi* 
Zn 

Zn 
83-3 

Pb 
16.7 

205. 

(white 
brass)  9 

50.0 

50.0 

912. 

and 

- 

69.5 

3°-5 

190. 

Ag 

Au 

Pb3 

- 

50.0 

50.0 

202. 

- 

IOO. 

- 

- 

- 

954- 

A  rr 

'    ;                     - 

80. 

20. 

- 

- 

975- 

Zn 
and 
Sb3 

- 

Zn 
90. 
82. 

Sb 

IO. 

18. 

236. 
250. 

§ 

and 
Au10 

!.     - 

60. 
40. 
20. 

40. 
60. 
80. 

- 

- 

995- 
1  020. 
1045. 

— 

— 

IOO. 

— 

— 

1075- 

Pb 

Pb 

Sb 

— 

90. 

IO. 

240. 

and 
Sb3 

- 

82. 

18. 

260. 

Au 

Pt 

— 

IOO. 

— 

— 

— 

1075. 

- 

95- 

5- 

- 

- 

I  IOO. 

Na 
and 

_ 

Na 

K 

6. 

_ 

90. 
85- 

IO. 

15- 

_ 

— 

1130. 
1  1  60. 

K* 

- 

80. 

20. 

- 

1190. 

Ag 

Cu 

- 

75- 

25- 

- 

- 

1220. 

- 

IOO. 

- 

1040. 

- 

70. 

30. 

- 

- 

I255- 

- 

92-5 

7-5 

931.0 

- 

65- 

35- 

- 

- 

1285. 

- 

82.1 

17.9 

886.0 

- 

60. 

40. 

- 

- 

1320. 

- 

79-8 

2O.2 

887.0 

Au 

- 

55- 

45- 

- 

- 

J350- 

- 

77-4 

22.6 

858.0 

and 

- 

- 

- 

1385- 

Ag 

_ 

75.0 
71.9 

25.0 
28.1 

850.0 
870.5 

Pt8 

: 

45- 

40. 

I 

_ 

— 

1420. 
1460. 

and 

- 

63.0 

37-o 

847.0 

- 

35- 

65- 

— 

- 

1495. 

Cu5 

- 

60.0 

40.0 

857.0 

- 

70. 

- 

- 

1535- 

- 

57-Q 

43-° 

900.0 

- 

25- 

75- 

- 

- 

1570- 

- 

54.1 

45-9 

920.0 

- 

20. 

80. 

- 

— 

1610. 

- 

50.0 

50.0 

941.0 

- 

15- 

85- 

- 

- 

1650. 

- 

45-9 

54-i 

961.0 

- 

IO. 

90. 

- 

- 

1690. 

- 

25.0 

75-° 

1  114. 

- 

5- 

95- 

- 

- 

i73°- 

IOO. 

'33°- 

. 

IOO. 

" 

" 

1775- 

i   Pillichody,  "  Ding.  Poly.  Jour."  vol.  162.                                 6  Von  Hauer,  "  J.  f.  prakt.  Ch."  (i),  94,  436. 
2  Ruclbers;,  "  Pogg.  Ann."  71.                                                         7  W.  Spring,  "  Fort.  d.  Phys."  1875. 

3   Ledebur,  "  Wied.  Bieb."  5,  650,  1881.                                      8  Svanberp,  "  J.  B.  f.  Ch."  1847-48. 
4  Rosenfeld,  "  Ber.  Chem.  Ges."  1891.                                       9  Daniell,  Bolley's  "  Hdb.  f.  ch.  Techn."  8,  45. 

5  W.  Roberts,  "Ann.  Chem.  et  Phys."  (5),  13,  118,  1878.       10  Erhard  and  Schutel,  "  Fort.  d.  Phys."  vol.  35. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  From  Landolt  and  Boernstein's  "  Phys.  Chem.  Tab." 


211 


TABLE  220. 


DENSITIES,    MELTING-POINTS,   AND    BOILING-POINTS   OF   SOME 
ORGANIC   COMPOUNDS. 


N.  B.  — The  data  in  this  table  refer  only  to  normal  compounds. 


Substance. 

Formula. 

Temp. 

Den- 
sity. 

Melting- 
point. 

Boiling-point. 

Authority. 

(a)  Paraffin  Series  :  CWII2W_|_2. 

Methane*    .     .     . 

CH4 

-164. 

0.415 

—185.8 

—  164. 

Olszewski. 

Ethanet  .... 

C2H6 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Propane  .... 

C3H8 

- 

- 

- 

—25  to  —30 

Roscoe  and  Schorlemmer. 

Butane    .... 

C4Hio 

b 

;   .60 

_ 

+  [ 

Butlerow. 

Pentane  .... 

C5H12 

17- 

.626 

- 

+37- 

Schorlemmer. 

Hexane   .... 

CeHi4 

17- 

.663 

- 

+69. 

" 

Heptane  .... 

C7Hi6 

o 

.701 

- 

98.4 

,  Thorpe. 

Octane    .... 

Cgllis 

o 

.719 

- 

l25-5 

" 

Nonane  .... 

CgH20 

20. 

.718 

—5i- 

150. 

Krafft. 

Decane    .... 

CioH22 

20. 

•73° 

—3i- 

Undecane    .     .     . 

CiiH24 

—26. 

•774 

—26. 

195. 

Dodecane    .     .     . 

Cl2H.26 

12. 

•773 

12. 

214. 

Tridecane    .     .     . 

CieH28 

—6. 

•775 

—6. 

234- 

Tetradecane     .     . 

Ci4H3o 

+4- 

•775 

+4- 

252- 

Pentadecane    . 

C  15  H32 

IO. 

.776 

+  10. 

270. 

Hexadecane     .     . 

Ci<jH34 

1  8. 

•775 

18. 

287. 

Heptadecane   .     . 

C'nHse 

22. 

•777 

22. 

3°3- 

Octadecane  .     .     . 

Cisllss 

28. 

•777 

28. 

Nonadecane     .     . 

Ci9ll4o 

32- 

•777 

32- 

33°- 

Eicosane      .     .     . 

C2oH42 

37- 

.778 

37- 

2054 

Heneicosane    .     . 

C2lH44 

40. 

.778 

40. 

2154 

Docosane     .     .     . 

C22H46 

44- 

.778 

44- 

2244 

Tricosane    .     .     . 

C23H48 

48. 

•779 

48. 

2344 

Tetracosane 

C24HfiO 

51- 

•779 

5'- 

2434 

Heptacosane    . 

C27H56 

60. 

.780 

60. 

2704 

Pentriacontane     . 

Qu  He4 

68. 

.781 

68. 

3°24 

("V      J_T 

7O 

781 

7O 

Tint 

Penta-tria-contane 

C35H?2 

/U. 

75- 

./Ol 

.782 

/<J. 

75- 

Jlu'i 

(b)  Olefines,  or  the  Ethylene  Series:  CWH2W. 

Ethylene      .     .     . 

C2H4 

_ 

_ 

—  169. 

—103. 

Wroblewski  or  Olszewski. 

Propylene    .     .     . 

C3H6 

- 

- 

- 

Butylene 

C4H8 

—  13.5 

0-635 

— 

i. 

Sieben. 

Amylone      .     . 
Hexylene     .     .     . 

C5H10 
C6Hi2 

o 

.76 

: 

J^ 

Wagner  or  Saytzeff. 
Wreden  or  Znatowicz. 

Heptylene   .     .     . 

C7Mi4 

19.5 

•703 

- 

Morgan  or  Schorlemmer. 

Octylene      .     .     . 

C8Hic, 

17- 

.722 

- 

I22.-I23. 

Moslinger. 

Nonylene     .     .     . 

C9H18 

- 

— 

— 

X53- 

Bernthsen,  "  Org.  Chem." 

Decylene      .     .     . 

C'i0H2o 

- 

- 

- 

'75- 

"                «•          " 

Undecylene 

C  11  1  1,22 

- 

- 

- 

U                               It                   it 

Dodecylene 

Ci2H24 

—  31- 

•795 

—  31- 

964 

Krafft. 

Tridecylene      .     . 

C  13H-26 

233- 

Bernthsen. 

Tetraclecylene  .     . 

Ci4H28 

12. 

•794 

—  12. 

1274 

Krafft. 

Pentadecylene 

CinHgo 

- 

- 

247. 

Bernthsen. 

Ilexaclecylene  .     . 

Ci6H32 

+4- 

.792 

+4- 

'55-t 

Krafft,  Mendelejeff,  etc. 

Octadecylene   .     . 

CisHse 

18. 

.791 

1794 

Krafft. 

Eicosylene  .     .     . 

C.joH4o 

- 

- 

Cerotene      .     .     . 

C27Hc4 

,- 

- 

58- 

- 

Bernthsen. 

Melene    ..... 

C30H6o 

" 

62. 

*  Liquid  at  —  n.°  C.  and  180  atmospheres'  pressure  (Cailletet). 

+  4.°        "        46 
t  Boiling-point  under  15  mm.  pressure. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


212 


TAZCE  22O, 


DENSITIES,    MELTING-POINTS,    AND    BOILING-POINTS   OF   SOME 
ORGANIC   COMPOUNDS. 


Substance. 

Chemical     |   Temp, 
formula.       1     C°. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Melting- 
point. 

Boiling- 
point. 

Authority. 

(c)  Acetylene  Series  :  CWH2W_2. 

Acetylene  . 

C  H 

Allylene      

C3H4 

Ethylacetylene    .     .     . 

C4HC 

- 

- 

- 

+  18. 

Bruylants,  Kutsche- 

roff,  and  others. 

Propylacetylene  .     .     . 

C5H8 

- 

- 

- 

48.-50- 

Bruylants,  Taworski. 

Butylacetylene     .     .     J 

CeHio 

- 

- 

- 

68.-/O. 

Taworski. 

Oenanthylidene  .     .     . 

C7Hi2 

- 

- 

- 

io6.-io8. 

Bruylants,  Behal, 

and  others. 

Caprylidene    .... 

C8Hu 

0. 

0.771 

- 

I33-~I34- 

Behal. 

Undecylidene.     .     .     . 

CnH2o 

- 

- 

2IO.-2I5- 

Bruylants. 

Dodecylidene      .     .     . 

CiaH^ 

—  9- 

.810 

—  9- 

105.* 

Krafft. 

Tetradecylidene  .     .     . 

ci4H2; 

+  6.5 

.806 

+  6.5 

I34-* 

"    / 

Hexadecylidene  .     .     . 

CieHgo 

20. 

.804 

20. 

1  00.* 

" 

Octadecylidene    .     .     . 

Ci8H34 

30- 

.802 

30- 

184.* 

" 

(d)  Monatomic  alcohols  :  CBH2W_|_,OH. 

Methyl  alcohol    .     .     . 

CHgOH 

0. 

0.8  1  2 

_ 

66.    ' 

Ethyl  alcohol  .... 

C2H5OH 

o. 

.806 

—  130.1 

78. 

Propyl  alcohol     .     .     . 

C3H7OH 

o. 

.817 

- 

97- 

From  Zander,  "  Lieb. 

Butyl  alcohol  .... 

C4H9OH 

0. 

.823 

- 

117. 

Ann."  vol.  224,  p.  85, 

Amyl  alcohol  .... 

C5HnOH 

o. 

.829 

- 

138. 

and  Krafft,  "Ber." 

Hexyl  alcohol      .     .     . 

CGH13OH 

o. 

•833 

- 

vol.  16,  1714, 

Heptyl  alcohol    .     .     . 

C7H15OH 

o. 

.836 

-    - 

170! 

"    19,  2221, 

Octyl  alcohol  .     .     .     .  i  C8H17OH 

o. 

•839 

- 

195. 

"    23,  2360, 

Nonyl  alcohol      .     .     .    C9Hi9OH 

0. 

.842 

—  5- 

213. 

and  also  Wroblew- 

Decyl  alcohol      .     .     .   Ci0H2iOH 

+  7- 

•839 

+  7- 

231. 

ski  and  Olszewski, 

Dodecyl  alcohol  .     .     .    CioH25OH 

24. 

.831 

-4- 

I43-* 

"  Monatshefte," 

Tetradecyl  alcohol  .     .   Ci4H2,,OH 

38. 

.824 

38. 

167.* 

vol.  4,  p.  338. 

Hexadecyl  alcohol   .     .   CieH3sOH 

50. 

.818 

190.* 

Octadecyl  alcohol    .     .   Ci8H37OH 

59- 

.813 

59- 

211.* 

(e)  Alcoholic  ethers  :  CwH2w_j_2O. 

Dimethyl  ether   .     .     . 

C2HC0 

- 

_ 

- 

-23.6 

Erlenmeyer,  Kreich- 

baumer. 

Diethyl  ether  .... 

C4H100 

4- 

0.731 

- 

+  34-6 

Regnault. 

Dipropyl  ether    .     .     . 

C6H140 

o. 

•763 

— 

90.7 

Zander  and  others. 

Di-iso-propyl  ether  . 

,    C6H140 

0. 

•743 

- 

69. 

H 

Di-n-butyl  ether  .     .     . 

C8H180 

o. 

•784 

- 

141. 

Lieben,  Rossi,  and 

others. 

Di-sec-butyl  ether   .     . 

C8H180 

21. 

.756 

-• 

121. 

Kessel. 

Di-iso-butyl     "        .'    . 

C8H180 

I5- 

.762 

- 

122. 

Reboul. 

Di-iso-amyl      "        ».  . 

CioH-^O 

0. 

•799 

- 

I70.-I  75. 

Wurtz. 

Di-sec-hexyl     ''        .    .; 

C12H260 

- 

- 

- 

2O3.-2O8. 

Erlenmeyer  and 

Wanklvn. 

Di-norm-octyl  "       .    -. 

C16H840 

17- 

•805 

2SO.-282. 

Moslinger. 

(f)  Ethyl  ethers  :  C,,H2M+2O. 

Ethyl-methvl  ether  . 

C3H80 

_ 

_ 

_ 

II. 

Wurtz,  Williamson. 

propyl      " 

C5H120 

20. 

0-739 

- 

63--64- 

Chancel,  Briihl. 

iso-propyl  ether  . 

C5H120 

0. 

•745 

- 

54- 

Markownikow. 

norm-butyl  ether 

C6H140 

o. 

.769 

- 

92. 

Lieben,  Rossi. 

iso-butyl  ether 

C6H140 

- 

•75r 

- 

78.-8o. 

Wurtz. 

iso-amyl  ether 

C7H160 

18. 

.764 

- 

112. 

Williamson  and 

others. 

norm-hexyl  ether 

C8H180 

- 

- 

- 

1  34.-  1  37. 

Lieben,  Janeczek. 

nornj-heptyl  ether 

C9H200 

1  6. 

.790 

- 

iS^iS 

Cross. 

norm-octvl  e'ther 

C10H220 

17- 

•794 

~ 

Moslinger. 

*  Boiling-point  under  15  mm.  pressure. 

t  Liquid  at  — n.°  C.  and  180  atmospheres'  pressure  (Cailletet). 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


213 


'ABLE  221. 


COEFFICIENTS   OF  THERMAL    EXPANSION. 

Coefficients  of  Linear  Expansion  of  the  Chemical  Elements. 

In  the  heading  of  the  columns  T  is  the  temperature  or  range  of  temperature,  C  the  coefficient  of  linear  expansion, 
!     Al  the  authority  for  C,  JJ/the  mean  coefficient  of  expansion  between  o°  and  ico°  C.,  a  and  /3  the  coefficients  in  the 
;     equation  /«  =  /„  (i  +  at-^-ftt-),  where  /<,  is  the  length  at  o°  C.  and  It  the  length  at  /°  C.,  A,  is  the  authority  for  a, 
ft,  and  in. 


Substance. 

T 

C 
Xio* 

A* 

M 
Xio* 

a 
X  io« 

ft 

XlO« 

/}, 

Aluminium 

40 
600 

0.2313 

•3*5° 

Fizeau  .     .     . 
Les  Chatelier. 

O.222O 

- 

- 

j  Calvert,  John- 
|  son  and  Lowe. 

Antimony  : 

Parallel  to  cryst. 

axis  .... 

40 

.1692 

Fizeau. 

Perp.  to  axis 

40 

.0882 

" 

Mean   .... 

40 

.1152 

"... 

.1056 

.0923 

.0132 

Matthieson. 

Arsenic  .... 

40 

•°559 

" 

Bismuth  : 

Parallel  to  axis 

40 

.1621 

M 

Perp.  to  axis 

40 

.1208 

M 

Mean    .... 

40 

.1346 

"         ... 

.1316 

.1167 

.0149 

Matthieson. 

Cadmium    .     . 

40 

.3069 

"... 

•3'59 

.2693 

.0466 

" 

Carbon  : 

Diamond  .     .     . 

40 

.0118 

«' 

Gas  carbon  .     . 

40 

.0540 

" 

Graphite  .     .     . 

40 

.0786 

" 

Anthracite    .     . 

40 

.2078 

" 

:    Cobalt    .... 

40 

.1236 

" 

Copper    .... 

40 

.1678 

"... 

.1666 

.1481 

.Ol8S 

Matthieson. 

Gold  .     .     .    .     . 

AQ 

.1  AA1 

t( 

I  A  7O 

nc8 

.OI  I  2 

|| 

Indium    .... 

i\\j 

40 

T^H-  j 

.4170 

" 

.i^/VJ 

-1  jy 

Iron  : 

Soft      .... 

40 

.1210 

" 

Cast     .... 

40 

.IO6I 

" 

Wrought  .     .     . 

—  i8to  100 

.1  I4O 

Andrews. 

Steel    .... 

40 

.IJ22- 

-Fizeau. 

"      annealed 

40 

.1095 

"      ... 

.1089 

.1038 

.OO52 

Benoit. 

Lead  

40 

.2924 

*i 

.27OQ 

.0271 

.OO74 

Matthieson. 

Magnesium      .     . 

*t^ 
40 

.2694 

" 

•*/  ^y 

"?*i  3 

•  W/   .-J. 

Nickel     .... 

40 

.1279 

" 

Osmium      .     .     . 

40 

.0657 

" 

Palladium    .     .     . 

40 

.1176 

"... 

.1  IO4 

.IOII 

.0093 

Matthieson. 

Phosphorus      .     . 

0-40 

I-2S30 

Pisati  and  De 

Franchis. 

Platinum     .     .     . 

40 

.0899 

Fizeau  .     .     . 

.0886 

.0851 

•0035 

Matthieson. 

Potassium   .     .     . 

0-50 

.8300 

Hagen. 

Rhodium     .     .     . 

40 

.0850 

Fizeau. 

Ruthenium  .     .     . 

40 

.0960 

" 

Selenium     .     .     . 

40 

.3680 

•  "      ... 

.6604 

- 

- 

Spring. 

Silicon     .... 

40 

.0763 

" 

Silver      .... 

40 

.1921 

"... 

•1943 

.1809 

•0135 

Matthieson. 

Sulphur  : 

Cryst.  mean  . 

40 

.6413 

44 

I.ISO 

- 

- 

Spring. 

Tellurium    .     .     . 

40 

•1675 

"... 

.3687 

- 

- 

" 

Thallium     .     .     . 

40 

.3021 

" 

Tin      

40 

•  2274 

i< 

.2296 

.'"O'n 

.206^ 

Matthieson. 

Zinc    

^ 
40 

•--  J<t 
.2918 

« 

.2Q76 

~    *JJ 
.2741 

•wyj 

O'*'?4 

Tv^ 

yt  v 

•""/  T-' 

•vr—  J^ 

N.  B.  —  The  above  table  has  been  with  a  few  exceptions  compiled  from  the  results  published  by  Fizeau,  "  Comptes 
Rendus,"  vol.  68,  and  Matthieson,  "  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,"  vol.  15. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

2I4 


TABLE  222. 


COEFFICIENT   OF   THERMAL    EXPANSION. 

Coefficient  of  Linear  Expansion  for  Miscellaneous  Substances. 

N.  B.  —The  coefficient  of  cubical  expansion  may  be  taken  as  three  times  the  linear  coefficient.     T  is  the  temperature 
or  range  of  temperature,  C  the  coefficient  of  expansion,  and  A  the  authority. 


Substance. 

T 

CXio« 

A 

Substance. 

T 

CXio« 

A 

Brass  : 

Cast      . 

0-100° 

0.1875 

\ 

Platinum-silver: 

Wire     . 

" 

0.1936 

I 

lPt+2Ag 

0-100° 

0.1523 

4 

—  r 

/    " 

.1783-.  1930 

2 

Porcelain 

20-790 

0.0413 

16 

7i-5Cu-f-27.7Zn-(- 

"          Bayeux     . 

1000-1400 

0.0553 

'7 

o.3Sn-(-o.5Pb 

40 

0.1859 

3 

Quartz  : 

7iCu-f-29Zn 

O-IOO 

0.1966 

4 

Parallel  to  axis     . 

0-80 

0.0797 

6 

Bronze  : 

Perpend,  to  axis  . 

" 

0-1337 

6 

3Cu+iSn     .    '     . 

166-100 

0.1844 

5 

Speculum  metal 

O-IOO 

0.1933 

i 

166-350 

O.2I  l6 

5 

Topaz  : 

"         "       . 

16.6-957 

0-1737 

5 

Parallel   to  lesser 

86.3Cu+9.7Sn-(- 

horizontal  axis 

" 

0.0832 

8 

4Zn 

40 

0.1782 

3 

Parallel  to  greater 

97.6Cu-|-2.2Sn-t- 

horizontal  axis 

" 

0.0836 

8 

o.2P,  hard 

0-80 

O.I7I3 

6 

Parallel    to   verti- 

"    "  "  "       soft 

" 

o.  1  708 

6 

cal  axis 

" 

0.0472 

8 

Caoutchouc 

- 

.657-.6S6 

2 

Tourmaline  : 

" 

16.7-25.3 

0.770 

7 

Parallel  to   longi- 

Ebonite   . 

25-3-35-4 

0.842 

7 

tudinal  axis 

" 

0.0937 

8 

Fluor  spar  :  CaF2    . 

O-IOO 

0.1950 

8 

Parallel    to    hori- 

German silver  . 

" 

0.1836 

8 

zontal  axis 

" 

0.0773 

8 

Gold-platinum  : 

Type  metal 

16.6-254 

0.1952 

5 

2Au+iPt 

" 

0.1523 

4 

Vulcanite 

0-18 

0.6360 

18 

Gold-copper  : 

Wedgwood  ware 

O-IOO 

0.0890 

5 

2Au-|-iCu 

" 

0.1552 

4 

Wood  : 

Glass  : 

Parallel  to  fibre  : 

Tube    . 

" 

0.0833 

i 

Ash  . 

" 

0.0951 

19 

"... 

" 

0.0828 

9 

Beech 

2-34 

0.0257 

20 

Plate    . 

" 

0.0891 

10 

Chestnut  . 

0.0649 

20 

Crown  (mean) 

" 

-  0.0897 

10 

Elm  . 

' 

0.0565 

2O 

" 

50-60 

0.0954 

ii 

Mahogany 

1 

0.0361 

2O 

Flint     . 

" 

0.0788 

ii 

Maple 

1 

0.0638 

2O 

Jena  thermometer 

Oak  . 

' 

0.0492 

2O 

(normal) 

O-IOO 

0.081 

12 

Pine  . 

' 

0.0541 

20 

«<                  «                             [.gill 

" 

0.058 

12 

Walnut     . 

1 

0.0658 

2O 

Gutta  percha  . 

20 

1.983 

'3 

Across  the  fibre  : 

Ice  . 

-20  to  -i 

o-375 

Beech 

1 

0.614 

2O 

Iceland  spar  : 

Chestnut  . 

1 

°-325 

2O 

Parallel  to  axis     . 

0-80 

0.2631 

6 

Elm  . 

< 

0.443 

2O 

Perpendicular    to 

Mahogany 

' 

0.404 

20 

axis 

" 

0.0544 

6 

Maple 

i 

0.484 

2O 

Lead-tin  (solder) 

Oak  . 

< 

0-544 

2O 

2Pb+iSn 

O-IOO 

0.2508 

i 

Pine  . 

1 

0.341 

20 

Paraffin    .         .         .  |      0-16 

1.0662 

IS 

Walnut     . 

' 

0.484 

2O 

"... 

16-38 

i  .  3030 

IS 

Wax:  White   . 

10-26 

2.300 

21 

" 

3^49 

4.7707 

15 

" 

26-31 

3.120 

21 

Platinum-iridium 

" 

4.860 

21 

loPt+iIr 

40 

0.0884 

3 

'         ' 

43-57 

15.227 

21 

AUTHORITIES. 

i  Smeaton.          6  Benoit.                      ,     ii  Pulfrich.       16  Braun.                          21  Kopp. 

2  Various.            7  Kohlrausch.                   12  Schott.           17  Ueville  and  Troost. 

3  Ffeeau.              8  Pfaff.                               13  Russner.       18  Mayer. 

4  Matthieson.     9  Deluc.                              14  Brunner.       19  Glatzel. 

5  Daniell.       10  Lavoisier  and  Laplace.     15  Rodwell.       20  Villari. 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


215 


TABLE  223. 

COEFFICIENTS    OF    THERMAL    EXPANSION. 

Coefficients  of  Cubical  Expansion  of  some  Crystalline  and  other  Solids.* 
T=  temperature  or  range  of  temperature,  C=  coefficient  of  cubical  expansion,  A  =  authority. 


Substance. 

T 

C  X  io4 

A 

Antimony    .... 

O-IOO 

0.3167 

Matthieson. 

Beryl  .         . 

O-IOO 

0.0105 

Pfaff. 

Bismuth      .        .    •    . 

- 

0.4000 

Kopp. 

Diamond     .• 

40 

0.0354 

Fizeau. 

Emerald 

40 

0.0168 

" 

Fluor  spar  .        i  •      » 

14-47 

0.6235 

Kopp. 

Garnet         .        «        j 

o-ioo 

0.2543 

Pfaff. 

Glass,  white  tube 

O-IOO 

0.2648 

Regnault. 

"       green  tube 

c-ico 

0.2299 

" 

"        Swedish  tube  .    •    .• 

O-IOO 

0.2363 

•' 

"       hard  French  tube    . 

O-ICO 

0.2142 

" 

"       crystal  tube 

O-IOO 

O.2IOI 

" 

"       common  tube  . 

O-I 

0.2579 

,i 

"       Jena 

O-IOO 

0-2533 

Reichsanstalt. 

Ice       

—  20  to  —  i 

1.1250 

Brunner. 

Iceland  spar        .        .         / 

50-60 

0.1447 

Pulfrich. 

Idocrase      .... 

o-ioo 

0.2700 

Pfaff. 

Iron     .         .         .         .-  .      .• 

O-ICO 

0.3550 

Dulong  and  Petit. 

"       

0-300 

0.4410 

i, 

Magnetite,  FesO4       .        t 

O-IOO 

0.2862 

Pfaff. 

Manganic  oxide,  MnoOg 

O-IOO 

0.522 

Playfair  and  Joule. 

Orthoclase  (adularia) 

O-IOO 

0.1794 

Pfaff. 

Porcelain     .         .         •  •'.••' 

O-IOO 

0.1080 

Deville  and  Troost. 

Quartz         .         .         .         .* 

50-60 

0.3530 

Pulfrich. 

Rock  salt    

50-60 

I.2I2O 

" 

Spinel  ruby         .        .        . 

40 

0.1787 

Fizeau. 

Sulphur,  rhombic        .         . 

O-IOO 

2.2373 

Kopp. 

Topaz     -     . 

O-IOO 

0.2137 

Pfaff. 

Tourmaline 

6-100 

0.2181 

" 

Zincite,  ZnO 

40 

0.0279 

Fizeau. 

Zircon         .... 

o-ioo 

0.2835 

Pfaff. 

*  For   more  complete   tables  of  cubical   expansion,   see   Clarke's   "  Constants   of   Nature 
(Smithsonian  Collections),  published  iu  1876. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


2l6 


TABLE  224. 
COEFFICIENTS  OF  THERMAL   EXPANSION. 

Coefficients  of  Cubical  Expansion  of  Liquids. 

This  table  contains  the  coefficients  of  expansion  of  some  liquids  and  solutions  of  salts.  When  not  otherwise  stated 
atmospheric  pressure  is  to  be  understood.  7*  gives  the  temperature  range,  C  the  mean  coefficient  of  expansion 
for  range  T  in  decrees  C.,  and  AI  the  authority  for  C.  a,  ft,  and  y  are  the  coefficients  in  the  volume  equation 
z>t  =  vu  (i  -j-  aJ  +  fli2  +  y&),  and  /«  the  mean  coefficient  for  range  o°-ioo°  C.,  and  AI  is  the  authority  for  these. 


Liquid. 

T 

C 
X  1000 

A, 

in 

X  ioo 

o  X  looo 

/3  X  io« 

yX  io» 

A. 

Acetic  acid      .... 
Acetone      

•   i6°-io70 
0-54 

—  1  5  to  +80 
0-80 

0-39 
18-39 
0-40 
0-40 
—3810-1-70 
11-81 
—  7  to  +60 

18-25 
17-24 
—34  to  +60 
0-50 
0-50 
0-63 
—1510+38 

0-30 
0-30 
24-299 

36-1  57 
7-38 
24-120 

10-40 
20-78 

0-30 
0-30 
—  9  to  +106 

O-2OO 

.866 

•524 

.940 
•581 

.992 

I 
I 

I 
I 

2 

.1433 

-TJJ 
.l6l6 

•M33 
•'385 
.1168 

.0506 
.0510 
.1468 

•1399 

.2150 

•°534 

.0489 
•0933 

.0742 

.0572 
•0477 

•°539 
•0577 
.0899 

.1039 
.1067 
.0611 
.0627 

.0489 
.0799 
.1051 

1  .0630 
1.3240 

0.8900 
1-0414 
0.7450 
0.2928 

1.1856 
1.1763 
1.0382 

0.0788 
0.4238 
1.1398 

I.IO7I 

i-5'32 

0.4853 

0.4460 
0.0625 
0.1818 
0.6821 

0.8340 
0.8994 
0.0213 

0-3599 

0.5408 

0-5758 
0.2835 
0.9003 
—.0658 

0.  1  264 
3.8090 

0.6573 
0.7836 
1.850 
17.900 

I.5649 
1-2775 
I.7II4 

4.2742 
0.8571 
1.3706 

4.6647 

2-3592 
0.4895 

0.430 
8.710 
O.OOOI75 
1.1405 

0.1073 
1.396 
10.462 
2.516 

1-075 

0.864 
5.160 

J-959 
8.507 

1.0876 
0.8798 

1.1846 
1.7168 
0.730 
11.87 

O.gill 
0.8065 
0-5447 

I.9I22 

1-7433 
4.0051 

0.003512 
—•539 

0.4446 
—6.769 

3 
3 

4 

I 

6 

4 
5 

4 

7 
7 
4 

4 

4 
8 

9 
9 

10 

ii 

7 

7 

12 
12 

'3 

14 

9 
9 

12 

9 
9 
5 
15 

Alcohol  : 
Amyl  

Ethyl,  sp.  gr.  .8095   . 
"    50  %  by  volume 

"  3°%  :    " 

"    500  atmo.  press. 
"    3000   " 
Methyl          .... 

Calcium  chloride  : 
CaCl2,  5.8  %  solution 
CaCI2,  40.9  %      "      . 
Carbon  disulphide   . 
500  atmos.  pressure  . 
3000      " 
Chloroform     .... 
Ether      

Glycerine    

Hydrochloric  acid  : 
HC1+6.25H20  .     . 
HC1  +  5oH2O      .    . 
Mercury      

Olive  oil      

Potassium  chloride  : 
KC1,  2.5  %  solution  . 
KC1,  24.3  %      " 
Potassium  nitrate  : 
KN03,  5-3  %  sol'n 
KN03)2i.9%      " 
Phenol,  C6H6O   .     .     . 
Petroleum  

Sp.  gr.  0.8467  .     .     . 
Sodium  chloride  : 
NaCl,  i.  6%  solution  . 
Sodium  sulphate  : 
Na.2SO4,  24  %  sol'n  . 
Sodium  nitrate  : 
NaNO3,  36.2  %  sol'n  . 
Sulphuric  acid  : 
H2SO4     ..... 

H2SO4  +  5oH2O      . 
Turpentine      .... 
Water     

AUTHORITIES. 

i  Amagat.               4  Pierre.                    7  Decker.              10  Broch.              13  Pinette. 
2  Barrett.                5  Kopp.                     8  Emo.                  n  Spring.             14  Frankenheim. 
3  Zander.                6  Recknagel.            9  Marignac.          12  Nicol.               15  Scheel. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


217 


TABLE  225. 


COEFFICIENTS   OF   THERMAL    EXPANSION. 


Coefficients  of  Expansion  of  Gases. 
The  numbers  obtained  by  direct  experiment  on  the  change  of  volume  at  constant  pressure,  EP,  are  separated  in  the 


column  of  i  atm.  have  been  made  for  all  pressures  near  to  76  centimetres  of  mercury.     The  other  numbers  in  the 
pressure  columns  are  centimetres  of  mercury  at  o°  C.  and  approx.  45°  latitude,  unless  otherwise  marked. 


constant  pressure. 


pressure  coumns  are  centmetres  o    mercury  at  o       .  an    approx.  45    lattude,  unless  otherwise  marked. 
Thomson  has  given  (vide   Kncyc.    Brit.  art.   "Heat")  the  following  equations  for  the   calculation   of   the   expan- 
sion, £,  between  o°  and  100°  C.  of  the  gases  named.     Expansion  is  to  be  understood  as  change  of  volume  under 

£•  =  .3662(1—  .00049  J/r°) 
v  7'o  ' 

£  =  .3662(1  •+  .0026   —»} 
v  o  ' 

E  =  .3662  (i  -f  .0032    —  °) 
i>0' 

£•  =  .3662(1  +.0031    *>) 
»o' 

E  —  .3662  (1  +  .0164   —°\ 
va> 

where  V0/va  is  the  ratio  of  the  actual  density  of  the  gas  at  o°  C.  to  the  density  it  would  have  at  o°  C.  and  one 
atmosphere  of  pressure.  The  same  experiments  (Thomson  &  Joule,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  1860),  —  which,  together 
with  Regnault's  data,  led  to  these  equations,  —  give  for  the  absolute  temperature  of  melting  ice  2.731  times  the 
temperature  interval  between  the  melting-point  of  ice  and  the  boiling-point  of  water  under  normal  atmospheric 
pressure. 


Hydrogen    . 
Common  air    . 
Oxygen  .     .     . 
Nitrogen 
Carbon  dioxide 


Coefficient  at  constant  volume. 

Coefficient  at  constant  pressure.  t 

Substance. 

Pressure. 

Ev 
Xioo 

o 

€* 

3   « 
<' 

Substance. 

Pressure. 

Sf 

X  100. 

Autlior- 

itv. 

Air       .         .         .         . 

0.6 

•3765 

I 

Air    .     .   .         . 

76. 

0.3671 

3 

" 

1.6 

•3703 

"      .         .         .         , 

257- 

0.3695 

3 

a 

7.6 

.3665 

Hydrogen  . 

76- 

0.36613 

3 

" 

IO.O 

•3663 

"... 

254- 

0.36616 

3 

" 

26.0 

.3660 

Carbon  dioxide 

76. 

0.3710 

3 

" 

37.6 

.3662 

"             " 

252. 

0-3845 

3 

"          .          .          .          . 

75.0 

•3665 

"             "     o°-64° 

17.1  atm. 

0-5136 

6 

" 

76-83 

.3670 

2* 

"    64°-!  00° 

17.1     " 

0.4747 

6 

" 

11-15 

.3648 

3 

"            "     o°-7.5° 

24.81  " 

0.7000 

6 

" 

17-24 

•3651 

3 

"            "     o°-64° 

24.81  " 

0.6204 

6 

" 

37-51 

•3658 

3 

"            "  64°-  1  00° 

24.81  " 

0-5435 

6 

"           .          .          .          . 

76  - 

.3665 

3 

"    o°-7.5° 

34-49  " 

1.0970 

6 

" 

2OO 

.3690 

3 

"     o°-64° 

34-49  " 

0.8450 

6 

" 

2OOO 

.3887 

3 

"      0°-IOO° 

34-49  " 

0.6574 

6 

"           .          . 

IOOOO 

.4100 

3 

C'arbon  monoxide 

76. 

0.3669 

3 

" 

76 

.3669 

3* 

Nitrous  oxide    . 

76. 

0-3719 

3 

"           .          .          .          . 

76 

-3671 

4 

Sulphur  dioxide 

76. 

0-3903 

3 

" 

i  atm. 

.3670 

5* 

"               " 

98. 

0.3980 

3 

Carbon  dioxide   . 

i     " 

.3706 

5 

Water  vapor,  o°-ii9° 

i  atm. 

0.4187 

7 

"            "         .        . 

i     " 

.3726 

i 

"            "      o°-i4i° 

i     " 

0.4189 

7 

'            "        .        . 

76-104 

.3686 

3 

"        0°-l62° 

i     " 

0.4071 

7 

ti            « 

174-234 

•3752 

3 

"                 "        0°-200° 

i     " 

o-3938 

7 

"            " 

793 

.4252 

3 

"      o°-247° 

i     " 

0-3799 

7 

"      oc-64°  . 

16.4  atm. 

•4754 

6 

'•            "    64°-  1  00° 

16.4     " 

.4607 

6 

"      o°-64°  . 

25.87  " 

•5728 

6 

AUTHORITIES.  • 

"    64°-  1  00° 

25.87  " 

.5406 

6 

"     o°-64°  . 

33-53  " 

•6973 

6 

i   Melander.                  5  Jolly. 

"     64°-!  00° 

33-53  " 

•6334 

6 

2  Magnus.                     6  Andrews. 

Carbon  monoxide 

i       " 

.3667 

3 

3  Kegnault.                  7  Hirn. 

Hydrogen    .         . 

i       " 

.3669 

3 

4  Rowland. 

"       ...  ..__  .  .  _,_ 

i 

•3656 

5 

Nitrogen      .         . 

i       " 

.3668 

3 

Nitrous  oxide 

i        " 

.3676 

3 

"           "           ••"•).-•• 

i    .    " 

•3707 

5  . 

Oxygen 

i  .     " 

•3674 

5 

Sulphur  dioxide,  SC>2  • 

i    .   " 

•3845     5 

*  Corrected  by  Mendelejeff  to  45°  latitude  and  absolute  expansion  of  mercury.  Rowland  gets  almost  the  same 
correction  on  Regnault,  using  Wiillner's  value  of  the  expansion  of  mercury. 

t  The  series  of  results  at  different  pressures  are  given  because,  of  their  interest.  The  absolute  values  are  a  little 
too  low.  (See  preceding  footnote.) 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

218 


TABLE  226. 


DYNAMICAL    EQUIVALENT    OF    THE   THERMAL    UNIT. 

Rowland  in  his  paper  quoted  in  Table  227  has  given  an  elaborate  discussion  of  Joule's  determinations  and  the  cor- 
rections required  to  reduce  them  to  temperatures  as  measured  by  the  air  thermometer.  The  following  table  con- 
tains the  results  obtained,  together  with  the  corresponding  results  obtained  in  Rowland's  own  experiments.  The 
variation  for  change  of  temperature  in  Rowland's  result  is  due  to  the  variation  with  temperature  of  the  specific  heat 
of  water. 


Joule's  value  reduced 

-  u  ^ 

to  air  thermometer 

•  5£~rt  _- 

Date. 

Method  of  experiment. 

Temp, 
of 
water 

Joule's 
value. 

and  latitude  of 
Baltimore. 

Row- 
land's 
value. 

J-R. 

|||| 

C.° 

"S1"1  "  I 

A 

Eng.  units. 

Met.  units. 

tf-oSK 

1847 

Friction  of  water    . 

15 

781.5 

787.0 

442-8 

427.4 

+  15-4 

0 

1850 

«•>'    .<       .. 

14 

772.7 

778.0 

426.8 

427-7 

—0.9 

IO 

1850 

"         "   mercury 

9 

772.8 

779-2 

427-5 

428.8 

'-3 

2 

1850 

.. 

9 

775-4 

781.4 

428.7 

428.8 

—  O.I 

2 

1850 

"         "    iron 

9 

7760 

782.2 

429.1 

428.8 

+0-3 

I 

1850 

.«       .. 

9 

773-9 

780.2 

428.0 

428.8 

—0.8 

I 

1867 

Electric  heating  .     . 

1  8.6 

- 

- 

428.0 

426.7 

+  i-3 

3 

1878 

Friction  of  water     . 

14.7 

772.7 

776.1 

425.8 

427.6 

—i.S 

2 

1878 

"         "       " 

12.7 

774.6 

778.5 

427.1 

428.0 

—0.9 

3 

1878 

"       '• 

'55 

773-1 

776.4 

426.0 

427-3 

—  '-3 

5 

1878 

,       " 

14.5 

767.0 

770-5 

422.7 

427-5 

-4.8 

i 

18-8 

'•         "       " 

'7-3 

774.0 

777-0 

426.3 

426.9 

—0.6 

i 

From  the  above  values  and  weights  Rowland  concludes  as  the  most  probable  value 
from  Joule's  experiments,  at  the  temperature  14.6°  C.  and  the  latitude  of  Baltimore,  426.75, 
and  from  his  own  experiments  427.52. 

The  mean  of  these  results  is  427.13  in  metric  units,  or  778.6  in  British  units.  Correct- 
ing back  for  latitude,  and  to  mercury  thermometer,  this  gives  about  774.5  for  the  latitude 
of  Manchester,  instead  of  772,  as  has  been  commonly  used. 

An  elaborate  determination  recently  made  by  Griffith  and  referred  to  in  Table  227  gives 
a  value  about  one  tenth  of  one  per  cent  higher  than  Rowland's.  Probably  when  a  mer- 
cury thermometer  is  involved  in  the  measurements  we  may  take  776  as  the  nearest  whole 
number  in  foot-pounds  and  British  thermal  units  for  the  latitude  of  Manchester,  and  777 
for  that  of  Baltimore.  The  corresponding  values  in  the  metric  system  will  be  425.8  and 
426.3,  or  in  round  numbers  426  for  both  latitudes. 

The  following  quantities  should  be  added  to  the  equivalent  of  Baltimore  to  give  the 
equivalent  at  the  latitude  named  :  — 

Latitude      ....   0°     10°     20°      30°    40°      50°        60°        70°        80°        90° 

Kilogramme-metres  0.89    0.82     0.63     0.34     0.08   — 0.41    — 0.77    — 1.06    — 1.26     — 1.33 
Foot-pounds.     .     .    1.62    1.50     1.15     0.62     0.15   — 0.75    — 1.41    — 1.93    — 2.30     — 2.43 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


219 


TABLE  227. 


MECHANICAL   EQUIVALENT  OF   HEAT. 

The  following  historical  table  of  the  principal  experimental  determinations  of  the  mechanical  equivalent  of  the  unit  of 
heat  has  been,  with  the  exception  of  the  few  determinations  bearing  dates  later  than  1879,  taken  from  Rowland.* 
The  different  determinations  are  divided  into  four  groups,  according  to  the  method  used.  Calculations  based  on 
the  constants  of  gases  and  vapors  as  determined  by  others  are  not  included  in  this  table. 


Method. 

Observer. 

Date. 

Result. 

Compression  of  air    .         .         .         . 

Joule  i 

1845 

443-8 

Expansion        "    "                .         .                  .    '• 

Joule  1 

i845 

437-8 

Experiments  on  steam  engine   .         .        . 

Him  2 

1857 

413.0 

"              "       "            "        .         .         .    ' 

Him* 

1860-1 

420-432 

( 

443-6 

Expansion  and  contraction  of  metals         . 

Edlund  3 

1865    ] 

430.1 

( 

428.3 

"             "              "            "       " 

Haga* 

1881    j 

437-8 
428.1 

Measurement  of   the   specific  volume  of 

vapor      .         .         .         .         .        •, 

Perot  5 

1886 

424-3 

Rumford  ' 

1708 

940  ft.-lbs. 

Friction  of  water  in  tubes 

Joule  " 

i  /  ye» 
1843 

424.6 

'          "       "       "  calorimeter 

Joule  1 

l84S 

488.3 

'          "       "       "            "... 

Joule  8 

1847 

428.9 

'          "       "       "            "... 

Joule  9 

l850 

423-9 

'           "  mercury  in       "... 

Joule  9 

1850 

424.7 

'          "  plates  of  iron 

Joule9 

1850 

425.2 

"  metals       .         .         .         .         . 

Him  2 

1857 

37  i  -6 

'          "       "      in  mercury  calorimeter  . 

Favre  10 

1858 

413.2 

'          "       "            ..... 

Him2 

1858 

400-450 

Boring     "       "            ..... 

Him  2 

1858 

425.0 

Water  in  balance  a  frotiement    . 

Him  2 

1860-1 

432.0 

Flow  of  liquids  under  strong  pressure 

Him  2 

i  860-1 

432.0 

Crushing  of  lead         ..... 

Him2 

1860-1 

4250 

Friction  of  metals      ..... 

Puluj  " 

1876 

426.6 

Friction  of  water  in  calorimeter 

Joule  12 

1878 

423-9 

"        "       "      "          "                   ,        . 

Rowland  13 

1879 

426.3 

"        "  metals       

Sahulka14 

1890 

427-5 

Heating  by  magneto-electric  currents 

Joule  ~ 

1843 

460.0 

Heat   generated   in   a  disc   between   the 

f 

43S-2 

poles  of  a  magnet  .        .        .        . 

Violle  1S 

1870   j 

434-9 

435-8 

I 

437-4 

Flow  of  mercury  under  pressure 

Bartoli  16 

1880 

428.4 

Heat  developed  in  wire  of  known  abso-  ( 
lute  resistance         \ 

Quintus  Icilius,17 
also  Weber 

}    '857 

399-7 

Heat  developed  in  wire  of  known  abso-  \ 
lute  resistance         } 

Lenz 
Weber 

}    1859    | 

396.4 
478.2 

Heat  developed  in  wire  of  known  abso- 

lute resistance         .         .         .         .         .    ! 

Joule  18 

1867 

429-5 

Heat  developed  in  wire  of  known  abso- 

lute resistance         .         .         .         .         .    ' 

H.  F.  Weber  19 

1877 

428.15 

Heat  developed  in  wire  of  known  abso- 
lute resistance          ..... 
Heat  developed  in  wire  of  known  abso- 

Webster 2) 

i885  ] 

414.0  ergs  per 
gramme  degree. 

lute  resistance         .         .         .         .-       .   " 

Dieterici  21 

1888 

424.36 

REFERENCES. 

See  opposite  page. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  "  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci."  vol.  15. 
22O 


MECHANICAL   EQUIVALENT  OF  HEAT. 


TABLE  227. 


Method. 


Diminishing  the  heat  contained  in  a  battery 
when  the  current  produces  work 

Diminishing  the  heat  contained  in  a  battery 
when  the  current  produces  work  .  .  . 

Heat  due  to  electrical  current,  electro-chemical 
equivalent  of  water  =  .009379,  absolute  resist- 
ance, electro-motive  force  of  Daniell  cell,  heat 
developed  by  action  of  zinc  on  sulphate  of 
copper  ........ 

Heat  developed  in  Daniell  cell     .... 

Electromotive  force  of  Daniell  cell 

Combination  of  electrical  heating  and  mechan- 
ical action  by  stirring  water  .... 


Observer. 


Joule 7 

Favre  ™ 
Weber, 
Boscha, 
Favre, 

and 
Silbermann 

Joule 
Boscha  23 

Griffiths  -* 


Date. 


1843 

1858 

1857 

1859 
1893 


Result. 


499.0 
443-° 


4I9-S 

428.0 


RKFERENCES. 

1  Joule,  "  Phil.  Mag."  (3)  vol.  26. 

2  Him,  "  Theorie  Mec.  de  la  Chaleur,"  ser.  i,  3me  ed. 

3  Edlund,  "  Pogg.  Ann."  vol.  114. 

4  Haga,  "  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  15. 

5  Perot,  "  Compt.  Rend."  vol.  102. 

6  Rurnford,  "  Phil.  Trans.  Roy.  Soc."  1798;  Favre,  "  Compt.  Rend."  it 

7  Joule,  "  Phil.  Mag."  (3)  vol.  23. 

8  Joule, 

9  Joule, 
10  Favre, 


37- 


Phil.  Mag."  (4)  vol.  15. 


n    Pulnj, 
12  Joule, 


Compt.  Rend."  1858 ; 
Pogg.  Ann."  vol.  157. 
Proc.  Roy.  Soc."  vol.  27. 

13  Rowland,  "  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  &  Sci."  vols.  15  &  16. 

14  Sahulka,  "  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  41. 

15  Violle,  "Ann.  de  Chim."  (4)  vol.  22. 

16  Bartoli,  "  Mem.  Ace.  Lincei,"  (3)  vol.  8. 

17  Quintus  Icilius,  "  Pogg.  Ann."  vol.  101. 

18  Joule,  "  Rep.  Com.  on  Elec.  Stand.,"  "  B.  A.  Proc."  1867. 

19  H.  F.  Weber,  "  Phil.  Mag."  (5)  vol.  ?. 

20  Webster,  "  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  &  Sci."  vol.  20. 

21  Dieterici,  "  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  33. 

22  Favre,  "  Compt.  Rend."  vol.  47. 

23  Boscha,  "  Pogg.  Ann."  vol.  108. 

24  Griffiths,  "  Phil.  Trans.  Roy.  Soc."  1893. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


221 


TABLES  228,  229. 

SPECIFIC    HEAT. 

Specific  Heat  of  Water. 

The  specific  heat  of  water  is  a  matter  of  considerable  importance  in  many  physical  measure- 
ments, and  it  has  been  the  subject  of  a  number  of  experimental  investigations,  which  unfortu- 
nately have  led  to  very  discordant  results.  Kegnault's  measurements,  published  in  1847,*  show 
an  increase  of  specific  heat  with  rise  of  temperature.  His  results  are  approximately  expressed 
by  the  equation 

c  =  i  -f-  -0004  /  -j-  0000009  f2< 

which  makes  the  specific  heat  nearly  constant  within  the  atmospheric  range.  A  different  equa- 
tion was  found  from  Regnault's  results  by  Boscha,  who  thought  the  temperatures  required  cor- 
rection to  the  air-thermometer.  Regnault,  however,  pointed  out  that  the  results  had  already 
been  corrected.  Jamin  and  Amaury  t  found,  for  a  range  from  9°  to' 76°  C.,  the  equation 

c  =  i  -f-  .001 1  /  -)-  .000001 2 13, 

which  nearly  all  the  evidence  available  shows  to  be  very  much  too  rapid  a  change.  Wiillner 
gives,  for  some  experiments  of  Munchhausen,}:  the  equation 

c=  i  -j-  .00030102 / 
in  vol.  i,  changed  to 

c=  i  -f  .000425 1 

in  vol.  10,  for  a  range  of  temperature  from  17°  to  64°.  In  1879,  experiments  are  recorded  by 
Stamo,§  by  Henrichsen,||  and  by  Baumgarten,||  all  of  them  giving  large  variation  with  temper- 
ature. 

In  1879,  Rowland  inferred  from  his  experiments  on  the  mechanical  equivalent  of  heat  that  the 
specific  heat  of  water  really  passes  through  a  minimum  at  about  30°,  and  he  attempted  to  verify 
this  by  direct  experiment.  The  results  obtained  by  direct  experiments  were  not  by  any  means 
so  satisfactory  as  those  obtained  from  the  friction  experiment;  but  they  also  indicated  that  the 
specific  heat  passed  through  a  minimum,  —  but,  in  this  case,  at  about  20°  C.  Further,  direct 
experiments  were  made  in  1883,  in  Rowland's  laboratory,  by  Liebig,  using  the  same  calorimetric 
apparatus  ;  and  these  experiments  also  show  a  minimum  at  about  20°  C.1T  Since  the  publica- 
tion of  Rowland's  paper  a  number  of  new  determinations  have  been  made.  Gerosa  gave,  in 
1881,  a  series  of  equations  which  show  a  maximum  at  4°.4,  then  a  minimum  a  little  above  5°  and 
afterwards  a  rise  to  24°!  Neesen  **  found  a  minimum  near  30°,  but  got  rather  less  variation  than 
Rowland.  Rapp,tt  taking  the  mean  specific  heat  between  o°  and  100°  as  unity,  gives  the  equa- 
tion 

c=  1.039925  —  .007068 1-\-  .0002 1 2 55/2  —  .000001584^, 

which  gives  a  minimum  between  20°  and  30°  and  a  maximum  about  70°.  Volten  JJ  gives  an 
equation  which  is  even  more  extraordinary  with  regard  to  coefficients  than  the  last,  namely, 

c  =  i  —  .0014625512  /  -|-  .0000237981  f2  —  .000000 1 07 1 6  is, 

which  puts  the  minimum  between  40°  and  50°,  and  gives  a  maximum  at  100°;  which  maximum 
is,  however,  less  than  unity.  Dieterici,  in  his  paper  on  the  mechanical  equivalent  of  heat,  dis- 
cusses this  subject ;  but  his  own  results  being  in  close  agreement  with  Rowland's,  his  table  prac- 
tically only  extends  Rowland's  results  through  a  greater  range  of  temperature,  assuming  straight- 
line  variation  to  the  two  sides  of  the  minimum.  Bartoli  and  Stracciati  §§  found  a  minimum  at 
about  30°;  while  Johanson  in  the  same  year  gives  a  minimum  at  about  4°  and  then  a  rise  about 
12  times  as  rapid  as  that  of  Regnault.  Griffiths  ||||  finds  the  equation 

c  =  i  —  .0002666  (/"  —  15) 

to  satisfy  his  experiments  through  the  range  from  15°  to  26°.  This  agrees  fairly  well  with  Row- 
land through  the  same  range,  and  indicates  that  the  minimum  is  at  a  temperature  higher  than 
26°. 

The  following  table  gives  the  results  of  Rowland,  Bartoli  and  Stracciati.  and  Griffiths.  The 
column  headed  "  Rowland  "  has  been  calculated  from  Rowland's  values  of  the  mechanical  equiv- 
alent of  heat  at  different  temperatures,  on  the  assumption  that  the  specific  heat  at  1 5°  is  equal  to 
unity. 


Me"m.  de  1'Acad."  vol.  21.  t  "  Cqnipt.  Rend.''  vol.  70,  1870. 

'  Wied.  Ann."  vols.  i  and  10.  §  "  Wied.  Reib."  voi.  3. 

'  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  8. 

Rowland,  "  Proc.  Am.  Acad."  vol.  15,  and  Liebig,  "  Am.  Jour,  of  Sci."  vol.  26. 
1  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  18,  1883. 


tt    '  Diss.  Zurich."  n  "  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  21,  1884. 

§§    'Wied.  Beib."  vol.  15,  1891.  Illl  "Phil.  Trans."  1893. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

222 


SPECIFIC    HEAT. 


TABLES  22«    229. 


TABLE  228.  —  Specific  Heat  of  Water. 


Temp. 
C. 

Rowland. 

Bartoli 
•     and 
Stracciati. 

Griffiths. 

Temp. 
C. 

Rowland. 

Bartoli 
and 

Stracciati. 

Griffiths. 

Dieterici. 

Temp. 
C. 

Specific 
heat. 

0° 

.0075* 

1.  0066 

_ 

19° 

0.9984 

0.9995 

0.9989 

0° 

I.  OOOO 

,  I 

.0070* 

1.  0060 

- 

20 

0.9980 

0.9995 

0.9987 

IO 

0.9943 

2 

.0065* 

•0054 

- 

21 

0.9976 

0.9995 

0.9984 

20 

0.0893 

3 

.0060* 

.0049 

- 

22 

0-9973 

0.9996 

0.9981 

30 

0.9872 

4 

.0055* 

.0043 

- 

23 

0.9971 

0.9996 

0-9979 

40 

0.9934 

5 

.0050 

.0038 

- 

24 

0.9968 

0.9998 

0.9976 

50 

0.9995 

6 

.0045 

•0033 

- 

25 

0.9967 

.OOOI 

0-9973 

00 

.0057 

7 

.0040 

.OO28 

- 

26 

0.9965 

.0003 

0.9971 

70 

.OI2O 

8 

.0034 

.0023 

- 

~7 

0.9964 

.0006 

0.9967 

80 

.0182 

9 

.0029 

.OOI9 

- 

28 

0.9963 

.OOIO 

- 

90 

.0244 

10 

.0024 

.0015 

- 

29 

0.9962 

.0014 

- 

100 

.0306 

ii 

.0019 

.OOI  I 

- 

3° 

0.0962 

.0019 

- 

- 

- 

12 

.0014 

.OOO8 

- 

31 

0.9963 

I.OO24 

- 

_      ,          _ 

!3 

.0009 

.0005 

- 

32 

0.9963 

- 

- 

- 

14 

1.0005 

.OOO2 

- 

33 

0.9964 

- 

- 

-               - 

15 

1.  0000 

.OOOO 

1.  0000 

34 

0.9965 

- 

- 

-               - 

16 

0.9996 

0.9998 

0-9997 

35 

0.9966 

- 

- 

- 

17 

0.9991 

0.9997 

0.9995 

36 

0.9967 

- 

- 

- 

18 

0.9987 

0.9976 

0.9992 

TABLE  229.  -  Specific  Heat  of  Air. 

The  ratio  of  the  specific  heat  at  constant  pressure  to  the  specific  heat  at  constant  volume  has  been  the  subject  of  much 
investigation,  and  more  particularly  so  in  the  case  of  atmospheric  air,  on  account  of  its  interest  in  connection  with 
the  velocity  of  sound.  The  following  table  gives  the  results  of  the  principal  direct  determinations  of  this  ratio  for 
air.  It  may  be  remarked  that  the  methods  most  commonly  employed  have  been  modifications  of  that  employed  by 
Clement  and  Desormes,  and  that  the  chances  of  error  towards  too  small  a  ratio  by  this  method  are  considerable. 


Date. 

Ratio. 

Experimenters. 

Some  of  these  results  are  clearly  too  low  ; 

and  hence  neglecting  all  those  that  fall  be- 

I8l.2 

•354 

Clement  and  Desormes. 

low   1.39  and  giving  equal  weights  to  the 

- 

•374 

Gay  Lussac  and  Welter. 

remainder  we  obtain,  with  a  somewhat  large 

1853 
1858 

.249 
.42  r 
.4196 

Delaroche  and  Berard. 
Favre  and  Silbermann. 
Masson. 

probable  error,  the  value  1.4070. 
The  values  obtained  indirectly  from  the 

^59 

.4025 

Weisbach. 

velocity   of  sound  are  undoubtedly  much 

1861 

•3845 

Him. 

more  accurate,  judged  either  by  the  greater 

1862 
1863 
1864 

.41 

•399 
.41 

Cazin. 
Dupre. 
Jamin  and  Richards. 

ease  of   the  experiment   or  by   the  better 
agreement  of  the  results.     Assuming  that 

1864 

•399 

Tresca  and  Laboulaye. 

the  value  332  metres  per  second  is  good  for 

1869 

.302 

Kohlrausch. 

the  velocity  of  sound,  the  ratio  of  the  specific 

1873 

4053 

Rontgen. 

heats  must  be  near  to   1.4063.      Probably 

1874 
1883 
1887 

•3^ 
.4062 

•384 

Amagat. 
Miiller. 
Lummer. 

1.4065  may  be  taken  as  fairly  representing 
present  knowledge  of  the  subject. 

*  Variation  assumed  uniform  below  7  with  same  slope  as  from  7  to  5. 
NOTE.  —  For  specific  heats  of  metals,  solids  and  liquids,  see  pp.  294  to  296. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

223 


TABLE  23O. 


SPECIFIC    HEAT. 

Specific  Heat  of  Gases  and  Vapors. 


Substance. 

Range  of 
temp.  C.° 

Sp.  ht. 
pressure 
constant. 

Authority. 

Mean 
ratio  of 
sp.  hts. 

Authority. 

•o      ^ 

"i  ~  8 

3  Sri 

Acetone  

20-IIO 

0-34/58 

Wiedemann 

_ 

_ 

"..... 

27-179 

0.3740 

"                - 

- 

"         »        •    ."  .  • 

129-233 

0.4125 

Regnault 

- 

- 

Air           ...-.; 

—  30  to  -{-  10 

0.23771 

" 

- 

- 

.         . 

0-100 

0.23741 

" 

- 

- 

"            ,        .        .         .         . 

O-2OO 

c-23751 

" 

- 

- 

"             ,         .         ... 

2O-IOO 

0.2389 

Wiedemann 

- 

- 

"            »..-.. 

mean 

0.23788 

- 

1.4066 

Various 

0.1691 

Alcohol,  ethyl     -    .        .        » 

108-220 

0-4534 

Regnault 

1.136 

(  Jaeger 
|  Neyreneuf 

0.3991 

"         methyl       .         .         . 

101-223 

0.4580 

" 

- 

- 

Ammonia        .... 

23-100 

0.5202 

Wiedemann 

- 

- 

"                .... 

27-200 

o-5356 

" 

- 

_ 

"                .         .         .         . 

24-216 

0.5125 

Regnault 

- 

- 

...» 

mean 

0.5228 

- 

'•31 

j  Cazin 
\  Wiillner 

0.3991 

Benzene  ..... 

34-H5 

0.2990 

Wiedemann 

- 

_ 

"..... 

35-180 

0-3325 

" 

- 

- 

"         .         .         .         .      '  .. 

116-218 

0-3754 

Regnault 

— 

- 

Bromine  ..... 

83-228 

0-0555 

" 

- 

- 

"         .         .                   . 

19-388 

0-0553 

Strecker 

1.293 

Strecker 

0.0428 

Carbon  dioxide 

-28  to  +7 

0.1843 

Regnault 

- 

"                          ... 

15-100 

0.2025 

" 

— 

— 

<.             u 

11-214 

0.2169 

" 

- 

- 

.   .  '  ;' 

mean 

O.2OI2 

- 

1.300 

j  Ror.tgen 
|  Wiillner 

0.1548 

Carbon  monoxide  . 

23-99 

0.2425 

Wiedemann 

- 

- 

" 

26-198 

O.2426 

« 

1.403 

I  Cazin 
\  Wiillner 

0.1729 

Carbon  disulphide  . 

86-190 

o.  1  596 

Regnault 

i.  200 

Beyne 

0.1330 

Chlorine          ..... 

13-202 

O.I2IO 

" 

- 

- 

"                 .... 

16-343 

O.II25 

Strecker 

r-323 

Strecker 

0.0850 

Chloroform     .... 

27-118 

O.I44I 

Wiedemann 

- 



28-189 

0.1489 

" 

i.ic6 

(  Beyme 
}  M  tiller 

0.1346 

Ether       ...'... 

69-224 

0.4797 

Regnault 

- 

- 

''..... 

27-189 

0.4618 

Wiedemann 

- 

- 

"         

25-11  i 

0.4280 

" 

- 

- 

"         

mean  0.4565 

- 

1.029 

Miiller 

0.4436 

Hydrochloric  acid  . 

22-214 

0.1852 

Regnault 

- 

- 

"                 "     . 

13-100 

o.  1  940 

Strecker 

i-395 

Strecker 

0.1391 

Hydrogen        .... 

—28  to  +9 

3-3996 

Regnault 

- 

"                . 

12-198 

3.4090 

" 

- 

- 

"                .... 

2I-1OO 

3.4100 

Wiedemann 

- 

- 

"            '.'.-. 

mean   3.4062 

- 

1.410 

Cazin 

2419 

sulphide  (H.2S)      . 

20-206 

0.2451 

Regnault 

1.276 

Miiller 

0.1925 

Methane          . 

18-208 

0-59-9 

" 

1.316 

" 

0.4505 

Nitrogen          .... 

O-2OO 

0.2438 

" 

1.410 

Cazin 

0.1729 

Nitric  oxide  (NO)  . 

13-172 

0.2317 

« 

- 

- 

Nitrogen  tetroxide  (NCX>) 

27-67 

1.625 

SBerthelot 

- 

- 

"                "              " 

27-150 

1.115 

and 

- 

"                "              " 

27-280 

0.650 

Ogier 

- 

- 

Nitrous  oxide          .         ... 

10-207 

0.2262 

Regnault 

- 

- 

"           "              ... 

26-F03 

0.2126 

Wiedemann 

— 

- 

"           "          •    . 

27-206 

0.2241 

" 

- 

- 

"           "              ... 

mean  0.2214 

- 

1.291 

Wiillner 

•1715 

Sulphur  d-oxide  (SOo)  .        .. 

16-202 

0.1544 

Regnault 

1.26 

(  Cazin       ) 
)  Miiller     j 

0.1225 

Water              .       '. 

128-217 

0.4805 

" 

- 

- 

Macfarlane 

. 

100-125 

0.3787 

Gray 

_ 

- 

mean  0.4296 

1 

1.300 

Various 

0.3305 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


224 


TABLES  231  ,  232. 


VAPOR    PRESSURE. 


TABLE  231. —Vapor  Pressure  of  Ethyl  Alcohol.* 


o 

0^ 

1° 

*> 

3. 

4° 

5° 

6° 

7= 

8- 

9° 

Vapor  pressure  in  millimetres  of  mercury  at  o°  C. 

0° 

10 

20 
30 

40 

50 
60 

70 

12.24 
23.78 
44.00 
78.06 

I33-70 

220.00 

541.20 

25-31 
46.66 

82.53 

140.75 
230.80 
366.40 
564-35 

I4-I5 
27.94 

49-47 
87.17 

148.10 
242.50 
383-10 
588.35 

I5.l6 
28.67 
52-44 
92.07 

155.80 
253.80 
4OO.4O 
613.20 

16.21 
30-50 
55-56 
97-21 

163.80 
265.90 
418.35 
638-95 

'7-31 
32-44 
58.86 
102.60 

172.20 
278.60 
437-oo 
665-55 

18.46 

34-49 
62-33 
108.24 

181.00 
291.85 

456.35 
693.10 

19.68 

36.67 

65-97 
114.15 

190.10 
305-65 
476.45 
721-55 

20.98 

69.80 
120.35 

199.65 

3'995 
497.25 
751.00 

22.34 
41.40* 

73-83 
126.86 

209.60 

334-85 
518.85 

781-45 

From  the  formula  log/  =  a  -\-  <V  +  <•'&  Ramsay  and  Young  obtain  the  following  numbers.t 

0 

d, 

1 

0° 

10°            2Q° 

30  > 

40° 

50° 

60° 

70° 

80° 

90° 

Vapor  pressure  in  millimetres  of  mercury  at  o°  C. 

0° 

100 

200 

12.24 
1692.3 
22182. 

23-73 
2359-8 
26825. 

43-97 
3223.0 
32196. 

78.11 

3S389-7 

133.42 
5686.6 

455  »9- 

219.82 
7368.7 

350-2I 
9409.9 

540.91 
11858. 

811.81 
14764. 

1186.5 
18185. 

TABLE  232.  — Vapor  Pressure  of  Methyl  Alcohol.1 


u 

0° 

1° 

2° 

3° 

4° 

5D 

6° 

7- 

8° 

9° 

£ 

r* 

Vapor  pressure  in  millimetres  of  mercury  at  o°  C. 

0° 

29.97 

31.6 

33-6 

35-6 

37-8 

40.2 

42.6 

45-2 

47-9 

50.8 

10 

53-8 

57.0 

60.3 

63.8 

67.5 

71.4 

75-5 

79-8 

84-3 

89.0 

20 

94-0 

99-2 

104.7 

110.4 

116.5 

122.7 

129.3 

136.2 

143-4 

151.0 

30 

158.9 

167.1 

175-7 

184-7 

194.1 

203.9 

214.1 

224.7 

235-8 

247-4 

40 

259.4 

271.9 

285.0 

298-5 

312.6 

327-3 

342-5 

358-3 

374-7 

39  '-7 

50 

409.4 

427-7 

446.6 

466.3 

486.6 

507.7 

529-5 

552.0 

575-3 

599-4 

60 

624.3 

650.0 

676.5 

703-8 

732.0 

761.1 

791.1 

822.0 

*  This  table  has  been  compiled  from  results  published  by  Ramsay  and  Young  (Jour.  Chem.  Soc.  vol.  47,  and  Phil. 
Trans.  Roy.  Soc.,  1886). 

t  In  this  formula  a=:  5.0720301  ;   log£=  2.6406131 ;  log  c  —  0.6050854 ;   log  a  =  0.003377538;  log  /3  —  7.99682424 
(c  is  negative). 

i.  Taken  from  a  paper  by  Dittmar  and  Kawsitt  (Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin.  vol.  33). 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

225 


TABLE  233. 


VAPOR   PRESSURE.* 

Carbon  Bisulphide,  Chlorobenzene,  Bromobenzene,  and  Aniline. 


Temp. 

0° 

1 

2° 

3° 

4° 

5° 

6° 

7°             8° 

9° 

(a)  CARBON  BISULPHIDE. 

0° 

127.90 

I33-85 

140.05 

146.45 

153.10 

160.00 

167.15 

174.60 

182.25 

190.20 

10 

198.45 

207.00 

215.80 

224-95 

234.40 

244.I5 

254-25 

264.65 

275.40 

286.55 

20 

298.05 

309.90 

322.10 

334-70 

347-70 

361.10 

374-95 

389.20 

403.90 

419.00 

3° 

434.60 

450.65 

467-15 

484.15 

501.65 

5  '9-65 

538.15 

557.I5 

576.75 

596.85 

40 

617.50 

638.70 

660.50 

682.90 

705.90 

729.50 

753-75 

778.60 

804.10 

830-25 

(b)   CHLOROBENZENE. 

20° 

8.65 

9.14 

9.66 

IO.2I 

10.79 

11.40 

12.04 

12.71 

13.42 

14.17 

30 

14.95 

15-77 

16.63 

!7-53 

18.47 

19.45 

20.48 

21.56 

22.69 

23-87 

40 

25.10 

26.38 

27.72 

29.12 

30.58 

32.10 

33-69 

35-35 

37.08 

38.88 

50 

40.75 

42.69 

44.72 

46.84 

49-05 

5'-35 

53-74 

56.22 

58.79 

61.45 

60 

64.20 

67.06 

70.03 

73-" 

76.30 

79.60 

83.02 

86.56 

90.22 

94.00 

70 

97.90 

101.95 

106.10 

110.41 

114.85 

"9-45 

124.20 

129.10 

I34-I5 

139.40 

80 

1  44.80 

150.30 

1  56-05 

161.95 

168.00 

174.25 

181.70 

187.30 

194.10 

201.15 

90 

208.35 

215.80 

223.45 

231.30 

239-35 

247.70 

256.20 

265.00 

274.00 

283.25 

100 

292.75 

302.50 

3I2-50 

322.80 

333-35 

344.15 

355-25 

366.65 

378-30 

390-25 

no 

402.55 

415.10 

427-95 

441-15 

454-65 

468.50 

482.65 

497.20 

512.05 

527-25 

1  20 

542.80 

558-70 

575-05 

59L70 

608.75 

626.15 

643-95 

662.15 

680.75 

699.65 

130 

718.95 

738.65 

758.8o 

— 

~ 

— 

— 

~ 

~ 

•" 

(c)   BROMOBENZENE. 

40° 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

12.40 

13.06 

13-75 

14.47 

15.22 

50 

16.00 

16.82 

17.68 

18.58 

I9.52 

20.50 

21.52 

22.59 

23-71 

24.88 

60 

26.10 

27.36 

28.68 

30.06 

3!-50 

33-00 

34-56 

36.18 

37-86 

39.60 

'    70 
80 

41.40 
63.90 

43.28 
66.64 

45.24 
69.48 

47.28 
7242 

49.40 
75.46 

51.60 
78.60 

53-88 
81.84 

56.25 
85.20 

58.71 
88.68 

61.26 
92.28 

90 

96.00 

99.84 

103.80 

107.88 

112.08 

116.40 

120.86 

125.46 

130.20 

I35-08 

100 

140.10 

145.26 

150.57 

156.03 

161.64 

167.40 

I73-32 

179.41 

185.67 

192.10 

110 

198.70 

205.48 

212.44 

219.58 

226.90 

234.40 

242.10 

250.00 

258.10 

266.40 

1  20 

274.90 

283-65 

292.60 

301-75 

3Io'^5 

320.80 

330-70 

340.80 

35i-i5 

361.80 

130 
140 

372.65 
495.80 

383-75 
509.70 

395-  ^ 
523-90 

406.70 
538-40 

418.60 
553-20 

430-75 
568.35 

443-20 
583-85 

455-90 
599-65 

468.90 
6I5.75 

482.20 
632.25 

150 

649.05 

666.25 

683.80 

701.65 

7I9-95 

738.55 

757-55 

776.95 

796.70 

816.90 

(d)  ANILINE.  ' 

80° 

1  8.80 

19.78 

20.79 

21.83 

22.90 

24.00 

25-'4 

26.32 

27.54 

28.80 

90 

30.10 

3J-44 

32-83 

34-27 

35-76 

37-30 

38.90 

40.56 

42.28 

44.06 

1OO 

IIO 

45-90 
68.50 

47.80 
71.22 

49.78 

74.04 

51.84 
76.96 

53-98 
79.98 

56.20 

83.10 

58.50 
86.32 

60.88 
89.66 

63-34 
93.12 

65.88 
96.70 

1  20 

100.40 

104.22 

108.17 

112.25 

116.46 

1  20.80 

125.28 

129.91 

134.69 

139.62 

130 

144.70 

149.94 

155-34     160.90 

166.62 

172.50 

178.56 

184.80 

191.22 

197.82 

140 

204.60 

211.58 

218.76     226.14 

233-72 

241.50 

249.50 

257.72 

266.16 

274.82 

150 

283.70 

292.80 

302.15     311.75 

321.60 

33I-70 

342-05 

352-65 

363-50 

374.60 

1  60 

386.00 

397.65 

409.60     421.80 

434-3° 

447.10 

460.20 

473.60 

487-25 

501.25 

170 

515.60 

530.20 

545.20     560.45 

576.10 

592-05 

608.35 

625.05 

642.05 

659-45 

180 

677.15 

695-30 

71375     732-65 

75I-90 

77L50 

*  These  tables  of  vapor  pressures  are  quoted  from  results  published  by  Ramsay  and  Young  (Jour.  Chem.  Soc. 
vol.  47).    The  tables  are  intended  to  give  a  series  suitable  for  hot-jacket  purposes. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


226 


VAPOR    PRESSURE. 

Methyl  Salicylate,  Bromonaphthaline,  and  Mercury. 


TABLE  233. 


Temp. 
C. 

0° 

1° 

2° 

r 

4° 

5° 

60 

7° 

8° 

9° 

(e)  METHYL  SALICYLATE. 

70° 

2.40 

2-58 

2.77 

2-97 

3.18 

3-40 

3-62 

3-85 

4.09 

4-34 

80 

4.60 

4-87 

5-15 

5-44 

5-74 

6.05 

6-37 

6.70 

7.05 

7.42 

90 

7.80 

8.20 

8.62 

9.60 

9-52 

9-95 

10.44 

10.95 

11.48 

12.03 

100 

12.60 

13.20 

13.82 

14.47 

15.15 

I5-85 

16.58 

17-34 

18.13 

18.95 

I  IO 

19.80 

20.68 

21.60 

22-55 

23-53 

24-55 

25.61 

26.71 

27.85 

29.03 

1  20 

30-25 

31.152 

32-84 

34.21 

35-63 

37-io 

38.67 

40.40 

41.84 

43-54 

130 

45-30 

47.12 

49.01 

50.96 

52-97 

55-05 

57-20 

59-43 

6i-73 

64.10 

140 

66-55 

69.08 

71.69 

74.38 

77-15 

80.00 

82.94 

85.97 

89.09 

92.30 

150 

95.60 

99.00 

102.50 

106.10 

109.80 

113.60 

"7-51 

121-53 

125.66 

129.90 

160 

I34-25 

138.72 

M3-3' 

148.03 

152.88 

157-85 

162.95 

168.19 

I73-56 

179.06 

170 

184.70 

190.48 

196.41 

202.49 

208.72 

215.10 

221.65 

228.30 

235-J5 

242.15 

180 

249-35 

256-70 

264.20 

271.90 

279-75 

287.80 

296.00 

304.48 

321.85 

190 

330.85 

340-05 

349-45 

359-05 

368.85 

378.90 

389-15 

399.60 

410.30 

421.20 

2OO 

432.35 

443-75 

455-35 

467-25 

479-35 

491.70 

504-35 

517.25 

530-40 

543-8o 

210 

557-5° 

571-45 

585-70 

600.25 

61  5-05 

630.15 

645-55 

661.25 

677.25 

693.60 

22O 

710.10 

727.05 

744-35 

761.90 

779-85 

798.10 

(f)  BROMONAPHTHAUNB. 

110° 

3-6o 

3-74 

3-89 

4.05 

4.22 

4.40 

4-59 

4-79 

5.00 

5-22 

120 

5-45 

5-70 

5-96 

6.23 

6.51 

6.80 

7.10 

7.42 

7-76 

8.12 

130 

8.50 

8.89 

9.29 

9.71 

10.15 

1  0.60 

11.07 

11.56 

12.07 

1  2.60 

I4O 

^S 

I3-72 

I4-31 

14.92 

»5-55 

16.20 

16.87 

17-56 

18.28 

19.03 

150 

19.80 

20.59 

21.41 

22.25 

23.11 

24.00 

24.92 

25.86 

26.83 

27.83 

160 

28.85 

29.90 

30.98 

32.09 

33-23 

34-40 

35-6o 

36-83 

38.10 

39-41 

170 

40.75 

42.12 

43-53 

44-99 

46.50 

48-05 

49.64 

51.28 

52-96 

54-68 

180 

56-45 

58-27 

60.14 

62.04 

64.06 

66.10 

68.19 

70.34 

72-55 

74-82 

190 

77-iS 

79-54 

81.99 

84.51 

87.10 

8975 

92.47 

95.26 

98.12 

101.05 

200 

104.05 

107.12 

110.27 

113.50 

116.81 

120.20 

123.67 

127.22 

130.86 

J34-59 

2IO 
220 

138.40 
181.75 

142.30 
186.65 

146.29 
191.65 

150-38 
196.75 

154.57 
202.00 

158.85 
207-35 

163.25 
212.80 

167.70 
218.40 

172.30 
224-15 

176-95 
230.00 

230 

235-95 

242.05 

248.30 

254.65 

261.20 

267-85 

274-65 

281.60 

288.70 

295-95 

24O 

303-35 

310.90 

318.65 

326.50 

334-55 

342.75 

351.10 

359-65 

368.40 

377-30 

250 

386.35 

395-60 

405-05 

414-65 

424.45 

434-45 

444.65 

455-oo 

465.60 

476.35 

260 

487-35 

498.55 

509.90 

521-50 

533-35 

545-35 

557-6o 

570.05 

582.70 

595.60 

270 

608.75 

622.10 

635-70 

649.50 

663-55 

677-85 

692.40 

707-15 

722.15 

737-45 

(g)  MERCURY. 

270° 

123.92 

1  26.97 

130.08 

I33-26 

136-50 

139.81 

143.18 

146.61 

I  50.  1  2 

'53-70 

280 

157-35 

161.07 

164.86 

168.73 

172.67 

176.79 

180.88 

185.05 

189.30 

1  93-63 

290 

198.04 

202.53 

207.10 

211.76 

216.50 

221.33 

226.25 

231.25 

241-53 

300 

246.81 

252.18 

257-65 

263.21 

268.87 

274-63 

280.48 

286.43 

292.49 

208.66 

310 

3°4-93 

3IT-3O 

3J7-78 

324-37 

331-08 

337-89 

344.81 

35I-85 

359.00  !  366.28 

320 

373-67 

381.18 

388.81 

396.56 

404.43 

412.44 

420.58 

428.83 

437-22 

445-75 

330 

454-41 

463.20 

472.  r  2 

481.19 

490.40 

499-74 

509.22 

518.85 

528.63 

538.56 

340 

548.64 

558-87 

569-25 

579-78 

590.48 

601.33 

612.34 

623.51 

634-85 

646.36 

350 

658.03 

669.86 

681.86 

694.04 

706.40 

718.94 

731-65 

744-54 

757-61 

770.87 

360 

784-31 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


227 


TABLE  234. 


AIR    AND    MERCURY    THERMOMETERS. 


Rowland  has  shown  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Sci.  vol.  15)  that,  when  o°  and  100°  are  chosen  for  fixed  points,  the  relation 
between  the  readings  of  the  air  and  the  mercury  in  glass  thermometers  can  be  very  nearly  expressed  by  an  equation 

oftheform  t=r-at(ia0-t)(6-t), 

where  t  is  the  reading  of  the  air  thermometer  and  T  that  of  the  mercury  one,  a  and  b  being  constants.  The  smaller 
a  is,  the  more  nearly  will  the  thermometers  agree  at  all  points,  and  there  will  be  absolute  agreement  for  t  —  o  or 
loo  or  />. 

Regnault  found  that  a  mercury  thermometer  of  ordinary  glass  gave  too  high  a  reading  between  o°  and  100°,  and  too 
low  a  reading  between  iooj  and  about  245°.  As  to  some  other  thermometers  experimented  on  by  Regnault, 
little  is  recorded  of  their  performance  between  o°  and  100°,  but  all  of  them  gave  too  high  readings  above  i<xr', 
indicating  that  below  loo1-  the  mercury  thermometer  probably  reads  too  low.  Regnault  states  this  to  be  the 
case  for  a  thermometer  of  Choisy  le.Roi  crystal  glass,  and  puts  the  maximum  error  at  from  one  tenth  to  two  tenths 
of  a  degree.  Regnault's  comparisons  of  the  air  and  mercury  thermometers  and  a  comparison  by  Recknagel  of  a 
mercury  thermometer  of  common  glass  with  the  air  thermometer  are  compared  with  the  above  formula  by  Rowland. 
The  tables  are  interesting  as  showing  approximately  the  error  to  be  expected  in  the  use  of  a  mercury  thermom- 
eter and  the  magnitude  of  the  constants  a  and  b  for  different  glasses.  They  are  given  in  the  following  Table. 
Regnault's  results  above  100°  C.  compared  with  the  formula  /rr  T  —  ai(ioo  —  t)(6—t),  give  for  the  constants  a 
and  b  the  following  values  : 

Cristal  de  Choisy  Le  Roi       .     «r=  0.00000032,    £  —  0°. 

Verre  ordinaire    .        .        .    a  =  0.00000034,     ^  =  245°. 

Verre  vert     ....     a  —  0.000000095,  ^  — — 270°.* 

Verre  de  Suede     .        .         .     a  =  0.000000 14,     6=10°. 

Common  glass  (Recknagel)     a  —  0.00000033,     ^  =  290°. 


(a)  TEMPERATURES  BETWEEN  o°  AND  100°  C. 

There  are  no  observed  results  w  ith  which  to  compare  the  calculations  for 

the  Choisv  le  Roi  thermometer 

through  this  range,  and  in  the  case  of  the  vet-re  ordinaire,  the  specimen  for  which  the  readings  below  100° 

are  g  veil  was  not  the  same  as  that  used 

ibove  100°,  from  which  the  constant 

s  a  an 

d  b  were  caicul 

ated.     Row- 

land  shows  that  a  =  0.00000044  and  i=  260  give  considerably  better  agreement. 

Regnault's  thermometers. 

Recknagel's  thermometer. 

thermome- 
ter. 

Choisy 

Verre  ordinaire. 

Calculated. 

Observed. 

Calculated. 

O 

OO.CO 

00.00 

00.00 

OO.OO 

OO.OO 

.00 

IO 

10.00 

IO.O7 

- 

IO.O8 

10.08 

.00 

2O 

19.99 

— 

20.  1  2 

— 

20.14 

20.14 

.OO 

30 

29.98 

30.12 

30.15 

+•03 

30.18 

30.18 

.OO 

40 

30-97 

40.23 

40.17 

—.06 

40.20 

40.20 

.00 

50 

49.96 

50.23 

; 

50.17 

—.06 

50.20 

50.20 

.OO 

60 

59-95 

60.24 

60.  15 

—.09 

60.  1  8 

60.  1  8 

.OO 

70 

69.95 

7O.22 

7O.I2 

.10 

70.14 

70.15 

+  .OI 

80 

79.96 

80.10 

80.09 

—.01 

80.10 

80.  1  1 

+  .01 

90 

89.97 

- 

90.05 

- 

90.05 

90.06 

+  01 

IOO 

I  OO.OO 

I  OO.OO 

r  oo.oo 

I  OO.OO 

I  OO.OO 

+  .0 

(b)  TEMPERATURES  ABOVE  100°  C.,  REGNAULT'S  THERMOMETERS. 

Air 

Choisy  le  Roi. 

Verre  ordinaire. 

Verre  vert. 

Verre  de  Suede. 

ther. 

Obs. 

Calc. 

Diff. 

Obs. 

Calc. 

Diff. 

Obs. 

Calc. 

Diff. 

Obs. 

Calc. 

Diff. 

IOO 

I  OO.OO 

I  OO.OO 

+.00 

I  OO.OO 

100.00 

.00 

I  OO.OO 

I  OO.OO 

.OO 

I  OO.OO 

I  OO.OO 

.00 

1  2O 

1  20.  1  2 

120.09 

+-03 

119-95 

119.90 

+-os 

1  20.07 

1  20.09 

—  .or 

1  20.04 

1  20.04 

.00 

140 

140.29 

140.25 

+.04 

r39-85 

139.80 

+-OS 

140.21 

140.22 

—  .01 

140.11 

140.10 

+.01 

160 

160.52 

160.49 

+.03 

159-74 

159-72 

+  .02 

160.40 

160.39 

+  .01 

160.20 

160.21 

—  .01 

180 

l8o.8o 

180.81 

—  .03 

179-63 

179.68 

—.05 

180.60 

180.62 

—  .02 

180.33 

1  80.  14 

—  .or 

2OO 

201.25 

201.28 

—  .01 

199.70 

199.69 

+  .01 

200.80 

200.89  I  —  -°9 

2OO.  50 

200.53 

—03 

22O 

221.82 

221.86 

—.04 

219.80 

219.78 

+  .02 

22  1.  2O 

221.23 

--03 

220-7  S 

220.78 

—  -°3 

240 

242.55 

242.56 

—  .01 

239.90 

239.96 

—.06 

24  1  .60 

241.63 

—•03 

241.16 

241.08 

+.08 

26O 

263.44 

263.46 

—  .02 

260.20 

260.21 

—  .OI 

262.15 

262.09 

+  .07 

280 

284.48 

284.52 

—.04 

280.58 

280.00 

—  .02 

282.85 

282.63 

+  .2 

i 

300 

305-72 

305.76 

—.04 

301.08 

301.12 

—.04 

320 

327.20 

—•°5 

321.80 

321.80 

.OO 

340 

349-30 

348.88 

+.42 

343-oo 

342.64 

+  -36 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  Misprinted  f +]  270  in  Rowland's  paper. 
228 


TABLES  235,  236. 
COMPARISON    OF   THERMOMETERS.* 

Chappius  gives  the  following  equations  for  comparing  glass  thermometers: 

iooo(7V—  TH)-. 00543 doc—  rm>  ym  + 1.412  x  IO-HIOO—  rm*)  rm— 1.323  x  K>-«  (loo*  — 

1000  (  Tea,  -  TU)  =  -03S9  (>oo  -  Tm)  Tm  -  o. 234  X io-«  ( 100=  -  r««)  7V»  - 0.5 u>  X  io~«  (ioo»  - 
A^rr  nitrogen ;  //=  hydrogen  ;  CO^  =  carbon  dioxide ;  m  =  mercury. 

TABLE  235.  —  Hydrogen  Thermometer  compared  with  others. 

This  table  gives  the  correction    which  added  to  the  thermometer  reading  gives  the  temperature  by  the  hydrogen 

thermometer. 


Chappius's  experiments,  t 

Marek's  experiments.? 

Tempera- 

Mercury in  glass. 

ture  by     1        Hard 

thermom- 
eter. 

glass 
mercury 

Nitrogen 
thermome- 
ter. 

dioxide 
thermome- 

Hard 

French 

Jena 

.  Thuringian  glass. 

inometer. 

glass. 

glass. 

glass. 

1830-40. 

1888. 

—  2O 

+0.172 

+O.OI4 

+0.07  I 

—  IO 

+0.0/3 

+0.007 

+0.032 

C 

o.ooo 

O.OOO 

O.OOO 

0.000 

O.OOO 

O.OOO 

O.OOO 

o.ooo 

IO 

—  0.052 

—  0.006 

—  0.025 

—0.044 

—  0.060 

—  0.056 

—0.086 

—  0.072 

2O 

—  0.085 

—  O.OIO 

—0.043 

—0.073 

—  O  IOO 

—  0.091 

—0.149 

—  0.125 

3° 

—  O.I  O2     I    —  O.OII 

—0.054 

—  0.091 

—0.125 

—  O.IO9 

—  O.igi 

—0.159 

40 

—  0.107      —  o.oii 

—0.059 

—  0.098 

—0.134 

—  O.I  I  I 

—0.213 

—0.178 

5° 

—0.103 

—  0.009 

—0.059 

—  0.096 

—  0.132 

—0.103 

—  0.216 

—0.1  80 

60 

—  0.090 

—  0.005 

—0.053 

—  0.086 

—  0.118 

—0.086 

—  O.2OI 

—o.i  68 

7° 

—  0.072 

—  O.OOI 

—  0.044 

—  0.070 

—  0.096 

—  0.064 

O.I7I 

—0.143 

So 

—  0.050   !   +0.002 

—0.030 

—  0.050 

—  0.068 

—  O.O4I 

—0.127 

—  o.i  06 

90 

—  0.026      +0.003 

—  0.016 

—  0.026 

—0.035 

—0.018 

—  0.069 

—  0.058 

IOO 

o.ooo 

o.ooo 

o.ooo 

O.OOO 

o.ooo 

O.OOO 

o.oco 

o.ooo 

TABLE  236.  —  Air  Thermometer  compared  with  others. 

This  table  gives  the  correction  which  added  to  the  thermometer  reading  gives  the  temperature  by  the  air  thermometer. 


Temperature 
by  air 
thermome- 
ter. 

Mercury  in 
Thuringian 
glass 
thermometer 
(Grommach  §). 

Mercury  in  Jena 
glass  thermome- 
ter (Wiebe  and 
Boucher  ||). 

Temperature 
by  air 
thermome- 
ter. 

Mercury  in  Jena 
glass  thermome- 
ter (Wiebe  and 
Boucher  ||). 

Temperature 
by  air 
thermome- 
ter. 

Baudin  alcohol 
tlu-rmometer 
(.White  t). 

—  20 

+0.03 

+0-I53 

130 

—  0.07 

0 

—  O.OOO 

—  IO 

+O.O2 

+0.067 

140 

—  0.09 

—5 

—0.144 

O 

o.oo 

O.OOO 

I50 

—  O.IO 

IO 

—0.382 

10 

—0.03 

—  0.049 

160 

—  O.IO 

—'5 

—0.704 

20 

—  O.I  I 

—0.083 

170 

—  0.08 

—  20 

—  I.  IOO 

3° 

—  O.I  2 

—0.103 

1  80 

—006 

—25 

—  1-563 

40 

—0.08 

O.I  IO 

190 

O.O2 

—30 

—2.082 

SO 

- 

—  o.  1  07 

200 

+  0.04 

—35 

—2648 

54 

—  o  04 

- 

2IO 

+  0.1  1 

—40 

—  3-253 

60 

- 

—  0.096 

2  2O 

+  0.21 

—45 

-3.887 

70 

- 

—  0.078 

230 

+0.32 

-50 

—4-54' 

73 

—  0.06 

- 

240 

+  0.46 

—55 

—  5.206 

80 

- 

—0.054 

250 

+  0.63 

—60 

-5.872 

82 

—  0.04 

- 

260 

+0.82 

-65 

—6-531 

90 

- 

—0.028 

270 

+  I-05 

—70 

—  7-!74 

IOO 

- 

o.ooo 

280 

+  i-3° 

—80 

-8-371 

I  10 

- 

—0.03 

290 

+  1-58 

—90 

—9-392 

1  20 

—0.05 

3OO 

+  1.91 

—  IOO 

—10.163 

*  These  two  tables  are  taken  with  some  slight  alteration  from  Landolt  and  Boernstein's  "  Phys.  Chem.  Tab.' 
t  P.  Chappius,  "Trav.  et  Mem.  du  Bur.  internal,  des  Poids  et  Mes."  vol.  6,  1888. 
t  Marek,  "Zeits.  fiir  Inst.-K."  vol.  10,  p.  283. 

§  Grommach,  "  Metr.  Beitr.  heraus.  v.  d.  Kaiser.  Norm.-Aich.  Comm."  1872. 
II  Wiebe  und  Bbttcher,  "  Zeits.  fiir  Inst.  K."  vol.  10,  p.  233. 
II  White,  "  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Sci."  vol.  21,  p.  45. 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 

229 


TABLE  237. 


CHANCE  OF  THERMOMETER   ZERO  DUE   TO  HEATING.* 

When  a  thermometer  is  used  for  measurements  extending  over  a  range  of  more  than  a  few  degrees,  its  indications  are 
generally  in  error  due  to  the  change  of  volume  of  the  glass  lagging  behind  the  change  of  temperature.  Some  data 
are  here  given  to  illustrate  the  magnitude  of  the  change  of  zero  after  heating.  This  change  is  not  permanent,  but 
the  thermometer  may  take  several  days  or  even  weeks  to  return  to  its  i.ormal  reading. 


Kind  of  glass. 

No.  of 
experi- 
ment. 

Maximum 
temp,  in 
deg.  cent. 

Time  at 
maximum 
temp,  in 
hours. 

Normal  Jena  glass. 

Thuringian 
glass. 

Composition  of 
Jena  glass 
used. 

I. 

II. 

Depression  of  freezing-point. 

I 

290 

5 

I.O 

I.O 

2.1 

ZnO       7     % 

2 

290 

5 

i-3 

i-S 

2.7 

CaO      7     % 

3 

290 

5 

1.5 

i-7 

3-1 

Na20  14.5  % 

4 

290 

5 

1.6 

1.8 

3-4 

A1203    2.5% 

5 

290 

5 

i-7 

1.9 

3-6 

B203     2     % 

<  6, 

290 

5 

1.8 

2.0 

3-7 

Si02    67     % 

7 

290 

25 

2.O 

2.2 

4.2 

TABLE  238. 

CHANCE   OF  THERMOMETER   ZERO  DUE   TO   HEATING. 


Description  of  thermometer. 

Year  of 

Ratio  of  soda  and  potash 
in  the  glass. 

Depression  of 
zero  due  to 
one  hour's 

heating  to 

Na20/K,0 

K20/Na20 

100°  C. 

Humboldt,  No.  2     .         .... 

Before  1835 

0.04 

_ 

0.06 

T.  G.  Greiner,  Fj 

1848 

0.08 

- 

0.15 

"         F2     .        .        .        . 

1856 

O.22 

- 

0.38 

F3     . 

1872 

— 

0.21 

0.38 

Ch.  F.  Geissler,  No.  13   . 

1875 

- 

0.26 

0.40 

G.  A.  Schultze,  No.  3      ... 

1875 

- 

0.24 

0.44 

Rapp's  Successor,  P'4 

1878 

0.83 

0.65 

*  Allihn,  "  Zeits.  fiir  Anal.  Chem."  vol.  29,  p.  385. 

t  W.  Fresenius,  "Zeits.  fiir  Anal.  Chem."  vol.  27,  p.  189.  See  also,  for  this  and  following  table,  Wiebe  in  the 
"  Zeitschrift  fiir  Instrumentenkunde,"  vol.  6,  p.  167,  from  which  Fresenius  quotes.  The  thermometer  referred  to  i» 
this  table  belonged  to  the  Kaiserlichen  Normal-Aichungs  Commission. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

230 


TABLE  239. 


EFFECT  OF  COMPOSITION   ON   THERMOMETER   ZERO.* 

Jena  Glasses. 


Depression  of 

Descriptive 
number. 

Si2O 

Na2O 

K.O 

CaO 

AI203 

B203 

ZnO 

zero  due  to 
one  hour's 
heating  to 

100°  C. 

IV 

70 

_ 

13-5 

I6.5 

_ 

_ 

1 

0.08 

VIII 

70 

IS 

15 

- 

- 

- 

0.08 

XXII 

66 

14 

14 

6 

- 

- 

- 

1.05 

XXXI 

66 

II.  I 

16.9 

6 

- 

- 

- 

1.03 

XVII111 

69 

15 

10.5 

- 

5 

- 

- 

1.  06 

XX"1 

70 

7-5 

7-5 

IS 

- 

— 

0.17 

XIV"1 

69 

H 

7 

i 

2 

7 

0.05 

t  XVI™ 

67.5 

H 

- 

7 

2-5 

2 

7 

0.05 

XVIII 

52 

o 

9 

3° 

0.05 

TABLE  240. 


CHANCE    OF   ZERO  OF  THERMOMETER  WITH  TIME. 

Closely  allied  to  the  changes  illustrated  in  Tables  235-237  is  the  slow  change  of  volume  of  the  bulb  of  a  thermometer 
with  age.     The  following  short  table  shows  the  change  for  the  normal  Jena  thermometer.J 


Date  of  observation. 

Thermometer 
number.    - 

1886 

1889 

1890 

Total 
rise. 

Rise  of  zero. 

1O6 

O.OO 

°-3 

0.04 

0.04 

108 

O.OI 

O.2 

0.04 

0.03 

665 

O.OI 

o-3 

0.05 

0.04 

667 

O.O2 

0.4 

0.05 

0.03 

668 

0.02 

o-5 

0.06 

0.04 

670 

0.00 

o-3 

0.04 

0.04 

671 

O.O5 

0.9 

0.09 

0.04 

672 

0.05 

O.o 

0.08 

0.03 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  Fresenius,  "  Zeits.  fiir  Anal.  Chem."  vol.  27,  p.  189. 

t  Normal  Jena  glass. 

Z  Allihn,  "  Zeits.  fiir  Anal.  Chem."  vol.  29,  p.  385. 

231 


TABLE  241. 


CORRECTION    FOR   TEMPERATURE    OF    MERCURY    IN    THERMOMETER 

STEM.* 

/"  =  /— 0.0000795  »  (P  —  *0>  >n  Fahrenheit  degrees;  7':=/  —  0.000143  w  (t1 — t),  in  Centigrade  degrees.  Where 
7'=  corrected  temperature,  *  =  observed  temperature,  /'=  mean  temperature  of  glass  stem  and  mercury  column, 
n  =  the  length  of  mercury  in  the  stem  in  scale  degrees. 


(a)  CORRECTION  FOR  FAHRENHEIT  THERMOMETER 

=  value  of  0.0000795  "  (P  —  *)• 

/'—  t 

10° 

20  3 

30J 

40  3 

50° 

60° 

70° 

80° 

90° 

100° 

10° 

O.OI 

O.O2 

O.O2 

0.03 

0.04 

0.05 

0.06 

0.06 

0.07 

0.08 

20 

O.O2 

0.03 

O.O5 

0.06 

0.08 

O.IO 

O.I  I 

0.13 

0.14 

0.16 

3° 

0.02 

O.O5 

0.07 

O.IO 

O.I  2 

0.14 

0.17 

0.19 

O.2I 

0.24 

40 

0.03 

O.O6 

O.IO 

0.13 

0.16 

0.19 

O.22 

o. 

2S 

0.29 

0.32 

50 

O.O4 

0.08 

0.  12 

0.16 

0.20 

0.24 

0.28 

0.32 

0.36 

0.40 

60 

o.o<; 

O.IO 

O.I4 

0.19 

0.24 

0.29 

o-33 

0.38 

043 

0.48 

70 

0.06 

O.I  I 

0.17 

O.22 

0.28 

o-33 

o-39 

0-45 

0.50 

0.56 

80 

0.06 

0.13 

0.19 

0.25 

0.32 

0.38 

0-45 

o. 

Si 

0-57 

0.64 

90 

0.07 

0.14 

O.2I 

O.29 

0.36 

0-43 

0.50 

o. 

S7 

0.64 

0.72 

IOO 

0.08 

0.16 

0.24 

0.32 

0.40 

0.48 

0.56 

0.64 

O.72 

0.79 

110 

0.09 

0.17 

O.26 

o-35 

0.44 

0.52 

0.61 

0.70 

0-79 

0.87 

1  20 

O.IO 

0.19 

0.29 

0.38 

0.48 

0-57 

0.67 

0.76 

0.86 

0.95 

130 

O.IO 

0.21 

0.3I 

0.41 

O.52 

0.62 

0.72 

0.83 

o-93 

1.03 

(b)  CORRECTION  FOR  CENTIGRADE  THERMOMETER 

=  value  of  0.000143  n  (t1  —  f). 

/'  —  t 

10°               20°               30° 

40  ^ 

50                 60° 

70 

80° 

10° 

o.oi             0.03            0.04 

O.o6 

0.07              0.09 

O.IO 

O.I  I 

20 

0.03             0.06            0.09 

O.I  I 

0.14              0.17 

O.2O 

0.23 

3° 

0.04             0.09             o.  1  3 

0.17 

O.2I                   O.26 

0.30 

0-34 

40 

0.06             o.  ii             0.17 

0.23 

0.29             0.^4 

0.40 

0.46 

5° 

O.O7                   O.I4                   O.2I 

0.29 

0.36         0.43 

0.50 

0-57 

60 

O.Og                   O.I7                   O.26 

o-34 

0.43        .0.51 

O.6o 

0.69 

70 

O.IO                 O.2O                 0.30 

0.40 

0.50            0.60 

0.70 

0.80 

80 

o.i  i             0.23             0.34 

0.46 

0.57             0.69 

O.8O 

0.92 

90 

0.13                 0.26                 0.39 

0.51 

0.64            0.77 

0.90 

1.03 

100 

0.14                 0.29                  0.43 

0.57 

0.72             0.86 

I 

.00 

1.14 

N.  B.  —  When  f  —  /is  negative  the  correction  becomes  additive. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  "  Smithsonian  Meteorological  Tables,"  p.  12. 
232 


TABLE   241. 


CORRECTION    FOR    TEMPERATURE    OF    MERCURY    IN    THERMOMETER 

STEM. 


(c)  CORRECTION  TO  BE  ADDED  TO  THERMOMETER  READING.* 

t—  i< 

M 

70° 

80° 

90° 

100° 

120° 

140° 

160° 

180° 

200° 

220° 

n 

10° 

O.O2 

0.03 

0.05 

0.07 

O.I  I 

0.17 

0.21 

0.27 

o-33 

0.38 

10° 

20 

0.13 

0.15 

0.18 

O.22 

0.29 

0.38 

0.46 

o-53 

0.61 

0.67 

20 

30 
40 

O.24 

o-35 

0.28 
0.41 

0.48 

o-39 
0.56 

0.48 
0.68 

0.59 
0.82 

O./O 
0.94 

0.78 
1.04 

0.88 
Mi 

0.97 
1.28 

30 
40 

50 

0.47 

0.53 

0.62 

0.72 

0.88 

1.03 

I.I7 

i  -i 

1.44 

i-59 

50 

60 

0.57 

o  66 

0.77 

0.89 

.09 

1.25 

1.42 

1.58 

1.74 

1.90 

60 

70 

0.69 

0.79 

0.92 

.06 

'    -3° 

1.47 

1.67 

1.86 

2.04 

2.23 

70 

80 

0.80 

0.91 

1.05 

.21 

•S2 

1.71 

1.94 

2.15 

2-33 

2-55 

80 

9O 

0.91 

1.04 

1.19 

.38 

•73 

1.96 

2.2O 

2.42 

2.64 

2.89 

90 

TOO 

i.  02 

1.18 

J-35 

.56 

•97 

2.18 

2.45 

2.70 

294 

3-23 

100 

no 

- 

- 

.78 

2.19 

2-43 

2-70 

2.98 

3.26 

3-57 

no 

1  20 

- 

- 

- 

.98 

2-43 

2.69 

2-95 

3.26 

3-58 

3-92- 

120 

130 

- 

- 

- 

2.68 

2.94 

3.20 

356 

3-89 

4.28 

130 

140 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2.92 

3.22 

3-47 

3-86 

4.22 

4.64 

140 

150 

- 

- 

- 

- 

— 

3-74 

4-'5 

4-56 

5.01 

150 

160 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

4.00 

4.46 

4.90 

5-39 

160 

170 

- 

- 

- 

_ 

- 

- 

4.27 

4.76 

5-24 

5-77 

170 

1  80 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

4-54 

5.07 

5-59 

6.15 

180 

190 

- 

- 

- 

- 

— 

- 

- 

5-38 

5-95 

6-54 

190 

200 

- 

— 

- 

- 

— 

- 

- 

5-70 

6.30 

6.94 

200     ; 

210 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

6.68 

7-35 

210 

220 

7.04 

7-75 

220 

*  This  table  is  quoted  from  Rimbach's  results,  "Zeit.  fur  Irtfetrumentenkunde,"  vol.  10,  p.  153.  The  numbers 
represent  the  correction  made  by  direct  experiment  for  thermometers  of  Jena  glass  graduated  from  o°  to  360°  C., 
the  degrees  being  from  i  to  1.6  mm.  long.  The  first  column  gives  the  length  of  the  mercury  in  the  part  of  the  stem 
which  is  exposed  in  the  air,  and  the  headings  under  t  —  t1  give  the  difference  between  the  observed  temperature  and 
that  of  the  air. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


233 


TABLES  242,  243. 


EMISSIVITY. 


TABLE  242.  —  Emissivity  at  Ordinary  Pressures. 

According  to  McFarlane*  the  rate  of  loss  of  heat  by  a  sphere 
placed  in  the  centre  of  a  spherical  enclosure  which  has  a 
blackened  surface,  and  is  kept  at  a  constant  temperature  of 
about  14°  C.,  can  be  expressed  by  the  equations 

e  —  .000238  +  3.06  X  io-6/  —  2.6  X  io-V, 
when  the  surface  of  the  sphere  is  blackened,  or 

e  —  .000168  +  1.98  X  io-°t  —  1.7  X  IO-8/2, 

when  the  surface  is  that  of  polished  copper.  In  these  equa- 
tions e  is  the  emissivity  in  c.  g.  s.  units,  that  is,  the  quantity 
of  heat,  in  therms,  radiated  per  second  per  square  centimetre 
of  surface  of  the  sphere,  per  degree  difference  of  tempera- 
ture t,  and  t  is  the  difference  of  temperature  between  the 
sphere  and  the  enclosure.  The  medium  through  which 
the  heat  passed  was  moist  air.  The  following  table  gives 
the  results. 


Differ- 
ence of 
tempera- 
ture- 
* 

Value  of  e. 

Ratio. 

Polished  surface. 

Blackened  surface. 

5 

.000178 

.000252 

.707 

10 

.OOOI86 

.000266 

.699 

'5 

.000193 

.000279 

.692 

20 

.OOO2OI 

.000289 

•695 

25 

.000207 

.000298 

.694 

30 

.OOO2  1  2 

.000306 

•693 

35 

.0002  i  7 

.000313 

•693 

40 

.000220 

.000319 

•693 

45 

.000223 

.000323 

.690 

50 

.000225 

.000326 

.690 

55 

.000226 

.000328 

.690 

60 

.000226 

.000328 

.690 

TABLE  243.— Emissivity  at  Different  Pres- 
sures. 

Experiments  made  by  J.  P.  Nicol  in  Tail's  Labo- 
ratory show  the  effect  of  pressure  of  the  en- 
closed air  on  the  rate  of  loss  of  heat.  In  this 
case  the,  air  was  dry  and  the  enclosure  kept  at 
about  8°  C. 


1 

Polished  surface. 

Blackened  surface. 

t 

et 

t 

et 

PRESSURE  76  CMS.  OK  MERCURY. 

63.8 

.00987 

6l.2 

.01746 

57-i 

.00862 

5O.2 

.01360 

5°-5 

.00736 

41.6 

.01078 

44.8 

.00628 

34-4 

.00860 

40-5 

.00562 

27-3 

.00640 

34-2 

.00438 

20.5 

.00455 

29.6 

.00378 

- 

- 

23-3 

.00278 

- 

— 

1  8.6 

.OO2IO 

~ 

~ 

PRESSURE  10.2  CMS.  OF  MERCURY. 

67.8 

.00492 

62.5 

.01298 

61.1 

•00433 

57-5 

.01158 

55 

.00383 

53-2 

.01048 

49-7 

.00340 

47-5 

.00898 

44-9 

.00302 

43-° 

.00791 

40.8 

.00268 

28.5 

.00490 

PRESSURE  i  CM.  OF  MERCURY. 

65 

.00388 

62.5 

.OI  182 

60 

•00355 

57-5 

.01074 

5° 
40 

.00286 
.00219 

54-2 
41.7 

.01003 
.00726 

3° 

.00157 

37-5 

.00639 

23-5 

.00124 

34-o 

.00569 

- 

- 

27-5 

.00446 

24.2 

.00391 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  "  Proc.  Roy.  Soc."  1^72. 

t  "  Eroc.  Roy.  Soc."  Edinb.  1869. 


234 


TABLES  244,  245. 
EMISSIVITY. 

TABLE  244.  -  Constants  of  Emissivity. 

The  constants  of  radiation  into  vacuum  have  been  determined  for  a  few  substances.  The 
object  of  several  of  the  investigations  has  been  the  determination  of  the  law  of  variation  with 
temperature  or  the  relative  merits  of  Dulong  and  Petit's  and  of  Stefan's  law  of  cooling. 

Dulong  and  Petit's  law  gives  for  the  amount  of  heat  radiated  in  a  given  time  the  equation 

H=Asae(at—i) 

where  A  is  a  constant  depending  on  the  units  employed  and  on  the  nature  of  the  surface,  s  the 
surface,  a  a  constant  determined  by  Dulong  and  Petit  to  be  1.0077,  #  the  absolute  temperature 
of  the  enclosure,  and  t  the  difference  of  temperature  between  the  hot  surface  and  the  enclosure. 
The  following  values  of  A  are  taken  from  the  experiments  of  W.  Hopkins,  the  results  being 
reduced  to  centimetre  second  units,  and  the  therm  as  unit  of  heat. 

Glass      .     .     .   ;•';-'  .  •.  .,4  =  .00001327 

Dry  chalk /4  =  . 00001195 

Dry  new  red-sandstone  A  =  .00001162 

Sandstone  (building)    .  ,<4  —  .00001232 

Polished  limestone  .     .  A  =  .00001263 
Unpolished    limestone 

(same  block)    .     .     .  A  =  .0001777 

Stefan's  law  is  expressed  by  the  equation 


where  //and  s  have  the  same  meaning  as  above,  a  is  a  constant,  called  Stefan's  radiation  con- 
stant, T\  is  the  absolute  temperature  of  the  radiating  body  and  7g  the  absolute  temperature  of 
the  enclosure.  Stefan's  constant  would  represent,  if  the  law  held  to  absolute  zero,  the  amount 
of  heat  which  would  be  radiated  per  unit  surface  from  the  body  at  i°  absolute  temperature  to 
space  at  absolute  zero.  The  experiments  of  Schleiermacher,  Bottomley,  and  others  show  that 
this  law  approximates  to  the  actual  radiation  only  through  a  limited  range  of  temperature. 


Graetz  *  finds  for  glass 

Schleiermacher  f  find  for  polished  platinum  wire 

For  copper  oxide 


7i  =  400,  T0  =  o,tr  =  1.0846  X  IO"12 
(  7\  =  1085,  To  =  o,  a-  =  o.  185  X  io-12 
7\— 1150,  7b  =  o,  IT  — 0.177  X  io~12 
T\  =  850,  TO  —  o.  <r  =  0.600  X  io-12 
7\  =  1080,  TO  =  o,  <r  =  0.701  X  JO'1'2 


TABLE  245.  —  Effect  of  Absolute  Temperature  of  Surface. 


The  following  tabular  results  are  given  by  Bottomley.  t  The  results  of  Schleiermacher  were  calculated  from  data  given 
in  the  paper  above  quoted.  The  temperatures  /,  are  in  degrees  centigrade,  and  e  is  the  emissivity  or  amount  of 
heat  in  therms  radiated  per  square  centimetre  of  surface  per  degree  difference  of  temperature  between  the  hot  body 
and  the  enclosure.  The  results  are  all  for  high  vacuum. 


Schleiermacher's  results.     Temperature  of  enclosure,  o°  C.     ttti,  t^e*,  refer  to 
polished  platinum  wire,  tge3  to  blackened  platinum  wire. 

Bottomley's     results     for 
polished    platinum,    the 
enclosures  being  at  15°  C. 

'i 

«i 

»« 

C2 

t, 

«•.-( 

* 

e 

'3° 

21.6  X  io-6 

6S 

14.5  X  io-6 

16 

60.9  X  io-6 

302 

65.05  X  io-6 

200 

30.0    " 

I  IO 

18.7     " 

38 

67.6     " 

425 

120.3      " 

337 

53-8    " 

232 

32.2     " 

94 

83-7      " 

613 

282.0      " 

137.0    ' 

383 

61.6     " 

228 

147.0 

744 

537-o      " 

826 

3I5-°    ' 

740 

198.0     " 

403 

293.0 

806 

653-o 

900 

358.0    " 

5«5 

540.0 

SMITHSONIAN    TABLES. 


*  "  Wied  Ann."  vol.  u,  p.  297. 
t  "  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  26,  p.  305. 
t  "  Phil.  Trans.  Roy.  Soc."  1887 


235 


TABLES  246,  247. 


EMISSIVITY. 


TABLE  246.  —  Radiation  of  Platinum  Wire  to  Copper  Envelope. 

Bottomley  gives  for  the  radiation  of  a  bright  platinum  wire  to  a  copper  envelope  when  the  space  between  is  at  the 
highest  vacuum  attainable  the  following  numbers :  — 

/  =  4oS°  C.,  «/=:378.8  X  io~4,  temperature  of  enclosure  16°  C. 
*  =z  505°  C.,  rf— 726.1  X  io-4,  "  "  17°  C. 

It  was  found  at  this  degree  of  exhaustion  that  considerable  relative  change  of  the  vacuum  produced  very  small 
chinge  of  the  radiating  power.  The  curve  of  relation  between  degree  of  vacuum  and  radiation  becomes  asymp- 
totic for  high  exhaustions.  The  following  table  illustrates  the  variation  of  radiation  with  pressure  of  air  iu 
enclosure. 


Temp,  of  enclosure  16°  C.,  ^  =  408-"  C. 

Temp,  of  enclosure  17°  C.,  t  —  505°  C. 

Pressure  in  mm. 

et 

Pressure  in  mm. 

ct 

740. 

8i37.oX  to-* 

0.094 

1  688.0  X  io-* 

440. 

7971.0     " 

•C53 

•  1255.0     " 

140. 

7875.0    ' 

•034 

1  1  26.0     ' 

42. 

7591-0    ' 

.013 

920.4     " 

4- 
0.444 

6036.0    " 
2633.0    " 

.0046 
.00052 

831.4     " 
767.4     " 

.070 

1045.0    " 

.00019 

746.4     ' 

•034 

.012 

727-3     " 
539-2    ' 

Lowest   reached    ) 
but  not  measured  [ 

726.1     " 

.0051 

436-4    ' 

.OOOO7 

378.8     " 

TABLE  247.  —  Effect  of  Pressure  on  Radiation  at  Different  Temperatures. 


The  temperature  of  the  enclosure  was  about  15°  C.     The  numbers  give  the  total  radiation  in  therms  per  square  cen- 
timetre per  second. 


Pressure  in  mm. 

Temp,  of 

wire  in  C-1. 

About 

IO.O 

0.25 

O.O23 

o.i  M. 

100° 

0.14 

O.I  I 

0.05 

o.or 

0.005 

2OO 

•31 

.24 

.11 

.02 

.00  S5 

300 

•5° 

•38 

.18 

.04 

.0105 

4OO 

•75 

•53 

•25 

.07 

.025 

5OO 

- 

.69 

•33 

.13 

•055 

6OO 

- 

•85 

•45 

•23 

•J3 

7OO 

— 

— 

- 

•37 

.24 

800 

- 

- 

- 

•56 

.40 

90O 

" 

~ 

" 

.61 

NOTK.  —  An  interesting  example  (because  of  its  practical  importance  in  electric  light- 

ing) of  the  effect  of  difference  of  surface  condition  on  the  radiation  of  heat  is  given  on  the 

authority  of  Mr.  Evans  and  himself  in  Bottomley's  paper.     The  energy  required  to  keep 

up  a  certain  degree  of  incandescence  in  a  lamp  when  the  filament  is  dull  black  and  when 

it  is  "flashed  "  with  coating  of  hard  bright  carbon,  was  found  to  be  as  follows  :  — 

Dull  black  filament,  57.9  watts. 

Bright  "            "         39.8  watts. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


236 


TABLE  248. 


PROPERTIES   OF   STEAM. 

Metric  Measure. 


The  temperature  Centigrade  and  the  absolute  temperature  in  degrees  Centigrade,  together  with  other  data  for  steam 
or  water  vapor  stated  in  the  headings  of  the  columns,  are  here  given.    The  quantities  of  heat  are  in  therms  or  calo- 


ries according  as  the  gramme  or  the  kilogramme  is  taken  as  the  unit  of  mass. 


d. 

E 

E 

sx 

J|0o 

rt 

x  « 

~    V 

i  ill  I,. 

.£"3 

1-    >*- 

§ 

|f 

•sjj-e 

•£l 

11 

'5 
.3" 

|j 

ii 

li  ii+.  §!» 

c  o  E 

u 

s 

£  <u  u 

S"c. 

•="=> 

"o 

"oTJ 

Js  &*•; 

Je  ||    |J5  SV       O.HJD 

*sj|i 

d 
I 

1 

%  I 

|  |~ 

L.    — 

I'lll 

!•* 

I-i 

§£7; 

11   If*    I»t 

re  c  c 

H 

£"0 

£  tiS 

H  o^ 

Ill 

OS  II 

Htt    ..£  £  II       -:  c  sL 

usS! 

0° 

273 

4.60 

6.25 

0.006 

606.5 

o.oo 

606.5 

31.07 

575-4 

575-4 

210.66 

2.732 

5 

278 

6-53 

8.88 

.009 

6o8.0 

5.00 

6030 

3'-47 

5/6-5  57i-5   '50-23 

3-805 

10 

283 

9.17 

12.47 

.012 

609.5 

I  O.OO 

599-5 

31.89 

577-7  567-7 

108.51 

5-231 

15 

288 

12.70 

17.27 

.017 

DILI 

15.00 

596.0 

32-32 

578-8  563.7 

79-35 

7.104 

20 

293 

17-39 

23.64 

.023 

612.6 

2O.OI 

592.6 

32-75 

579-8  559-8 

78-72 

9-532 

25 

298 

23-55 

32.02    0.031 

614.1 

25.02 

589.1 

33-20 

580-9  ;  555-9 

43-96 

12.64 

3° 

303 

3'-55 

42.89  1     .042 

615.6 

3°.°3 

585.6 

33-66 

582.0  552.0 

33-27 

16.59 

35 

308 

41.83 

56-87 

.055 

617.2 

35-04 

582.1 

34.12 

583.1    548.2 

25-44 

21.54 

40 

3'3 

54.91 

74.65 

.072 

618.7 

40.05 

587.6 

34-59 

584.1   544.1 

19.64 

27.70 

45 

97.06 

.094 

620.2 

45-07 

575-1 

35.06 

585.2 

540.1 

i5-3i 

35-26 

5° 

323 

91.98 

125.0 

O.I2I 

621.7 

50.09 

57i-7 

35-54 

586.2 

536-I 

12.049 

44-49 

55 

328 

117.47 

'59-7 

.155 

623.3 

55-  " 

568.2 

36.02 

587-2 

532-1 

9.561 

55-65 

65 

333 

148.79 

202.3 

.196 

624.8 

60.13 

564-7 

36-51 

588.3 

528-1 

7-653 

69.02 

65 

338 

186.94 

254.2 

.246 

626.3 

65.17 

561.1 

37-oo 

524.2 

6.171 

84.94 

70 

343 

233-08 

316.9 

-306 

627.8 

70.20 

557-6 

3748 

590-4 

520.2 

5.014 

103-75 

75 

348 

288.50 

392-3 

0.380 

629.4 

75-24 

554-1 

37.96 

591.4)516-2 

4.102 

125.8 

80 

353 

354-62 

482.1 

.446 

630.9 

80.28 

550-6 

38.42 

592.5  512.2 

3-379 

151.6 

85 

358 

433-0° 

588.7 

•570 

632.4 

85-33 

547-i 

38.88 

593.5  508.2 

2.800 

181.5 

90 

363 

714.4 

.691 

633-9 

90.38 

543-6  39-33 

594-6  '  504.2 

2-334 

216.0 

95 

368 

633-69 

861.7 

.834 

635-5 

95-44 

540.0 

39-76 

595-7  ,  500-3 

J-957 

255-7 

100 

373 

760.00 

I033- 

I.OOO 

637.0 

100.5 

536-5 

40.20 

596.8 

496-3 

1.6496 

300.8 

105 

378 

906.41 

1232. 

•193 

638-5 

105.6 

533-o 

40.63 

597-9 

492-3 

I-3978 

352-2 

i  Jo   383 

1075.4 

1462. 

•415 

640.0 

no.6 

5294 

41.05 

599.0  488.4 

1.1903 

410.3 

1269.4 

1726. 

.670 

641.6 

"5-7 

525-8 

41.46 

600.  i 

484.4 

1.0184 

475-6 

1  20 

393 

I491-3 

2027. 

.962 

643.1 

120.8 

522.3 

41.86 

601.2 

480.4 

0.8752 

549-o 

1  125 

398 

1743-9 

2371- 

2-295 

644.6 

125.9 

518-7 

42.25 

602.4 

476.5 

0-7555 

630.7 

130 

403 

2030.3 

2760. 

2.671 

646.1 

131.0 

S1S-1 

42.63 

603.5  4/2-5 

0.6548 

721.6 

»35 

408 

2353-7 

3200. 

3-097 

647-7 

136.1 

511.6 

43.01 

604.7  468.6 

0.5698 

822.3 

140 

4*3 

2717.6 

3695- 

3-576 

649.2 

141.2 

508.0 

43-38 

605.8  464.6 

0-4977 

933-5 

H5 

418 

3l25-6 

4249. 

4-"3 

650.7 

146.3 

504-4 

43-73 

607.0  460.7 

0-4363 

1055-7 

150 

423      7  $1.2 

4869. 

4.712 

652.2 

j51.5 

500.8 

44.09 

608.2  456.7 

0-3839 

1190. 

155  428 

4088.6 

5589. 

5-38o 

653-8 

'56-5 

497-2 

44-43 

609-3  452-8 

0.3388 

I336- 

160 

433 

4651.6 

6324. 

6.  1  20 

655-3 

161.7 

493-5 

44.76 

610.5  448.8 

0.3001 

1496. 

165 

438 

5274.5 

7171. 

6.940 

656.8 

166.9 

489.9 

45-°9 

611.7   444.8 

0.2665 

1669. 

170 

443 

596i-7 

8105. 

7.844 

658.3 

172.0 

486.3 

45-40 

6  1  2.9  {440.9 

0-2375 

1856. 

175 

448 

6717.4 

9*33- 

8.839 

659-9 

177.2 

482.7 

45-7i 

614.2 

436-9 

O.2I22 

2059. 

180 

453 

7546.4 

10260. 

9-929 

661.4 

182.4 

479-o 

46.01 

6i5-4;433-o 

O.IQXII 

2277. 

185 

458 

8453-2 

11490. 

11.123 

662.9 

187.6 

475-3 

46-30 

616.6  ;  429.0 

o.  1  708 

2512. 

190 

463 

9442-7 

12838. 

12.425 

664.4 

192.8 

47i-7 

46-59 

617.9 

425-0 

0.1538 

2763. 

'95 

468 

10520. 

14303- 

13.842 

666.0 

198.0 

468.0 

46.86 

619.1 

421.1 

0.1389 

3031- 

200 

473 

11689. 

15892. 

15.380 

667.5 

203.2 

464-3 

47-13 

620.4 

417.1 

0.1257 

33-8. 

*  Where  A  is  the  reciprocal  of  the  mechanical  equivalent  of  the  thermal  unit. 

t  =fL=^±AP^L-     ,   internal-work  pressure where  ^  ^  ,aken  }n  ]itres  tfce  presgure  is  given         square 

z/  mechanical  equivalent  of  heat 

decimetre,  and  where  v  is  taken  in  cubic  metres  the  pressure  is  given  per  square  metre,  —  the  mechanical  equivalent 
being  that  of  the  therm  and  the  kilogramme-degree  or  calorie  respectively. 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 

237 


TABLE   249. 


PROPERTIES  OF  STEAM. 

British  Measure. 


The  quantities  given  in  the  different  columns  of  this  table  are  sufficiently  explained  by  the  headings.  The  abbrevia- 
tion B.  T.  U.  stands  for  British  thermal  units.  With  the  exception  of  column  3,  which  was  calculated  for  this 
table,  the  data  are  taken  from  a  table  given  by  Dwelshauvers-Dery  (Trans.  Am.  Sue.  Mech.  Eng.  vol.  xi.). 


s.  . 

t 

.• 

.0 

l.s 

Sg 

c-g 

^    3 

-a 
B 

y 

M    O 

.5  fj 

rt 

S." 

8.- 

its 

re  o  c 

c  §  c 

4)    A— 

-lp 

Ill 

334) 
••A    O    ^ 

»>  Q.n> 

sH 

C-  (-j 

I'i 

•s^l 

«^ 

Is-jr? 

illS 

lyp 

ffi 

j)  »ig 

*.SS- 

PM  a 

H-8 

>§.£ 

£3R 

K  &pa 

&M** 

W-S-oW 

h^'cW 

>a.s 

1 

144 

0.068 

IO2.O 

334-23 

0.0030 

70.1 

980.6 

62.34 

1043. 

1113.0 

2 

288 

.136 

126.3 

173-23 

.0058 

94.4 

961.4 

64.62 

IO26. 

1120.4 

3 

432 

.204 

141.6 

117.98 

.0085 

109.9 

949-2 

66.58 

IOII. 

1127.0 

4 

576 

.272 

I53-1 

89.80 

.01  1  1 

121.4 

940.2 

67.06 

1007. 

1128.6 

5 

720 

•340 

162.3 

72.50 

.0137 

I30-7 

932.8 

67.89 

IOOI. 

1131.4 

6 

864 

0.408 

170.1 

61.10 

0.0163 

138.6 

926.7 

68.58 

995-2 

"33-8 

7 

1008 

.476 

176.9 

53.00 

.0189 

145-4 

92J-3 

69.18 

990-5 

"35-9 

8 

II52 

•544 

182.9 

46.60 

.0214 

I5I-5 

916.5 

69.71 

986.2 

"37-7 

9 

1296 

.612 

188.3 

41.82 

.0239 

156.9 

912.2 

70.18 

982.4 

"39-4 

10 

1440 

.680 

193.2 

37.80 

.0264 

161.9 

908.3 

70.61 

979-0 

1140.9 

11 

1584 

0.748 

197.8 

34.61 

0.0289 

166.5 

904.8 

70.99 

975-8 

1142.3 

12 

1728 

.816 

2O2.O 

31.90 

.0314 

170.7 

901.5 

71.34 

972.8 

"43-5 

13 

1872 

.884 

205.9 

29.58 

•0338 

174-7 

898.4 

71.68 

970.0 

1  144.7 

14 

2016 

•952 

209.5 

27-59 

.0362 

178.4 

895.4 

72.00 

967-4 

II45-9 

'5 

2160 

i.  020 

213.0 

25-87 

.0387 

181.9 

892.7 

72.29 

965.0 

1146.9 

16 

2304 

i.  088 

216.3 

24-33 

0.0411 

183.2 

890.1 

72.57 

962.7 

1147.9 

17 

2448 

.156 

219.4 

22.98 

•°435 

188.4 

887.6 

72.82 

960.4 

1148.9 

18 

2592 

.224 

222.4 

21.78 

•0459 

191.4 

885-3 

73.07 

958.3 

1  1  49.8 

19 

2736 

.292 

225.2 

20.70 

.0483 

194-3 

883.1 

73-30 

956-3 

1  1  50.6 

20 

2880 

.360 

227.9 

19.72 

.0507 

197.0 

880.9 

73-53 

954-4 

1151.4 

21 

3024 

1.429 

230.5 

18.84 

0-0531 

199.7 

878.8 

73-74 

952.6 

1152.2 

22 

3168 

•497 

233-0 

18.03 

•0554 

2O2.  2 

876.8 

73-94 

950.8 

u  S3-0 

23 

3312 

•565 

235-4 

17-3° 

.0578 

204.7 

874.9 

74-13 

949.1 

"53-7 

24 

3456 

•633 

237-7 

16.62 

.0602 

2O7.O 

873-1 

74-32 

947-4 

"54-4 

25 

3600 

.701 

240.0 

'5-99 

.0625 

209-3 

871-3 

74-Si 

945-8 

"55-1 

26 

3744 

1.769 

242.2 

15.42 

0.0649 

2II-5 

869.6 

74.69 

944-3 

1155.8 

27 

3888 

-837 

244-3 

14.88 

.0672 

2I3.7 

867.9 

74-85 

942.8 

1156.4 

28 

4032 

•90S 

246.3 

14.38 

.0695 

215-7 

866.3 

75.01 

941-3 

"57-i 

29 

4176 

•973 

248.3 

13.91 

.0619 

217-8 

864.7 

939-9 

ii57-7 

30 

4320 

2.041 

25O.2 

13.48 

.0742 

2197 

863.2 

75-33 

938.5 

"58-3 

31 

4464 

2.109 

252.1 

l3-°7 

0.0765 

221.6 

861.7 

75-47 

937-2 

1158.8 

32 

4608 

.177 

253-9 

12.68 

.0788 

223-5 

860.3 

75.61 

935-9 

1  1  59-4 

33 
34 

4752 
4896 

•245 
•313 

255-7 

257-5 

12.32 
11.98 

•0835 

225-3 
227.1 

858.9 

857.5 

75-76 
75-89 

934-6 
933-4 

1  1  59-9 
1160.5 

35 

5040 

.381 

259.2 

11.66 

.0858 

228.8 

856.1 

76.02 

932.1 

1161.0 

36 

5184 

2-449 

260.8 

11.36 

0.088  1 

230-5 

854.8 

76.16 

931.0 

1161.5 

37 

5328 

.517 

262.5 

11.07 

.0903 

232.2 

853-5 

76.28 

929.8 

1162.0 

38 

5472 

•585 

264.0 

10.79 

.0926 

233-8 

852-3 

76.40 

928.7 

1162.5 

39 

5616 

•653 

265.6 

10.53 

.0949 

235-4 

851.0 

76.52 

927.6 

1162.9 

40 

5760 

.722 

267.1 

10.29 

.0972 

236.9 

849.8 

76.63 

926.5 

1163.4 

41 

5904 

2.789 

268.6 

10.05 

0.0995 

238.5 

848.7 

76-75 

9254 

1163.9 

42 

6048 

-857 

270.1 

9-83 

.1018 

239-9 

847.5 

76.86 

9244 

1164.3 

43 

6192 

•925 

27I-5 

9.61 

.1040 

241.4 

846.4 

76.97 

923.3 

1164.7 

44 

6336 

•993 

272.9 

9.41 

.1063 

242.9 

845-2 

77.07 

922.3 

1165.2 

45 

6480 

3.061 

274-3 

9.21 

.1086 

244-3 

844.1 

77-18 

921.3 

1165.6 

46 

6624 

3.129 

275.6 

9.02 

0.1108 

245-6 

843.1 

77.29 

920.4 

1  1  66.0 

47 

6768 

.197 

277.0 

8.84 

.1131 

247.0 

842.0 

77-39 

919.4 

1  1  66.4 

48 

6912 

.265 

278.3 

8.67 

•"53 

248.3 

841.0 

77-49 

918.5 

1166.8 

49 

7056 

•333 

279.6 

8.50 

.1176 

249.7 

840.0 

77-58 

1167.2 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


238 


TABLE  249. 


PROPERTIES   OF   STEAM. 

British  Measure. 


Pressure  in 
pounds  per 
square  inch. 

Pressure  in 
pounds  per 
square  foot. 

Pressure  in 
atmospheres. 

1 

B** 

£X  tu 
if 
HTS 

Volume  per 
pound  in 
cubic  feet. 

Weight  per 
cubic  foot 
in  pounds. 

Heat  of  water 
per  pound  in 
B.  T.  U. 

Internal  latent 
heat  per  pound 
of  steam  in 
B.  T.  U. 

External  latent 
heat  per  pound 
of  steam  in 
B.  T.  U. 

t  Total  latent 
i  heat  per  pound 
:  of  steam  in 
!  B.  T.  U. 

Total  heat  per 
pound  of  steam 
in  B.  T.  U. 

50 

7200 

3.401 

280.8 

8-34 

0.1198 

251.0 

839.0 

77.67 

916.6 

1167.6 

51 

7344 

.469 

282.1 

8.19 

.1221 

252.2 

838.0 

77.76 

915-7 

1  1  68.0 

S2 

7488 

•537 

283-3 

8.04 

•1243 

253-5 

837.0 

77-85 

914.9 

1168.3 

53 

7632 

.605 

284.5 

7.90 

.1266 

254-7 

836.0 

77-94 

914.0 

1168.7 

54 

7776 

•673 

2857 

7.76 

.1288 

256.0 

835-1 

78.03 

9i  3-  » 

1169.1 

55 

7920 

3-741 

286.9 

7-63 

O.I3IO 

257-1 

834.2 

78.12 

912-3 

1169.4 

56 

8064 

.801 

288.1 

7-5° 

•1333 

258.3 

833-2 

78.21 

9"-5 

1169.8 

57 

8208 

.878 

289.2 

7-3« 

•1355 

259-5 

832-3 

78.29 

910.6 

II70.I 

58 

8352 

.946 

290.3 

7.26 

•1377 

260.7' 

83I-5 

78.37 

909.8 

1170.5 

59 

8496 

4.014 

291.4 

7.14 

.1400 

261.8 

830.6 

78.45 

909.0 

II7O.8 

60 

8640 

4.082 

292.5 

7-03 

O.I422 

262.9 

829.7 

78-53 

908.2 

II7I.2 

61 

8784 

.150 

293.6 

6.92 

.1444 

264.0 

828.9 

78.61 

907-5 

II7I-5 

62 
63 

8928 
9072 

.218 
.286 

294.7 
295.7 

6.82 
6.72 

.1466 

.1488 

265.1 
266.1 

828.0 
827.2 

78.68 
78.76 

906.7 
905-9 

II7I.8 
II72.I 

64 

9216 

•354 

296.7 

6.62 

.1511 

267.2 

826.4 

78.83 

905.2 

1172.4 

65 

9360 

4.422 

297.8 

6.52 

0.1533 

268.3 

825.6 

78.90 

904.5 

II72.8 

66 

9504 

.490 

298.8 

6-43 

•'555 

269.3 

824.8 

78.97 

903-7 

"73-1 

67 

9648 

.558 

299.8 

6-34 

•1577 

270.4 

824.0 

79.04 

903.1 

"73-4 

68 

9792 

.626 

300.1 

6.25 

•'599 

271.4 

823.2 

79.11 

902.3 

II73-7 

69 

9936 

.694 

301.8 

6.17 

.1621 

272.4 

822.4 

79.18 

901.6 

1174.0 

70 

10080 

4.762 

302.7 

6.09 

0.1643 

273-4 

821.6 

79.25 

900.9 

"74-3 

7i 

10224 

.830 

3°3-7 

6.00 

.1665 

274-3 

820.9 

7932 

900.2 

1174.6 

72 

10368 

.898 

304.6 

5-93 

.1687 

275-3 

820.J 

79-39 

899-5 

1174.9 

73 

10512 

.966 

305-5 

5-85 

.1709 

2/6.3 

819.4 

79-46 

898.8 

H75-1 

74 

10656 

5-034 

3°6-5 

5-78 

•1731 

277.2 

818.7 

79-53 

898.1 

"75-4 

75 

10800 

5.102 

3°7-4 

5-70 

0-1753 

278.2 

817.9 

79-59 

897.5 

"75-7 

76 

10944 

.170 

308.3 

5-63 

•1775 

279.1 

817.2 

79-65 

896.9 

1176.0 

77 

11088 

.238 

309.2 

5-57 

.1797 

280.0 

816.5 

79.71 

896.2 

1176.2 

78 

11232 

.306 

310.1 

5-5° 

.1818 

280.9 

815.8 

79-77 

895-6 

1176.5 

79 

11376 

•374 

310.9 

5-43 

.1840 

281.8 

815.1 

79-83 

895.0 

1176.8 

80 

11520 

5-442 

311.8 

5-37 

0.1862 

282.7 

814.4 

79.89 

894-3 

1177.0 

81 

11664 

.510 

312.7 

5-31 

.1884 

283.6 

813.8 

79-95 

893-7 

H77-3 

82 

11808 

-578 

3J3-5 

5-25 

.1906 

284.5 

813.0 

80.01 

893.1 

1177.6 

83 

11952 

.646 

3I4-4 

5-'9 

.1928 

285-3 

812.4 

80.07 

892.5 

1  177.8 

84 

12096 

.714 

3I5-2 

5-*3 

.1949 

286.2 

811.7 

80.13 

891.9 

1178.0 

85 

12240 

5.782 

316.0 

5-°7 

0.1971 

287.0 

Sll.l 

80.19 

891.3 

1178.3 

86 

11384 

•850 

316.8 

5.02 

•T993 

287.9 

810.4 

80.25 

890.7 

1178.6 

87 

12528 

.918 

3J7-6 

4.96 

.2015 

288.7 

809.8 

80.30 

890.1 

1178.9 

88 

12672 

.986 

318.4 

4.91 

.2036 

289.5 

809.2 

80.35 

889.5 

1179.0 

89 

12816 

6.054 

319.2 

4.86 

.2058 

290.4 

808.5 

80.40 

888.9 

"79-3 

90 

12960 

6.122 

320.0 

4.81 

0.2080 

291.2 

807.9 

80.45 

888.4 

"79-5 

9i 

13104 

.I9O 

320.8 

4.76 

.2102 

292.0 

807.3 

80.50 

887.8 

1179.8 

92     i  13248 

.258 

321.6 

4.71 

.2123 

292.8 

806.7 

80.56 

887.2 

1180.0 

93 

!3392 

•327 

322.4 

4.66 

•2145 

293.6 

806.  1 

80.6  1 

886.7 

1180.3 

94 

13536 

•396 

323-I 

4.62 

.2166 

294-3 

805.5 

80.66 

886.1 

1180.5 

95 

13680 

6-463 

323'9 

4-57 

0.2188 

295.1 

804.9 

80.71 

885.6 

1180.7 

96 

13824 

•S31 

324.6 

4-53 

.2209 

295-9 

804.3 

80.76 

885.0 

1180.9 

97 

I.396S 

•599 

325-4 

4-48 

•2231 

296.7 

803.7 

80.8  1 

884.5 

1181.2 

98 

14112 

•   .667 

326.1 

4-44 

.2252 

297.4 

803.1 

80.86 

884.0 

1181.4 

99 

14256 

•735 

326.8 

4.40 

.2274 

298.2 

802.5 

80.91 

883.4 

1181.6 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


239 


TABLE  249. 


PROPERTIES  OF  STEAM. 

British  Measure. 


" 

g'S 

•a 

».  E 

CO 

J: 

i-  S 

S  a 

11 

c 

~    3 

0.5  . 

.£  fe  -S 

oj   £•  O 

i| 

"« 

8.   j 

0.3 

*i  . 

"o    S  £> 

«R.S  . 

1  is  _ 

if- 

'Soli'0 

£  °.  £  • 

M    C    S 

<U    3   3 

(5S.ST 

III 

v  P 

H-o 

III 

'53  '.5  3 

^  5  o. 

w  a  • 

SaK 

<v  ~  ~  H 

Slvrf 

c  s^H^ 

^    —  — 

-°  o  = 

100 

14400 

6.803 

327.6 

4-356 

0.2295 

298.9 

802.0 

80.95 

882.9 

1181.8 

IOI 

14544 

.871 

328.3 

.316 

•2317 

299.7 

801.4 

81.00 

882.4 

1182.1 

IO2 

14688 

•939 

329.0 

.276 

•2338 

300.4 

800.8 

81.05 

881.9 

1182.3 

103 

14832 

7.007 

329.7 

•237 

•2360 

30I.I 

800.3 

81.10 

881.4 

1182.5 

104 

14976 

•075 

330-4 

.199 

.2381 

301.9 

799-7 

81.14 

880.8 

1182.7 

105 

15120 

7-143 

33,  i 

4.161 

0.2403 

302.6 

799-2 

81.18 

880.3 

1182.9 

106 

15264 

.211 

331-8 

.125 

.2424 

303-3 

798.6 

81.23 

879.8 

1183.1 

107 

15408 

.279 

332-5 

.088 

.2446 

3°4-0 

798.1 

81.27 

879.3 

1183.4 

1  08 
109 

15696 

•347 
•415 

333-2 
333-8 

•053 
.018 

•2467 

.2489 

3°4-7 
3054 

797-5 
797.0 

81.31 
81.36 

878.8 
878.3 

1183.6 
1183.8 

110 

1  5840 

7-483 

334-5 

3-984 

0.2510 

306.1 

796.5 

81.41 

877.9 

1184.0 

in 

15984 

•551 

335-2 

•950 

•2531 

306.8 

795-9 

81.45 

877.4 

1184.2 

112 

16128 

.619 

335-8 

.917 

.2553 

3°7-5 

795-4 

81.50 

876.9 

1184.4 

"3 

16272 

.687 

336.5 

.885 

•2574 

308.2 

794-9 

8i-54 

876.4 

1184.6 

114 

16416 

•757 

337-2 

•853 

•2596 

308.8 

794-4 

Si  58 

875.9 

1184.8 

115 

16560 

7-823 

337-8 

3.821 

0.2617 

309-5 

793-8 

81.62 

875.5 

1185.0 

116 

16704 

.891 

338.5 

.790 

•2638 

310.2 

793-3 

81.66 

875.0 

1185.2 

1  17 

16848 

•959 

339-' 

.760 

.2660 

3I0.8 

792.8 

81.70 

874.5 

1185.4 

118 

16992 

8.027 

339-7 

•730 

.2681 

3"-5 

792-3 

81.74 

874.1 

1185.6 

119 

17136 

•095 

340.4 

.700 

.2702 

312.1 

791.8 

81.78 

873.6 

1185.7 

120 

17280 

8.163 

341.0 

3-671 

0.2724 

312.8 

791-3 

81.82 

873.2 

1185.9 

121 
122 

17424 
17568 

.231 
•299 

341.6 
342.2 

-643 
.615 

•2745 
.2766 

3I3-4 
3'4-i 

790.8 
790-3 

81.86 
81.90 

872.7 

872.2 

1186.  i 
1186.3 

123 

17712 

-367 

342-8 

•587 

•2787 

3  '4-7 

789-9 

81.94 

871.8 

1186.5 

124 

17856 

•435 

343-5 

.560 

.2809 

3I5-3 

789.4 

81.98 

871.4 

1186.7 

125 

18000 

8-503 

344-1 

3-534 

0.2830 

316.0 

788.9 

82.02 

870.9 

1186.9 

126 

18144 

•571 

344-7 

•507 

.2851 

316.6 

788.4 

82.06 

870.5 

1187.1 

127 

18288 

•639 

345-3 

.481 

.2872 

3'7-2 

787.9 

82.09 

870.0 

1187.2 

128 

18432 

.708 

345-9 

•456 

.2893 

3I7-8 

787-5 

82-13 

869.6 

1187.4 

129 

18576 

.776 

346.5 

•431 

.2915 

318.4 

787.0 

82.17 

869.2 

1187.6 

130 

18720 

8.844 

347-1 

3.406 

0.2936 

319.0 

786.5 

82.21 

868.7 

1187.8 

'31 

18864 

.912 

347-6 

.382 

•2957 

3  '9-7 

786.1 

82.25 

868.3 

1188.0 

132 

19008 

.980 

348.2 

•358 

.2978 

785.6 

82.28 

867.9 

1188.1 

133 

19152 

9.048 

348.8 

•334 

.2999 

320.9 

785-1 

82.32 

867.5 

1188.3 

19296 

.116 

349-4 

.310 

.3021 

321-5 

784.7 

82-35 

867.0 

1188.5 

135 

19440 

9.184 

349-9 

3.287 

0-3042 

322.1 

784.2' 

82.38 

866.6 

1188.7 

136 

19584 

.252 

350-5 

.265 

•3063 

322.6 

783.8 

82.42 

866.2 

1188.8 

'37 

19728 

.320 

•424 

•3084 

323-2 

783-3 

82.45 

865.8 

1189.0 

138 

19872 

.388 

351-6 

.220 

•3105 

782.9 

82.49 

865.4 

1  189.2 

139 

20016 

•456 

352.2 

•'99 

.3126 

324-4 

782.4 

82.52 

865.0 

1  1  89.4 

140 

20160 

9.524 

352-8 

3-r77- 

0.3147 

325-0 

782.0 

82.56 

864.6 

1  189.5 

141 

20304 

•592 

353-3 

.156 

.3168 

781.6 

82.59 

864.2 

1189.7 

142 

20448 

.660 

353-9 

•135 

.3190 

326.1 

781.1 

82.63 

863.8 

1189.9 

'43 

20592 

.728 

354-4 

.115 

.3211 

326.7 

780.7 

82.66 

863.4 

1  1  90.0 

144 

20736 

.796 

355-o 

.094 

•3232 

327.2 

780.3 

82.69 

863.0 

1190.2 

145 

20880 

9.864 

355-5 

3-074 

0-3253 

327-8 

779-8 

82.72 

862.6 

1190.4 

146 

21024 

•932 

356.0 

•054 

•3274 

3284 

779-4 

82.75 

862.2 

1190.5 

147 

21168 

IO.OOO 

356.6 

•035 

.3295 

328.9 

779-0 

82.79 

86t.8 

1190.7 

148 

21312 

.068 

357-1 

.016 

329-5 

778-6 

82.82 

861.4 

1190.9 

149 

21456 

.136 

357-6 

•997 

•3337 

330-0 

778.1 

82.86 

861.0 

1191.0 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


24O 


TABLE  249. 


PROPERTIES  OF   STEAM. 

British  Measure. 


, 

a 

a  — 

c  c 

1*8 

C 

>-  s 

•SgJ 

|S| 

i  i 

c£ 

£._- 

0.0 

*i  • 

**  o  ^* 

~  p  .  : 

f  Us  . 

5-^ 

s-c'tJ 

s-gt! 

s"H. 

x  £ 

S'S'y 

•fi***-^ 

*o  5^ 

5  S  re'2 

£  £,! 

~  o.« 

•e'"1 

tA   —   ?9 

ii  P  fc 

K    0 

p  •-, 

,££.~  ~ 

r*  ~"H 

«J  ~  SH 

V  <-,  ~  £_  t 

^  *-"  *-'  FH 

*"    —  Q5 

III 

0    =    3 
fill 

II 

H-S 

111 

£1! 

KlLea 

JS.S'cM 

U  «   ""'  . 

c  SJ2    • 

fHLs 

150 

2l600 

IO.2O4 

358.2 

2.978 

0-3358 

330-6 

777-7 

82.89 

860.6 

1191.2 

151 

21744 

.272 

358.7 

.960 

•3379 

33I-I 

777-3 

82.92 

860.2 

1.91.3 

J52 

21888 

•340 

359-2 

.941 

-3400 

331-6 

776.9 

82-95 

859.9 

1.91.5 

22032 

.408 

359-7 

•923 

•3421 

332.2 

776.5  ' 

82.98 

859-5 

1.91.7 

J54 

22.76 

•4/6 

360.2 

.906 

•3442 

332.7 

776.1   j 

83.01 

859.I 

1191.8 

155 

22320 

10.544 

360-7 

2.888 

0.3462 

333-2 

775-7   ! 

83.04 

858.7 

1.92.0 

156 

22464 

.6.2 

.871 

•3483 

333-8 

775-3 

83.07 

858.3 

1192.1 

22608 

.680 

361  3 

•854 

•3504 

334-3 

774-9 

83.10 

858.0 

1192.3 

'58 

22752 

-748 

362-3 

.837 

•3525 

334-8 

774-5 

83-I3 

857.6 

.192.4 

159 

22896 

.816 

362.8 

.820 

•3540 

335-3 

774-1 

83.16 

857-2 

1.92.6 

160 

23040 

10.884 

363-3 

2.803 

0-3567 

335-9  . 

773-7 

83.19 

856.9 

1192.7 

161 

23184 

•952 

363-8 

.787 

.3588 

336-4 

773-3 

83.22 

856.5 

1192.9 

162 

23328 

1  1  .020 

364-3 

-771 

•3609 

336-9 

7/2-9 

83-25 

856.1 

1.93.0 

163 

23472 

.088 

364-8 

•755 

•3630 

337-4 

772.5 

83.28 

855.8 

.193.2 

164 

236l6 

•157 

365-3 

•739 

•3650 

337-9 

772-1  ; 

83-3I 

855-4 

i  '93-3 

165 

23760 

11.225 

365-7 

2.724 

0.3671 

338.4 

77i-7 

83-34 

855-1 

"93-5 

166 

23904 

•293 

366.2 

.708 

•3692 

338.9 

77'-3 

83-37 

8547 

1.93.6 

167 

24048 

.361 

3667 

•693 

•3713 

339-4 

771.0 

83-39 

854.3 

1.93.8 

168 

24192 

•429 

367.2 

.678 

•3734 

339-9 

770.6 

83.42 

854.0 

'  193-9 

169 

24336 

•497 

367-7 

.663 

•3754 

340-4 

770.2 

83-45 

853.6 

1.94.1 

170 

2448O 

11-565 

368.2 

2.649 

0-3775 

340-9 

769.8 

83.48 

853.3 

11942 

171 

24624 

•633 

368.6 

-634 

•3796 

341-4 

769-4 

83-5' 

852.9 

1194.4 

172 

24768 

.701 

369.1 

.620 

•3817 

341-9 

769.. 

83-54 

852.6 

1.94.5 

173 

24912 

.769 

369-6 

.606 

•3838 

342.4 

768.7 

83-56 

8522 

1194.7 

25056 

-837 

370.0 

•592 

•3858 

342-9 

768.3 

83-59 

851.9 

1.94.8 

175 

252OO 

11.0,05 

370.5 

2.578 

0.3879 

343-4 

767.9 

83.62 

851.6 

1194.9 

176 

25344 

•973 

371-0 

•564 

.3900 

343-9 

767-6 

83.64 

851.2 

1195.1 

177 

25488 

12.041 

•550 

.3921 

344-3 

767.2 

83-67 

850.9 

1.95.2 

178 

25632 

.109 

371-9 

•537 

•3942 

344-8 

766.8 

83-70 

850.5 

"954 

179 

25776 

.177 

372-4 

524 

.3962 

345-3 

766.5 

83-73 

850.2 

"95-5 

180 

25920 

12.245 

372.8 

2.5.0 

0-3983 

345-8 

766.1 

83-75 

849.9 

1195.6 

181 

26O64 

•3'3 

373-3 

-497 

.4004 

346.3 

765.8 

83-77 

849-5 

1195.8 

182 

26208 

.381 

373-7 

•485 

.4025 

346.7 

765-4 

83.80 

849.2 

H95-9 

183 

26352 

•449 

374-2 

.472 

.4046 

347-2 

765.0 

83-83 

848.9 

1.96.1 

184 

26496 

•51? 

374-6 

•459 

.4066 

347-7 

764.7 

83.86 

848.5 

1196.2 

185 

2664O 

12.^85 

37  5-  ! 

2.447 

0.4087 

348.1 

764-3 

83.88 

848.2 

1196.3 

1  86 

26-84 

•653 

375-5 

•434 

.4108 

348.6 

764.0 

83.90 

847-9 

1196.5 

187 

26928 

.721 

376.0 

.422 

.4129 

349-1 

763.6 

83.92 

847.5 

1196.6 

1  88 

27072 

•789 

376.4 

.410 

.4150 

349-5 

763-3 

83-95 

847.2 

1196.7 

189 

27216 

.857 

376.8 

•398 

.4170 

350.0 

762.9 

83-97 

846.9 

1.96.9 

19O 

27360 

12.925 

377-3 

2.386 

0.4191 

350-4 

762.6 

83-99 

846.6 

1197.0 

IQI 

27504 

•993 

377-7 

•374 

.4212 

35°-9 

762.2 

84.02 

846.3 

1197.1 

192 

27648 

13.06. 

378.2 

.362 

•4233 

35r-3 

761.9 

84.04 

845-9 

"97-3 

'93 

27792 

.129 

378.6 

•351 

•4254 

351-8 

761.6 

84.06 

845.6 

1.97.4 

194 

27936 

.197 

379-0 

•339 

•4275 

352.2 

761.2 

84.08 

845-3 

1197.5 

195 

2cSoSo 

13-265 

379-4 

2-328 

0.4296 

3527 

760.9 

84.10 

845.0 

1197.7 

196 

28224 

•333 

379-9 

•31? 

.4316 

353-1 

760.5 

84.13 

844-7 

1  197.8 

197 

28368 

.401 

380.3 

.306 

•4337 

353-6 

760.2 

84.16 

844-4 

i  .97.9 

198 

•285.2 

.469 

380.7 

.295 

•4358 

354-0 

.759-9 

84.19 

844.0 

1198.1 

199 

28656 

•537 

381.1 

.284 

•4379 

354-4 

759-5 

84.21 

8437 

1  198.2 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


241 


TABLE  249. 


PROPERTIES  OF  STEAM. 

British  Measure. 


«TJ 

=  "5 

H3 

>.  B 

.£  S* 

u  ft  = 

"v   2\° 

•~J 

!• 

£ 

1st 

-I* 

^  S^J 

II.S  _ 

rt  O  c 

C   c    C 

&<? 

3-§fi 

S  -~    D 

3    ft 

X  <u 

£  'UV4~I 

•SiTl'S 

o  o 

c  a.  «    . 

=  £•.  rt 

~    r^    S 

"^  TJ 

||| 

III 

«  2 

el 

H-0 

£•  a  o 

.if  °  c 

V  J2    3 
>3   0 

!>  o  a 

Baa 

i  7s  «*"* 

>?  sji^ 

o  S^'  • 

Sg« 

20 

200 

28800 

13605 

38l.6 

2.273 

0.4399 

354-9 

759-2 

84.23 

843.4 

1198.3 

2OI 

28944 

I3-673 

382.0 

.262 

.4420 

355-3 

758.9 

84.26 

843.1 

1  198.4 

2O2 

29088 

I3-742 

382.4 

.252 

.4441 

355-8 

758.5 

84.28 

842.8 

1198.6 

203 

29232 

13.810 

382.8 

.241 

.4461 

758.2 

84-3° 

842.5 

1198.7 

204 

29376 

13.878 

383-2 

.231 

.4482 

356'6 

757-9 

84-33 

842.2 

1198.8 

205 

29520 

13.946 

383.7 

2.221 

0.4503 

357-1 

757-5 

84-35 

841.9 

1199.0 

206 

29664 

14.014 

384.I 

.211 

•4523 

357-5 

757-2 

84-37 

841.6 

1199.1 

207 

29808 

14.082 

384.5 

.201 

•4544 

357-9 

756-9 

84.40 

841.3 

1199.2 

208 

29952 

14.150 

384-9 

.191 

•4564 

358-3 

756.6 

84.42 

841.0 

"99-3 

209 

30096 

14.218 

.l8l 

.4585 

358.8 

756.2 

84.44 

840.7 

1199.4 

210 

30240 

14.386 

3857 

2.I7I 

0.4605 

359-2 

755-9 

84.46 

840.4 

1  1  99.6 

211 

30384 

14.454 

386.1 

.162 

.4626 

359-6 

755-6 

84.48 

840.1 

1199.7 

212 

30528 

14.522 

386.5 

.152 

.4646 

360.0 

755-3 

84.51 

839.8 

1199.8 

213 

30672 

14.590 

386.9 

•143 

.4666 

360.4 

755-0 

84-53 

839.5 

1199.9 

214 

30816 

14.658 

387.3 

•134 

.4687 

360.9 

754-7 

84-55 

839.2 

1  200.  i 

215 

30960 

14.726 

387.7 

2.124 

0.4707 

361-3 

754-3 

84-57 

838.9 

I2OO.2 

216 

31104 

14.794 

388.1 

.115 

.4727 

361-7 

754-0 

84.60 

838.6 

1200-3 

217 

31248 

14.862 

388.5 

,I06 

•4748 

362.1 

753-7 

84.62 

838.3 

I2OO-4 

218 

3  '392 

14.930 

388.9 

.097 

.4768 

362.5 

753-4 

84.64 

838.0 

I2OO-5 

219 

31536 

14998 

.088 

.4788 

362.9 

753-1 

84.66 

837-7 

I2OO-7 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


242 


TABLE  250. 


RATIO   OF  THE    ELECTROSTATIC  TO  THE   ELECTROMAGNETIC   UNIT  OF 
ELECTRICITY   (v)   IN   RELATION   TO  THE   VELOCITY  OF   LIGHT. 


Ratio  of  electrical  units. 

Reference. 

Pate  of 
determina- 
tion. 

V 

in  cms.  per  sec.* 

Determined  by  — 

Publication. 

Year. 

1856 

3.107  X  io10 

Weber  &  Kohlrausch    . 

Pogg.  Ann. 

1856 

1868 

2.842  X  io10 

Maxwell 

Phil.  Trans.     . 

1868 

1869 

2.808  X  io10 

i  W.  Thomson  &  King   . 

B.  A.  Report   . 

1869 

1872 

2.896  X  io10 

McKichan     . 

Phil.  Trans.     . 

I872 

I879 

2.960  X  ioi° 

Ayrton  &  Perry     . 

Jour.  Soc.  Tel.  Eng. 

1879 

I879 

2.968  X  io10 

Hocken 

B:  A.  Report   . 

I879 

1880 

2.955  X  io10 

Shida     .... 

Phil.  Mag. 

1880 

1881 

2.99   X  io10t 

Stoletow 

Soc.  de  Phys.  . 

1881 

1881 

3.01  9  X  io10 

Klemencic     . 

Wien.  Ber. 

1884 

1882 

2.923  X  io10 

Exner    .... 

Wien.  Ber. 

1882 

1883 

2.963  X  io10 

J.  J.  Thomson 

Phil.  Trans.     . 

1883 

1888 

3.009  X  io10 

Himstedt 

Wied.  Ann.  35 

1888 

1889 

2.981  X  io10 

Rowland 

Phil.  Mag. 

1889 

1889 

3.000  X  io10 

Rosa      .... 

"        "           . 

1889 

1889 

3.004  X  io1'' 

W.  Thomson 

Phil.  Mag. 

1889 

1890 

2.995  X  io10 

J.  J.  Thomson  &  Searle 

Phil.  Trans.      . 

1890 

*  The  results  in  this  column  correspond  to  a  value  of  the  B.  A.  ohm  =  .98664  X  io9  cms.  per  sec.     If  we  neglect 
the  first  four  determinations,  and  also  that  of  Exner  and  Shida,  because  of  their  large  deviation  from  the  mean,  the 
remaining  determinations  give  a  mean  value  of  2. 9889  +  .0137,  a  value  which  practically  agrees  with  the  best  deter- 
minations of  the  velocity  of  light.     (Cf.  Table  181.) 
t  Given  as  between  2.98  X  io10  and  3.00  X  io10. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

243 


TABLE   251. 


DIELECTRIC    STRENGTH. 

Difference  of  Electric  Potential  required  to  produce  a  Spark  in  Air. 


(a)  MEDIUM,  AIR.     ELECTRODE  TERMINALS,  FLAT  PLATES. 


Spark  length 

in 
centimetres. 


O.O[ 
0.02 
O.O4 
O.O7 
O.IO 
O.I4 
O.2O 
0.30 
O.4O 
0.50 
0.60 
0.80 
I.OO 


Difference  of  potential  in  volts  required  to  produce  a  spark  according  to  — 


W.  Thomson.1       De  la  Rue.2        MacFarlane.3  Bailie.4  Freyberg.5 


79° 
1340 
1840 
2940 
4010 

53°° 


500 
970 
1900 


4330 

5740 

762.0 

10400 


35_°7 

5715 

7818 

9879 

11925 

13956 
18006 


4401 

7653 
10603 

I343I 
16341 
19146 
2S458 
3*647 


4344 

7539 
10671 
13665 
16293 

19059 
24465 
28800 


1  "  Reprint  of  Papers  on  Elect,  and  Mag."  p.  252.     -  "  Proc.  R.  Soc."  vol.  36,  p.  151. 

3  "  Phil.  Mag."  vol.  10,  1880.  4  "  Ann.  de  Chim.  etde  Phys."  vol.  25,  1882. 

5  "  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  38,  1889. 


(b)  MEDIUM,  AIR.     ELECTRODE  TERMINALS,  BALLS  OF  DIAMETER  d  IN  CENTIMETRES. 


Experiments  of  Freyberg. 


Spark  length 

in 
centimetres. 


d  =  o  (points). 


=  6.o 


O.I 
0.2 

0-3 
0-4 
0.6 

0.8 

I.O 
2.O 


3720 
4700 
5300 

6000 
6900 
8100 

8600 

IOIOO 

13100 


5050 
8600 


18400 
19500 
24600 

30700 


4660 

9500 

11700 
14000 

19300 
23200 

25800 

35400 


4560 

8700 
11600 
14400 
19500 
24600 
29000 


8400 

II200 

14200 

2CTOO 
25800 
29900 


4530 

7900 

10500 

I92OO 
26OOO 
3I6CO 


From  the  above  table  it  appears,  as  remarked  by  Freyberg,  that  for  each  length  of  spark  there  is  a  par- 
ticular size  of  ball  which  requires  the  greatest  difference  of  potential  to  produce  the  spark. 


(c)  COMPARISON  OF  RESULTS  OF  DETERMINATIONS,  THE  TERMINALS  BEING  BALLS. 


Spark 
length 
in  cms. 


Difference  of  potential  required  to  produce  a  spark  in  air  according  to  — 


Bailie. 


Bichat  and 
Blondlot.' 


Balls  i  centimetre  diameter. 


Paschen.     Freyberg.    Quincke.2 


Balls  2  cms.  diameter. 


Bailie.       Freyberg. 


Balls  6  cms.  diam. 


•9 
r.o 


4590 
8040 
11190 
13650 
16410 
19560 
21690 
23280 
24030 
24930 


4200 

8130 

10860 

14130 

16800 

19350 
21030 
23190 
24540 
25800 


4860 
8430 
11670 
14830 
17760 
20460 
22640 
24780 


4660 
9500 
11670 
13980 
16800 
19260 
20970 
23220 
25110 
25770 


4830 
8340 
11670 
14820 
18030 
20820 
23670 


4560 
8700 
"550 
14400 
17040 
19470 
22530 
24630 
27240 
29040 


4440 
7920 
11190 
14010 
16920 
19980 
22590 
25770 


4440 

7680 

10830 

1350° 
16530 
19560 
22620 
26400 
29220 
33870 


4530 
7860 
10470 
12750 
16410 
19200 
22590 
26010 
28770 
31620 


1  "  Electricien,"  Aug.  1886. 


2  "  Wicd.  Ann."  vol.  19,  1883. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


244 


TABLES  252,  253. 
DIELECTRIC    STRENGTH. 

TABLE  252.  —  Effect  of  Pressure  of  the  Gas  on  the  Dielectric  Strength.* 

Length  of  spark  is  indicated  by  7  in  centimetres.     The  pressure  is  in  centimetres  of  mercury  at  o°  C. 


Hydrogen. 

Air. 

Carbon  dioxide. 

7=0.2 

7=0.4 

7=o.6 

7=0.2 

7=0.4 

7  =  0.6 

7=0.2 

7=0.4 

/=o.6 

2 

5IO 

606 

- 

819 

I2O2 

1536 

II25 

1446 

1650 

4 

729 

1017 

1437 

1140 

1725 

2289 

I431     ' 

1971 

23/3 

6 

945 

i 

333 

1839 

'455 

2229 

3012 

'755 

2484 

8 

1098 

1572 

2172 

1740 

2721 

3684 

2070 

2913 

3813     ' 

IO 

1242 

1806 

2463 

2004 

3l86 

4272 

2355 

3288 

4278 

15 

1584 

2376 

333° 

2664 

4212 

5736 

2991 

4227 

5592 

20 

1866 

2937 

4020 

3294 

5205 

70/4 

37°5 

5235 

6801 

25 

2169 

3444 

4668 

3816 

6108 

8346 

4248 

6l2O 

8004 

3° 

2475 

3957 

533  i 

4347 

7O2O 

9570 

47°7 

6921 

9'47 

35 

2748 

4407 

5997 

4845 

7980 

10797 

5l63 

7737 

10293 

40 

3051 

4863 

6681 

5349 

8853 

12009 

5772 

8543 

"397    ' 

45 

3339 

5334 

7347 

9639 

13224 

6222 

93°3 

12483 

5° 

3606 

5829 

797i 

•6288 

I043I 

14361 

6489 

10038 

13557 

55 

2834 

6294 

8583 

6711 

II259 

I544I 

6789 

10650 

14610 

60 

4107 

6747 

9222 

7i34 

12084 

16548 

7197 

"397 

15702 

65 

4476 

7197 

9867 

7569 

12885 

17688 

7605 

12114 

16740 

70 

473  i 

7629 

10476 

8016 

I37IO 

18804 

8001 

12816 

17727    ] 

75 

4914 

8031 

11040 

8487 

19896 

8388 

13506 

18705    . 

Paschen  deduces  from  the  above,  and  also  shows  by  separate  experiments,  that  if  the  product  of  the  pressure 
of  the  gas  and  the  length  of  spark  be  kept  constant  the  difference  of  potential  required  to  produce  the  spark 

also  remains  constant. 

In  the  following  short  table  7  is  length  of  spark,  P  pressure,  and  V  difference  of  potential,  the  unit  being 
the  same  as  above.     The  table  illustrates  the  potential  difference  required  to  produce  a  spark  for  different 

values  of  tl.e  product  1.  P. 

1.  P. 

Kfor  H 

V  for  Air. 

I'  for  CO, 

,/, 

K  for  H 

V  for  Air. 

V  for  CO2 

O.2 

456 

669 

873 

6.0 

2481 

4251 

4443 

0.4 

567 

837 

II  IO 

IO.O 

3507 

6162 

6198 

0.6 

660 

996 

1281 

2O.O 

5*35 

10392 

IOOII 

I.O 

846 

1326 

1599 

30.0 

8004 

13448 

13527 

2.0 

1427 

2019 

2271 

45-0 

11013 

19848 

18705 

4-0 

1884 

3216 

3468 

TABLE  253.  —  Dielectric  Strength  (or  Difference  of  Potential  per  Centimetre  of  Spark  Length)  of  Different 

Substances,  in  Kilo  Volts,  t 


o  ^ 

$£ 

•K-S 

Substance. 

%  " 

Substance. 

Substance. 

aj   C 
-=•   V 

v  •- 

o  * 

Q  "> 

Q  ">  , 

Air  (thickness  5  mm.) 

23.8 

Beeswaxed  paper     . 

54°- 

Kerosene  oil  .     .     . 

50. 

Carbon  dioxide     "       .     . 

22.7 

Paraffined  paper 

360. 

Oil  of  turpentine     . 

94-  i 

Coal  gas                 "       .     . 

'5-1 

Paraffin  (solid)    .     . 

130. 

Olive  oil     .... 

82. 

Hydrogen              "       .     . 

22.2 

Paraffin  oil      ... 

87- 

Oxygen                  "       .     . 

22-3 

Paraffin  (melted)      . 

56.  : 

1 

i 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  Paschen. 

t  MacFarlane  and  Pierce,  "  Phys.  Rev."  vol.  i,  p.  165,  1893. 

245 


TABLE  254. 
COMPOSITION    AND    ELECTROMOTIVE    FORCE    OF    BATTERY    CELLS 

The  electromotive  forces  given  in  this  table  approximately  represent  what  may  be  expected  from  a  cell  in  good  work- 
ing order,  but  with  the  exception  of  the  standard  cells  all  of  them  are  subject  to  considerable  variation. 


(a)  DOUBLE  FLUID  BATTERIES. 

Name  of 
cell. 

Negative  pole. 

Solution. 

Positive 
pole. 

Solution. 

K.M.F. 
in  voits. 

Bunsen  .     . 

Amalgamated  zinc 

j  i  part  H2SO4  to  / 
1      12  parts  H2O  .  J 

Carbon 

Fuming  H2NOa 

1.94 

" 

" 

" 

<« 

HNO3,  density  1.38 

1.86 

Chromate  . 

It                                 U 

'  i2partsK2Cr2O7  1 
to  25  parts  of  i 
H2SO4  and  100  f 
parts  H2O  .     .  J 

« 

(  i    part   H2SO4  to  } 
\      12  parts  H2O     .  \ 

2.OO 

« 

„ 

$  i  part  H2SO4  to  I 
"(      12  parts  H2O  .  { 

H 

(  12  parts  K2Cr2O7  ( 
J    to  100  parts  H2O  \ 

2.03 

Daniell*    . 

« 

(  i  part  H2SO4  to  J 
(      4  parts  H2O    .  } 

Copper 

(  Saturated  solution  ) 
]   ofCuSO4+5H2O( 

1.  06 

<<          : 

•«, 

(  i  part  H2SO4  to  ( 
I      1  2  parts  H2O  .  i 

- 

« 

1.09 

11 

u                         « 

(  5%     solution    of  ) 
\    ZnSO4  +  6H2O  ( 

« 

ii 

1.  08 

It 

(I                      II 

j  i   part  NaCl   to  } 
(      4  parts  H2O   .  ( 

" 

H 

1.05 

Grove   . 

«                      11 

(  i  part  H2SO4  to  / 
(      12  parts  H2O  .  ) 

Platinum 

Fuming  MNO3  .     . 

i-93 

.     . 

« 

Solution  of  ZnSO4 

" 

HNO3,  density  1.33 

1.66 

"        .     . 

«                      « 

(  H2SO4  solution,  | 
(      density  1.136  .  ) 

" 

Concentrated  HNOg 

i-93 

"        .     j 

a 

(  H2SO4  solution,  I 
\      density  1.136  .  j 

« 

HNOa,  density  1.33 

i-79 

«        .     j 

.« 

(  H2SO4  solution,  1 
j      density  1.06     .  ) 

« 

« 

1.71 

u 

„ 

(  H2SO4  solution,  ) 
\      density  1.14     .  ) 

H 

HNO3)  density  1.19 

1.66 

(i 

u                        u 

(  H2SO4  solution,  \ 
I      density  1.06     .  j 

« 

., 

r.6i 

u 

«                      « 

NaCl  solution  .     . 

" 

"       density  1.33 

1.88 

Marie  Davy 

,. 

(  i  part  H2SO4  to  ( 
\      12  parts  H2O    j 

Carbon 

C  Paste  of  protosul-  ) 
<    phate  of  mercury  > 
(    and  water  .     .     .  ; 

1.50 

Partz     .     . 

X                                    •  < 

Solution  of  MgSO4 

" 

Solution  of  K2Cr2O7 

2.06 

*  The  Minotto  or  Sawdust,  the  Meidinger,  the  Callaud,  and  the  Lockwood  cells  are  modifications  of  the  Daniell, 
and  hence  have  about  the  same  electromotive  force. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

246 


TABLE   254. 
COMPOSITION    AND    ELECTROMOTIVE    FORCE    OF    BATTERY    CELLS. 


Name  of  cell. 

Negative 
pole. 

Solution. 

Positive  pole. 

E.  M.  F. 

in  volts. 

(V)  SINGLE  FLUID  BATTEKIBS. 

Leclanche    .     . 

Chaperon     .     .     . 
Edison-Lelande    . 
Chloride  of  silver 
Law     

Amal.  zinc 
Zinc    .     . 

Amal.  zinc 
Zinc    .     . 

(  Solution  of  sal-ammo-  ) 
(      niac   ji 

i  Solution  of  caustic       | 
\      potash  j 

(  23  %  solution  of  sal-    ) 
1      ammoniac    .     .     .      J 

15% 
f  ipt.  ZnO,ipt.NH4Cl,l 
1    3  pts.  plaster  of  pan's,  ! 
|    2pts.ZnCl2,  and  water  j 
[  to  make  a  paste     .     .  J 
\  Solution  of  chromate  1 
}      of  potash    .     .     .     .  j 
!I2  parts  K2Cr2O7  +    ) 
25  parts  H2SO4  + 
i  oo  parts  H2O    .     .  j 
(  i  part  H2SO4  +            ) 
1  2  parts  H2O  -f 
f      i  part  CaSO4      .     .  ) 
H20      

f  Carbon  surround-  ) 
J  ed  by  powdered 
j   carbon  and  perox-  j 
{  ide  of  manganese  j 

Copper  and  CuO 

(  Silver  surrounded  ) 
(    by  silver  chloride  J 
Carbon  .... 

Cadmium    .     .     . 
Copper   .... 

1.46 

0.98 
0.70 
I.  O2 

r-37 
J-3 
i.  08 

2.OI 

°34 
0.98 

Dry  cell  (Gassner) 

Poggendorff     .     . 
« 

J.  Regnault  .     .     . 
Volta  couple     .     . 

(C)  STANDARD  CELLS. 

Kelvin,  Gravity,  ) 
Daniell  .     .     .  J 

Clark  standard  . 

Bailie  &  Ferry   . 
Gouy     .... 

Amal.  zinc 

j  ZnSO4  solution,  den-    / 
}      sity  1.40      .     .     .     .  f 

[  Mercurous  sulphate  in 
paste  with  saturated 
solution    of    neutral  f 
[     ZnSO4  

(  Electrolytic  cop-     ) 
<   per  in  CuSO4  sol.  ? 
f  density  i.io    .     .  ) 

Mercury  .... 

(  Lead  surrounded  ) 
1    by  powdered 
(    PbCl2    .     .     .     .) 

Mercury  .... 

C  1.072  [I 
<  —  .00016 
M^-i5)] 

(  i-434t' 

^—.00077   j 

((^-15)]    ! 
, 
f  0.50  tem- 

|  perature 
•{  coeffic't 
j  about 
[  .0001  1 

(  I-387  [f 
<  —  .0002 

(  ('-«)] 

(  Zinc  chloride,  density   i 

1          I.I  C7  .                                         .   ( 

(  Oxide  of  mercurv  in  a  1 
10  %  sol.  of  ZnSO4  [ 
f      (paste)   ) 

Lodge's  standard  cell  and  Fleming's  standard  cell  are,  like  the  Kelvin  cell  above,  modifications  of  the  Dan- 
iell zinc-zinc  sulphate,  copper-copper  sulphate  cell. 

(d)  SECONDARY  CELLS. 

Faure-Sellon-        ) 
(Volckmar)     .  ) 

Regnier  (i)    .     . 

r    (2)  •  • 

Main      .... 

Lead    .     . 

Copper     . 

Amal.  zinc 
Amal.  zinc 

(  H2SO4  solution  of         ) 
(      density  i.i       .     .     .  J 

CuSO4  +  H2SO4   .     . 

ZnSO4  solution  .     .     . 
H2SO4  density  ab't  i.i 

PbOo  

2.2* 

t  1.68  to 
<  0.85,  av- 
(  erage  1.3. 
2.36 
2.50 

"      in  H2SO4     .     . 
« 

*  F.  Streintz  gives  the  following  value  of  the  temperature  variation  — -  at  different  degrees  of  charge  ; 


E.  M.  F. 

**/*x«, 

E.  M.  F. 

«/*x* 

E.  M.  F. 

«w~ 

1.9223  • 

1.9828 

140 

228 

2.0031 
2.0084 

335 
285 

2.0779 
2.2070 

130 

73 

2.0105 

255 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


247 


TABLE  255. 


THERMOELECTRIC   POWER. 


The  thermoelectric  power  of  a  circuit  of  two  metals  at  mean  temperature  t  is  the  electromotive  force  in  the  circuit 
for  one  degree  difference  of  temperature  between  the  junctions.  It  is  expressed  by  dE  j  dt  =  A  +  Bt,  when 
dE  /  dt  =  o,  t  =  — A  /  JS,  and  this  the  neutral  point  or  temperature  at  which  the  thermoelectric  power  vanishes. 
The  ratio  of  the  specific  heat  of  electricity  to  the  absolute  value  of  the  temperature  t  is  expressed  by  — B  for  any 
one  metal  when  the  oilier  metal  is  lead.  The  thermoelectric  power  of  different  couples  may  be  inferred  from  the 
table,  as  it  is  the  difference  of  the  tabulated  values  with  respect  to  lead,  which  is  here  taken  as  zero.  The  table 
has  been  compiled  from  the  results  of  Becquerel,  Matthieson,  and  Tail.  In  reducing  the  results  the  electromotive 
forces  of  the  Grove's  and  the  Daniell  cells  have  been  taken  as  1.95  and  1.07  volts  respectively. 


Thermoelectric  power 

Neutral 

Substance. 

A 

B  X  10-"- 

at  mean  temp,  of 
junctions  (microvolts). 

point 
A 

Author- 
ity. 

20°  C. 

.50°  C. 

B 

Aluminium          .... 
Antimony,  comm'l  pressed  wire 

0.76 

—°-39 

0.68 
—6.0 

0.56 

'95 

T 

M 

"           axial 

— 

— 

2''.  6 

_ 

_ 

" 

"           equatorial 

- 

- 

-26.4 

- 

- 

" 

"           ordinary    . 

- 

- 

•  —17.0 

- 

- 

E 

1  1.94 

c.o6 

j  -j  Q  r 

14  47 

^  ~/c 

T 

M 

;)•'-"-' 

- 

12-7 

_ 

B 

Arsenic       

— 

- 

13.56 

- 

M 

Bismuth,  comm'l  pressed  wire  . 

- 

- 

97.0 

- 

- 

" 

"         pure             "          "     . 

- 

- 

89.0 

- 

- 

" 

"         crystal,  axial        .         .  • 

- 

- 

65.0 

- 

- 

" 

"       equatorial 

- 

- 

45-° 

- 

- 

" 

"         commercial          .         .1 

-         '. 

- 

- 

39-9 

- 

B 

Cadmium   ...... 

-2.63 

—4.24 

-3-48 

—4-75 

—62 

T 

"         fused  . 

- 

- 

—2-45 

- 

15 

Cobalt        ..... 

- 

- 

22. 

- 

M 

Copper       

—1-34 

—0.94 

—  1.52 

—  i  .81 

—  143 

T 

"       commercial    . 

— 

— 

O.  IO 

— 

M 

"       galvanoplastic 

- 

- 

-3-8 

- 

- 

" 

Gold  

- 

— 

1.2 

- 

- 

" 

"      

-2.80 

—  I.OI 

3-D 

—3-3° 

—277 

T 

Iron    ...... 

—17-15 

4.82 

—  1  6.2 

—14.74 

356 

" 

"     pianoforte  wire  . 

- 

—  r7-5 

M 

"     commercial 

- 

- 

12.  IO 

- 

B 

"              " 

-       j 

- 

- 

9-IO 

•  - 

" 

Lead  

- 

0.00 

o.oo 

0.00 

- 

— 

j  Magnesium         .... 

2.22 

0.94 

—2.03 

—  i-7S 

236 

T 

Mercury      ..... 

- 

- 

0.413 

"M  , 

"            ..... 

- 

- 

- 

3-3° 

- 

B 

Nickel         

- 

- 

- 

^•S0 

- 

" 

"       (—18°  to  175°) 

21.8 

5.06 

22.8 

24-33 

-438 

T 

"       (2500-300°)     . 

83-57 

—23.84 

- 

" 

(above  340°)  . 

3-°4 

5.06 

- 

- 

- 

" 

Palladium  

6.18 

3-55 

6.9 

7.96 

—174 

" 

"          ..... 

- 

- 

6.9 

- 

1! 

Phosphorus  (red) 

- 

- 

—29.9 

- 

M 

Platinum     

- 

- 

—0.9 

- 

- 

" 

"         (hardened) 

—2-57 

0.74 

—2.42 

2.  2O 

347 

T 

"         (malleable)  . 

0.60 

1.09 

8.82 

I.I5 

—55 

" 

"         wire     .... 

- 

- 

- 

—0.94 

B 

"         another  specimen 

- 

- 

- 

2.14 

- 

" 

Platinum-indium  alloys  : 

i 

85%  Pt  -(-  15  %  Ir 

—7.90 

—  0.62  j 

-8.03 

—8.21 

—1274 

T 

9o%Pt+lo%Ir          .,       .. 

—5-90 

'•33 

-5-63 

—  5-23 

444 

" 

95  %  Pt  -|-    5  %  Ir         •  .      • 

-6.15 

—0-55 

—6.26 

-6.42 

—  1118    , 

" 

Selenium    ..... 

—807. 

— 

- 

M 

Silver          ..... 

—  2.12  ; 

—1-47 

—2.41 

—2.86 

—144 

T 

"       (pure  hard) 

—3.00 

- 

M 

"       wire          . 

— 

_ 

_ 

—2.18 

_ 

B 

Steel  .         .'.      .         ... 

—  11.27 

3-25  ' 

—  10.62 

—  9.65 

347 

T 

Tellurium  .     •  •».•-. 

—502. 

- 

M 

"           .  ' 

- 

- 

—429-3 

- 

B 

Tin  (commercial) 

- 

- 

- 

—°-33 

- 

" 

"       .        ..        .        . 

i 

- 

O.I 

- 

M 

"       

0-43 

—  0.55 

°-33 

0.16 

78 

T 

Zinc            .        .        .        . 

—2.32 

—  2.38 

—2.79 

—  3-51  : 

-98 

" 

"     pure  pressed 

- 

-       : 

—3-7 

- 

M 

B  =  Ed.  Becquerel,  "  Ann.  de  Chim.  et  de  Phys  "  [4]  vol.  8.             M  =.  Matthieson,  "  Pngg.  Ann."  vol.  103, 
T  =  Tail,  "  Trans.  R.  S.  E."  vol.  27,  reduced  by  Mascart.                              reduced  by  Fleming  Jenkin. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


248 


TABLE    256. 


THERMOELECTRIC    POWER    OF    ALLOYS. 


The  thermoelectric  powers  of  a  number  of  alloys  are  given  in  this  table,  the  authority  being  Ed.  Becquerel.  They  are 
relative  to  lead,  and  for  a  mean  temperature  of  50°  C.  In  reducing  the  results  from  copper  as  a  reference  metal, 
the  thermoelectric  power  of  lead  to  copper  was  taken  as  — 1.9. 


Substance. 

Relative 
quantity. 

Thermo- 
electric 
power  in 
microvolts. 

Substance. 

Relative 
quantity. 

Thermo- 
electric 
power  in 
microvolts. 

Antimony   . 
Cadmium    . 

806) 
696) 

227 

Antimony    . 
Bismuth 

11 

8.8 

Antimony   . 
Cadmium    .         .        . 

J 

146 

Antimony    . 
Iron     .... 

4[ 
1  ) 

2-5 

Zinc    .     '-'. 

I) 

Antimony    . 

Si 

Antimony   . 

806) 

Magnesium 

i\ 

1.4 

Cadmium    . 
Bismuth      .         .   x    . 

696  > 
121   ) 

137 

Antimony    . 
Lead   .... 

?! 

—0.4 

Antimony   .         .         . 

806) 

f\  r 

Bismuth       .         w 

- 

-43-8 

Zinc    .... 

406  5 

95 

Bismuth 

.,  ) 

Antimony  . 

806) 

Antimony    . 

1  1, 

—33-4 

Zinc    .... 
Bismuth 

406  [ 

121   ) 

8.1 

Bismuth 
Antimony    . 

ii 

—51-4 

Antimony   . 
Cadmium    . 

J 

>-,£. 

Bismuth 
Antimony    . 

!l 

—63.2 

Lead  .... 
Zinc    .... 

;j 

70 

Bismuth 
Antimony   . 

'?( 

—68.2 

Antimony  . 
Cadmium    . 

> 

Bismuth      .         . 
Antimony    . 

"i 

—66.9 

Zinc    .... 

i 

46 

Bismuth 

2  ) 

Tin      .... 

•  J 

Tin     .          ... 

if 

60 

Antimony   . 

Bismuth 

10  ( 

Zinc    ... 

43 

Selenium     . 

I   ( 

—24-5 

Tin      .... 

Bismuth 

12  | 

Antimony    . 

12) 

Zinc   .... 

—  31-1 

Cadmium    . 

10  > 

35 

Bismuth 

12  / 

' 

Zinc    .... 

3) 

Arsenic 

—  46.0 

Antimony   . 

IO  I 

Bismuth 

j    ) 

S-Q   , 

Tellurium    . 

IO.2 

Bismuth  sulphide  . 

L! 

OO.I 

TABLE  257. 
NEUTRAL  POINTS  WITH   LEAD.* 


Substance. 

Temp. 
C. 

Substance. 

Temp. 
C. 

Bismuth  . 

—580° 

Zinc  . 

-95° 

Nickel      . 

—424 

Cadmium  . 

—59 

Gold    .     . 

-276 

Platinum    . 

-56 

Argentan 

-238 

Tin    .     .    . 

75 

Cobalt      . 

—228 

Rhodium    . 

132 

Palladium 

—  172 

Ruthenium 

136 

Antimony 

-I56 

Aluminium 

212 

Silver  .     . 

—  144 

Magnesium 

239 

Copper    . 

—132 

Iron  .     .     . 

356 

TABLE  258. 

SPECIFIC    HEATS    OF    ELECTRICITY.t 

The    numbers    are    the    coefficients   B    in    the    equation 
jzf 

—-  =  A  +  Bt,  and  have  to  be  multiplied  by  the  absolute 

at 

temperature  T  to  give  the  specific  heat  of  electricity.     (See 

also  Table  255.) 


Metal. 

Sp.ht.  of  el. 

Metal. 

Sp.  ht.  of  el. 

T 

r 

Alumin- 

Magnesium 

—  .00094 

ium  . 

.00039 

Nickel  : 

Antimony 

.O222I 

To  175°  C.   . 

—  .00507 

Argentan 

—.00507 

250°-3IO°        . 

.00219 

Bismuth  . 
Cadmium 

—.01073 
.00425 

Above  340°  . 
Platinum  (soft) 

—•00351 
—  .00109 

Cobalt      . 

—  .OII4I 

Palladium    .     . 

—  -00355 

Copper     . 
Gold    .     . 

.00094 
.OOIOI 

Rhodium     .     . 
Rubidium    .     . 

—  .00113 
—  .00206 

Iron     .     . 

—  .00481 

Silver      .     . 

.00148 

Iridium    . 

.00000 

Tin     .... 

.00055 

Lead    .     . 

.00000 

Zinc    .... 

.00235 

*  Tail's  "  Heat,"  p.  180. 

t  Calculated  from  a  table  given  by  Tait  by  assuming  the  electromotive  force  of  a  Grove's  cell  —  1.95  volts. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


249 


TABLE  259. 

THERMOELECTRIC    POWER    OF    METALS    AND   SOLUTIONS.* 

Thermoelectric  power  of  circuits,  the  two  parts  of  which  are  either  a  metal  and  a  solution  of  a  salt  of  that  metal  or 
two  solutions  of  salts.  The  concentration  of  the  solution  was  such  that  in  1000  parts  of  the  solution  there  was 
one  half  gramme  equivalent  of  the  crystallized  salt.  The  circuit  is  indicated  symbolically ;  for  example,  Cu  and 
CuSO4  indicates  that  the  circuit  was  partly  copper  and  partly  a  solution  of  copper  sulphate. 


Thermoelec- 

Substances forming  circuit. 

tric  power  in 

Insoluble  salts  mixed  with  a  solution  of 

microvolts. 

the    corresponding    zinc    or    cadmium  salts 

for  the  purpose  of  acting  as  a  conductor. 

Cu  and  CuSC>4     . 

754 

The  other  part  of  the  circuit  was  the  metal 

Zn  and  ZnSC>4 
Cu  and  CuAc  (acetate) 
Pb  and  PbAc 

760 
660 
176 

of  the  insoluble  salts.     The  results  are  com- 
plex and  of  doubtful  value. 

Zn  and  ZnAc 

693 

Cd  and  CdAc      . 

5°3 

Zn  and  ZnCl2       .         , 
Cd  and  CdCl2      - 

s 

562 
562 

Substances  forming  circuit. 

Thermoelectric 
power  in 
microvolts. 

Zn  and  ZnBr2 

632 

Zn  and  ZnI2         . 

602 

Cd  and  CdI2        ... 

594 

Ag  and  AgCl  in  ZnCl2 

M3 

Ag  and  AgCl  in  CdCl2 

310 

CuSO4  and  ZnSO4      .        . 

40 

Ag  and  AgBr  in  ZnBr2         .    ; 

327 

CuAc  and  ZnAc  . 

8 

Ag  and  AgBr  in  CdBr2 

461 

ZnAc  and  CdAc  .         .         . 

o 

Ag  and  Agl  in  ZnI2     .         . 

414 

CuAc  and  CdAc  .                  ." 

o 

Ag  and  Agl  in  CdI2     . 

unsuccessful 

PbAc  and  ZnAc  . 

73 

Hg  and  Hg2Cl2  in  ZnCl2 

680 

PbAc  and  CdAc  . 

54 

Hg  and  Hg2Cl2  in  CdCl2     .- 

673 

PbAc  and  CuAc  . 

'33 

Hg  and  Hg2Br2  in  ZnBr2     . 

650 

ZnCl2  and  CdCl2 

9 

Hg  and  Hg2Hr2  in  CdBr2     . 

815 

ZnBr2  and  CdBr2 

15 

Hg  and  Hg2I2  in  ZnI2. 

948 

ZnI2  and  CdI2      .         .         . 

82 

Hg  and  Hg2I2  in  CdI2 

891 

TABLES  26O,  261. 


PELTIER    EFFECT. 


TABLE   260. —Jahn's  Experiments.! 


Current  flows  from  copper  to   metal   mentioned. 
Table  gives  therms  per  ampere  per  hour. 


Metals. 

Therms. 

Cadmium 

—  0.616 

Iron      .... 

—3-6I3 

Nickel  .... 

4.362 

Platinum 

0.320 

Silver   .... 

—0.413 

Zinc      .... 

^•585 

CdtoCdSC-4 

4.29 

Cu  to  CuSC>4 

—i-4 

Ag  to  AgNOs      . 

7-53 

Zn  to  ZnSC>4         .         .   ] 

—2.14 

TABLE  261.  —  Le  Roux's  Experiments. 

Table  gives  therms  per  ampere  per  hour,  and  current  flows 
from  copper  to  substance  named. 


Metals. 

Therms. 

Antimony  (Becquerel's)  § 
(commercial)         . 

13.02 
4.8 

Bismuth  (pure)       .         . 
"         (Becquerel's)  ||         . 

I9.I 
25.8 

Cadmium        ..... 
German  silver        .        . 

iron        .     •   . 

0.46 

2-47 

2.C 

Zinc        ...... 

O  1Q 

*  Gockel,  "  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  24,  p.  634. 
t  "  Wied.  Ann.''  vol.  34,  p.  767. 
t  "  Ann.  de  Chim.  et  de  Phys.''  (4)  vol.  10,  p.  201. 
' 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


.  .  .  .      ,     .        . 

Becquerel's  antimony  is  806  parts  Sb  +406  parts  Zn 
I  Becquerel's  bismuth  is  10  parts  Bi  -f-  1  part  Sb. 


121  parts  Bi. 


25O 


TABLE  262. 


CONDUCTIVITY   OF    THREE-METAL    AND    MISCELLANEOUS   ALLOYS. 


Conductivity  Ct—  C0  (i  +  at  +  bfl). 


Metals  and  alloys. 

Composition  by  weight. 

& 

a  X  io6 

6X  io9 

C 

S 

Gold-copper-silver  .    /.     . 

58.3  Au  4-  26.5  Cu  +  15.2  Ag 

7.58 

574 

924 

I 

"         "            "...    66.5  Au  4-  J5-4  Cu  +  18.1  Ag 

6.83 

529 

93 

I 

"      .     .     .    7.4  Au  +  78.3  Cu  4-  14-3  Ag 

2806 

1830 

7280 

1 

(  12.84  Ni  4-  io.  so  Cu  4-       1 
Nickel-copper-zmc   .     .     -    j  6.5/Z,i  b^volume     .          .( 

4.92 

444 

5' 

I 

Brass                     .                 '  Various      

I2.2-I5.6 

1-2  X  IO3 

2 

"      hard  drawn     .     .     .    70.2  Cu  +  29.8  Zn    .... 

12.  l6 

- 

3 

"      annealed    ....                            "        .     .     .     . 

'4-35 

- 

— 

3 

German  silver      ....     Various      

3-5 

- 

- 

2 

(  6o.i6Cu  4-  25-37  Zn4-         ) 

"          ....    ?  1  4.03  Ni  4-  -30  l*'e  with  trace  > 

3-33 

360 

- 

4 

(  of  cobalt  and  manganese    .  ) 

Aluminium  bronze  .    .  •  . 

7-5-8-5 

5-7  X  io2 

- 

2 

Phosphor  bronze      .    ".-   . 

-              -               - 

IO-2O 

- 

- 

2 

Silicium  bron/e   .... 

41 

_ 

_ 

e 

Manganese-copper   . 

30  Mn  4~  70  Cu  

T- 
I.OO 

40 

j 
4 

Nickel-mangane:-e-copper 

3  Ni  4~  24  Mn  4-  73  Cu    .     . 

2.IO 

—3° 

- 

4 

(  18.46  Ni  4-6i.  63  Cu  +         } 

Nickelin      

•?  19.67  Zn  4~  0.24  Fe  4" 

-,    QJ 

•?oo 

_ 

4 

(  0.19  Co  4-  o.iSMn     .     .     .) 

' 

j 

(  25.1  Ni4-744iCu4-            J 

Patent  nickel  . 

?  0.42  Fe  +  0.23  Zn  4- 

2.92 

190 

_ 

4 

(  0.13  Mn  4/  trace  of  cobalt   ) 

-/ 

Rheotan      .... 

(  53.28  Cu  4-  25.31  Ni4-         ) 
'  16.89  Zn  4-  4.46  Fe  4- 

I.QO 

410 

4 

Copper-manganese-iron     . 

;/ 
4.98 

1  20 

6 

91  Cu  4"  7-1  Mn  4-  i-9  Fe      . 

"              "            " 

70.6  Cu  +  23.2  Mn  4-  6.2  Fe 

1.30 

22 

- 

6 

"              "            " 

69.7  Cu  -f  29-9  Ni  4-  36  Fe  . 

2.6O 

1  2O 

- 

7 

Temp.  C.° 

Manganin    

84  Cu  +  i2Mn4-4Ni     .     . 

2.33 

25 

IC-2O 

8 

J 
14. 

2O—1O 

8 

ii 

4 

T- 

A 

.v   jw 

10—  m 

8 

41 

*T 
I 

J        O  J 

3  S  —  40 
40—41; 

8 
8 

a 

a 

4 

1 

ttv    H  J 

45  —  5^* 

8 

>i 

. 

.Q_rc 

8 

U                                                                                                                                                             1 

—  4 

^-68 

8 

T 

jj 

1  Matthieson.               8  W.  Siemens                               5  Van  der  Ven.             7  Feusner. 

2  Various.                     4  Feusner  and  Lindeck.             6  Blood.                         3  Lindeck. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


251 


TABLE  263. 


CONDUCTING    POWER    OF    ALLOYS. 


This  table  shows  the  conducting  power  of  alloys  and  the  variation  of  the  conducting  power  with  temperature.* 

10° 
The  values  of  C0  were  obtained  from  the  original  results  by  assuming  silver  =  - — ~-  mhos.     The  conductivity  is 

taken  as  Ct   —  C0  (i  —  at -\- fit*),  and  the  range  of  temperature  was  from  o°  to  100^  C. 

The  table  is  arranged  in  three  groups  to  show(i)  that  certain  metals  when  melted  together  produce  a  solution 
which  has  a  conductivity  equal  to  the  mean  of  the  conductivities  of  the  components,  (2)  the  behavior  of  those 
metals  alloyed  with  others,  and  (3)  the  behavior  of  the  other  metals  alloyed  together. 

It  is  pointed  out  that,  with  a  few  exceptions,  the  percentage  variation  between  o°  and  100°  can  be  calculated  from  the 

formula  /'  =  /'c  —   where/  is  the  observed  and  /'  the  calculated  conducting  power  of  the  mixture  at  100°  C., 
and  P,  is  the  calculated  mean  variation  of  the  metals  mixed. 


Weight  % 

Volume  % 

Variation  per  100°  C. 

of  first  named. 

JO4 

Observed. 

Calculated. 

GROUP  i. 

Sn6Pb    

77.04 

87.06 

7.C7 

7890 

8670 

70.  1  8 

29.67 

82.41 

83.10 

9.18 

4O8O 

I  iSjO 

28.89 

7O.O7 

SnZn     

78.06 

77.71 

10.56 

7880 

8720 

7O.  I  2 

J       J 
7O.l6 

PbSn     

64.13 

6.4O 

7780 

8420 

29.41 

29.10 

^A  76 

16  06 

16  16 

7780 

8OOO 

29.86 

2Q.67 

SnCdi    

27.O1; 

27.  CO 

17.67 

78  TO 

2Q.o8 

7O.2  ^ 

CdPb6   

7.77 

C.-78 

7  TOO  . 

727O 

27.74 

27.60 

GROUP  2. 

Lead-silver  (Pb2oAg)  . 

95-°5 

94-64 

5.60 

3630 

7960 

28.24 

19.96 

Lead-silver  (PbAg) 

48.97 

46.90 

8.07 

1960 

3100 

16-53 

7-73 

Lead-silver  (PbAg2)    . 

32-44 

30.64 

13.80 

1990 

2600 

I7-36 

10.42 

Tin-gold  (Sni2Au)  .     . 

77-94 

90.32 

5-20 

3080 

6640 

24.2O 

14.83 

"      "     (Sn5Au)    .     . 

59-54 

79-54 

3-03 

292O 

6300 

22.9O 

5-95 

Tin-copper      .... 

92.24 

93-57 

7-59 

3680 

8130 

28.71 

19.76 

"       t  .     .     .     . 

80.58 

83.60 

8.05 

3330 

6840 

26.24 

14-57 

«       t  .     .     .     . 

12.49 

14.91 

5-57 

547 

294 

S.l8 

3-99 

"       t.     .     .     . 

10.30 

'2-35 

6.41 

666 

1185 

5-48 

4.46 

"       t.     .     .     . 

9.67 

11.61 

7-64 

691 

3°4 

6.6O 

5.22 

"       t  .     .     .     . 

4.96 

6.O2 

12.44 

995 

705 

9-25 

7-83 

"       t  -     -     •     • 

i-»5 

1.41 

39-41 

2670 

5070 

21-74 

20-53 

Tin-silver  

QI.7O 

q6.  C2 

7.81 

7820 

8190 

30.00 

23.31 

7C.CI 

8.65 

29.18 

11.89 

Zinc-copper  t      .     •     • 

36.70 

42.06 

13-75 

1370 

1340 

12.40 

11.29 

t      .     .     . 

25.00 

29-45 

13-70 

1270 

1240 

11.49 

1  0.08 

t      .     .     . 

16-53 

23.61 

13-44 

1880 

1800 

12.80 

12.30 

"        t      .     .     . 

8.89 

10.88 

29.61 

2040 

3°3° 

17.41 

17.42 

"        t      .    .    . 

4.06 

5-03 

38.09 

2470 

4100 

20.61 

20.62 

NOTE.  —  Barus,  in  the  "  Am.  Jour,  of  Sci."  vol.  36,  has  pointed  out  that  the  temperature  variation  of  platinum 
alloys   containing  less  than  10%  of  the  other  metal  can  be  nearly  expressed  by  an  equation  y  —  — —  tit,  where  y  is  the 

temperature  coefficient  and  _r  the  specific  resistance,  in  and  n  being  constants.     If  a  be  the  temperature  coefficient  at 
o°  C.  and  s  the  corresponding  specific  resistance,  s  (a  -f-  m)  =  n. 

For  platinum  alloys  Barus's  experiments  gave  in  — —  .000194  ar>d  "  —  -°378. 

For  steel  m  =r  — .000303  and  n  =  .0620. 
Matthieson's  experiments  reduced  by  Barus  gave  for 

Gold  alloys  m  =.  —  .000045,  n  =r  .00721. 

Silver     "      m  =  —  .000112,  «=:  .00538. 

Copper  "     m  =r  —  .000386,  n  rr  .00055. 

*  From  the  experiments  of  Matthieson  and  Vogt,  "  Phil.  Trans.  R.  S."  v.  154. 
t  Hard-drawn. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


252 


TABLE  263. 


CONDUCTING    POWER    OF    ALLOYS. 


GROUP  3. 

Alloys. 

Weight  % 

Volume  % 

C0 

IO4 

rtX  io6 

6X  10° 

Variation  per  100°  C. 

of  first  named. 

Observed. 

Calculated. 

Gold-copper  t     .     .    . 

99-23 

98-36 

35.42 

2650 

4650 

21.87 

23.22 

"       t     .    .     . 

90.55 

81.66 

10.16 

749 

81 

7.41 

7-53 

Gold-silver  t  .     .     .    . 

87.95 

79-86 

13.46 

1090 

793 

10.09 

9-65 

"      *  .         «    •. 

87.95 

79-86 

13.61 

.1140 

1160 

10.21 

9-59 

"      t  .     !     !     .' 

64.80 

52.08 

9.48 

673 

246 

6.49 

6.58 

"      *  .... 

64.80 

52.08 

9.51 

721 

495 

6.71 

6.42 

"      t  '.'.'.'. 

31-33 

19.86 

13.69 

885 

53i 

8.23 

8.62 

"      *  .... 

3J-33 

19.86 

13-73 

908 

641 

8.44 

8.31 

Gold-copper  t     .     .     . 

34-83 

19.17 

12.94 

864 

570 

8.07 

8.18 

"       t     .     .     . 

1.52 

0.71 

53-Q2 

3320 

7300 

25.90 

25.86 

Platinum-silver  t     •     • 

33-33 

19.65 

4.22 

330 

208 

3.10 

3.21 

"      t     .     . 

9.81 

5-°5 

11.38 

774 

656 

7.08 

7-25 

t 

5.00 

2.51 

19.96 

1240 

1150 

11.29 

11.88 

Palladium-silver  t   •     • 

25.00 

23.28 

5-38 

324 

154 

3-40 

4.21 

Copper-silvert    •     •     • 

98.08 

98.35 

56.49 

3450 

7990 

26.50 

27.30 

t    .     -     . 

94.40 

95-17 

5J-93 

3250 

6940 

25-57 

25.41 

t    .     .     . 

76.74 

77.64 

44.06 

3°3° 

6070 

24.29 

21.92 

t    .     .     . 

42-75 

46.67 

47.29 

2870 

5280 

22.75 

24.00 

t    .     .     . 

7.14 

8.25 

50.65 

2750 

4360 

23.17 

25-57 

t    -     .     . 

I-31 

'•53 

5°-3° 

4120 

8740 

26.51 

29.77 

Iron-gold  t      .     .     .     . 

13-59 

27-93 

i-73 

349° 

7010 

27.92 

14.70 

"       "     t     .     .     .     . 

9.80 

21.  18 

1.26 

2970 

1  220 

17-55 

1  1.  20 

"       "     t     .     .     .     - 

4.76 

10.96 

1.46 

.    487 

103 

3-84 

13.40 

Iron-copper  t      ... 

0.40 

0.46 

24.51 

r55Q 

2090 

13-44 

14.03 

Phosphorus-copper  t  - 

2.50 

- 

4-62 

4/6 

»45 

- 

- 

"      t  . 

0.95 

- 

14.91 

1320 

1640 

— 

- 

Arsenic-copper  t     •     • 

5.40 

_ 

3-97 

5i6 

989 

- 

- 

"       t     .     . 

2.80 

- 

8.12 

736 

446 

- 

- 

«       t     .     . 

trace 

38-52 

2640 

4830 

*  Annealed. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


t  Hard-drawn. 


253 


TABLE  264. 


SPECIFIC    RESISTANCE    OF    METALLIC   WIRES. 


This  table  is  modified  from  the  table  compiled  by  Jenkin  from  Matthieson's  results  by  taking  the  resistance  of  silver, 
gold,  and  copper  from  the  observed  metre  gramme  value  and  assuming  the  densities  found  by  Matthieson,  namely, 
10.468,  19.265,  and  8.95. 


Substance. 

Resistance  at  o°  C.  of  a 
wire  one  cm.  long,  one 
sq^cm.  in  section. 

Resistance  at  o°  C.  of  a 
wire  one  metre  long, 
one  mm.  in  diam.  " 

Resistance  at  o°  C.  of  a 
wire  one  metre  long, 
weighing  one  gramme. 

Resistance  at  o°  C.  of  a 
wire  one  foot  long, 
nfon  in.  in  diam. 

Resistance  at  o°  C.  of  a 
wire  one  foot  long, 
weighing  one  grain. 

Percentage  increase  of 
resistance  for  i°  C.  in- 
crease of  temp,  at  20°  C.  j 

Silver  annealed  . 

1.460  X  JO"6 

0.01859 

•1523 

8.781 

.2184 

0-377 

"       hard  drawn       .   , 

1.585     « 

0.02019 

.1659 

9-538 

•2379 

-- 

Copper  annealed        .        .  . 

1.584     " 

0.02OI7 

.1421 

9.529 

.2037 

0.388 

"      hard  drawn     . 

1.619     " 

O.O2O62 

.1449 

9.741 

.2078 

- 

Gold  annealed    . 

2.088     " 

0.02659 

.4025 

12.56 

•5771 

0.365 

"    hard  drawn 

2.125     " 

0.02706 

.4094 

12.78 

.5870 

- 

Aluminium  annealed  . 

2.906     " 

0.03699 

•0747 

17.48 

.1071 

- 

Zinc  pressed        .         .         . 

5.613     " 

0.07146 

.4OI2 

33-76 

•5753 

0-365 

Platinum  annealed      .    .    . 

9-035     " 

O.II50 

J-934 

54-35 

2.772 

- 

Iron 

9-693     " 

0.1234 

•7551 

58-31 

1.083 

- 

Nickel             " 

12.43 

0-1583 

1-057 

74.78 

i-5i5 

- 

Tin  pressed 

13.18       " 

0.1678 

.9608 

79.29 

i-377 

0-365 

Lead      " 

19.14       " 

0.2437 

2.227 

115.1 

3-193 

0.387 

Antimony  pressed 

35-42       " 

0.4510 

2-379 

213.1 

3.410 

0.389 

Bismuth         " 

130.9 

1.667 

12.86 

787-5 

18.43 

o-354 

Mercury         " 

94.07 

1.198 

12.79 

565-9 

18.34 

0.072 

Platinum-silver,  2  parts  Ag,  ) 
i  part  Pt,  by  weight        .  ) 

24-33      " 

0.3098 

2.919 

146.4 

4.186 

0.031 

German  silver     .                 . 

20.89      " 

0.2660 

1.825 

125-7 

2.617 

0.044 

Gold-silver,  2  parts  Au,     ) 
i  part  Ag,  by  weight       .  ; 

10.84      " 

0.1380 

1.646  . 

65.21 

2-359 

0.065 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


254 


TABLE  265. 


SPECIFIC  RESISTANCE   OF   METALS. 


The  specific  resistance  is  here  given  as  the  resistance,  in  microhms,  per  centimetre  of  a  bar  one  square  centimetre  in 

cross  section. 


Substance. 

Physical  state. 

Specific  resistance. 

Temp.  C. 

Authority. 

Aluminium 

_ 

2.9-4.5 

O 

Various. 

Antimony  . 

- 

35-4-45-8 

O 

" 

" 

Solid 

182.8 

Melting-point 

De  la  Rive. 

" 

Liquid 

129.2 

" 

" 

" 

- 

137-7 

860 

" 

Arsenic 

/ 

•       33-3 

o 

Matthieson  and 

Vogt. 

Bismuth     . 

Electrolytic  soft 

108.0 

O 

Van  Aubel. 

" 

"           hard 

108.7 

o 

" 

. 

Commercial 

110-268 

o 

Various. 

Boron    .     . 

Pulverized  and  com- 

pressed 

8  X  io10 

_ 

Moissan. 

Cadmium  . 

- 

6.2-7.0 

- 

Various. 

" 

Solid 

16.5 

3'8 

Vassura. 

" 

Liquid 

37-9 

3i8 

" 

Gold      .     . 

— 

2.04-2.09 

o 

Various. 

Calcium 

- 

7-5 

1  6.8 

Matthieson. 

Cobalt  .     . 

- 

9.8 

o 

" 

Copper  .     . 

Commercial 

1.58-2.20 

0 

Various. 

Iron  .     .     . 

" 

9.7-12.0 

o 

<> 

"... 

Electrolytic 

II.  2 

Ordinary 

Kohlrausch. 

"... 

" 

105.5 

Red  heat 

" 

"... 

" 

II4.8 

Yellow  heat 

(i 

"... 

" 

II8.3 

Iron  magnetic 

heat 

M 

Steel.    .     . 

Cast 

I9.I 

Ord.  temp. 

" 

"... 

" 

85.8 

Red  heat 

(( 

"... 

" 

1044 

Yellow  heat 

II 

"... 

" 

"3-9 

Nearly  white 

heat 

(I 

"... 

Tempered  glass  hard 

45.7  (i  -f  .00161*) 

* 

Barus  and 

Strouhal. 

"... 

'           light  yellow 

28.9  (  i  +  .00244/1) 

* 

"... 

'                    yellow 

26.3  (i  +  .00280*) 

* 

"... 

blue 

20.5(1  +  .00330*) 

* 

"... 

light  blue 

18.4(1  +.00360*) 

* 

"... 

'           soft 

15.9  (i  +  .00423*) 

t 

Iron  .     .     . 

Cast,  hard 

97.8 

o 

"... 

"      soft 

74-4 

o 

Indium  .     . 

- 

8.38 

o 

Erhard. 

Lead      .     . 

— 

18.4-19.6 

0 

Various. 

Lithium 

— 

8.8 

20 

Matthieson. 

Magnesium 

- 

4.1-5.0 

o 

Various. 

Nickel   .     . 

- 

10.7-12.4 

0 

" 

Palladium  . 

- 

10.6-13.6 

o 

" 

Platinum    . 

- 

9-o-i5-5 

o 

" 

Potassium  . 

- 

25-  l 

0 

Matthieson. 

H 

Fluid 

50.4 

IOO 

" 

Silver     .     . 

_ 

i'S-i-7 

o 

Various. 

Strontium  . 

- 

25-!3 

20 

Matthieson. 

Tellurium  . 

- 

2.17  X  io5 

19.6 

11 

" 

- 

55-05 

294 

Vincentini  and 

Omodei. 

Tin    ... 

- 

9-53-"-4 

o 

Various. 

"      ... 

- 

9-53 

0 

Vassura. 

"      ... 

Solid 

20.96 

226.5 

" 

"      ... 

Liquid 

44-  56 

226.5 

" 

Zinc  .     .     . 

— 

5.56-6.04 

o 

— 

** 

,      Solid 

18.16 

Melting-point 

De  la  Rive. 

•         .         . 

Liquid 

36.00 

« 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


255 


TABLE  266. 


RESISTANCE    OF    METALS    AND 

The  electrical  resistance  of  some  pure  metals  and  of  some  alloys  have  been  determined  by  Dewar  and  Fleming  and 
increases  as  the  temperature  is  lowered.  The  resistance  seems  to  approach  zero  for  the  pure  metals,  but  not  for 
temperature  tried.  The  following  table  gives  the  results  of  Dewar  and  Fleming.* 

When  the  temperature  is  raised  above  o°  C.  the  coefficient  decreases  for  the  pure  metals,  as  is  shown  by  the  experi- 
experiments  to  be  approximately  true,  namely,  that  the  resistance  of  any  pure  metal  is  proportional  to  its  absolute 
is  greater  the  lower  the  temperature,  because  the  total  resistance  is  smaller.  This  rule,  however,  does  not  even 
zero  Centigrade,  as  is  shown  in  the  tables  of  resistance  of  alloys.  (Cf.  Table  262.) 


Temperature  — 

100° 

20° 

0° 

—  80° 

Metal  or  alloy. 

Specific  resistance  in  c.  g.  s.  units. 

Aluminium,  pure  hard-drawn  wire  . 

4745 

35°5 

3161 

- 

Copper,  pure  electrolytic  and  annealed  . 

1920 

M57 

!349 

- 

Gold,  soft  wire          ...... 

2665 

2081 

1948 

1400 

Iron,  pure  soft  wire           ... 

13970! 

9521 

8613 

- 

Nickel,  pure  (prepared  by  Mond's  process  ) 
from   compound   of   nickel  and  carbon  >  . 
monoxide)                                                       ) 

19300 

13494 

12266 

7470 

Platinum,  annealed           . 

10907 

8752 

8221 

6i33 

Silver,  pure  wire       

2139 

1647 

1559 

1138 

Tin,  pure  wire 

13867 

10473 

9575 

.  6681 

German  silver,  commercial  wire 

3572o 

34707 

34524 

33664 

Palladium-silver,  20  Pd  +  80  Ag 

15410 

14984 

14961 

14482 

Phosphor-bronze,  commercial  wire         •»    •    .  - 

9071 

8588 

8479 

8054 

Platinoid,  Martino's  platinoid  with  I  to  2%  ) 
tungsten                                                          J 

4459° 

43823 

43601 

43022 

Platinum-iridium,  So  Pt  -f-  20  Ir      .         .         . 

31848 

29902 

29374 

27504 

Platinum-rhodium,  90  Pt  -|-  10  Rh  .         .        . 

18417 

14586 

13755 

10778 

Platinum-silver,  66.7  Ag  -f-  33.3  Pt  . 

27404 

26915 

26818 

26311 

Carbon,  from  Edison-Swan   incandescent  ) 
lamp                                                                 } 

- 

4O46X  io3 

4092  X  i  o3 

4I89XI03 

Carbon,  from  Edison-Swan  incandescent  ) 
lamp                                                              } 

3834X10* 

3908  X  i  o3 

3955X10* 

4054Xio3 

Carbon,  adamantine,  from  Woodhouse  and  ) 
Rawson  incandescent  lamp                          \ 

6I68XIO* 

6300X10' 

6363X108 

6495X108 

*  "  Phil.  Mag."  vol.  34,  1892. 

t  This  is  given  by  Dewar  and  Fleming  as  13777  for  96°.  4,  which  appears  from  the  other  measurements  too  high. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


256 


TABLE  266. 


ALLOYS    AT    LOW    TEMPERATURES. 


by  Cailletet  and  Bouty  at  very  low  temperatures.  The  results  show  that  the  coefficient  of  change  with  temperature 
the  alloys.  The  resistance  of  carbon  was  found  by  Dewar  and  Fleming  to  increase  continuously  to  the  lowest 

nients  or  Miiller,  Benoit,  and  others.  Probably  the  simplest  rule  is  that  suggested  by  Clausius,  and  shown  by  these 
temperature.  This  gives  the  actual  change  of  resistance  per  degree,  a  constant ;  and  hence  the  percentage  of  change 
approximately  hold  for  alloys,  some  of  which  have  a  negative  temperature  coefficient  at  temperatures  not  far  from 


Temperature  = 

—  100° 

—  182° 

-197° 

Mean  value  of 
temperature  co- 
efficient between 
—  100°  and 

+  100°  C.* 

Metal  or  alloy. 

Specific  resistance  in  c.  g.  s.  units. 

Aluminium,  pure  hard-drawn  wire 

1928 

894 

- 

.00446 

Copper,  pure  electrolytic  and  annealed  . 

757 

272 

178 

431 

Gold,  soft  wire          

1207 

604 

- 

375 

Iron,  pure  soft  wire          

4010 

1067 

608 

578 

Nickel,  pure  (prepared  by  Mend's  process  ) 
from   compound   of   nickel  and  carbon  >  . 
monoxide)                                                       ; 

6110 

1900 

- 

538 

Platinum,  annealed           

5295 

2821 

2290 

34i 

Silver,  pure  wire       

962 

472 

- 

377 

Tin,  pure  wire  

5671 

2553 

- 

428 

German  silver,  commercial  wire 

33280 

32512 

- 

035 

Palladium-silver,  20  Pd  +  So  Ag     . 

14256 

13797 

- 

039 

Phosphor-bronze,  commercial  wire  . 

7883 

737i 

- 

070 

Platinoid,  Martino's  platinoid  with  i  to  2%  ) 
tungsten                                                          J 

42385 

4H54 

- 

025 

Platinum-iridium,  80  Pt  +  20  Ir 

26712 

24440 

- 

087 

Platinum-rhodium,  90  Pt  +  10  Rh  . 

9834 

7134 

- 

312 

Platinum-silver,  66.7  Ag  +  33.3  Pt  . 

26108 

25537 

- 

024 

Carbon,  from  Edison-Swan  incandescent  ^ 
lamp                                                                 $ 

42i8Xio3 

4321  Xio3 

- 

- 

Carbon,  from  Edison-Swan  incandescent  ) 
lamp                                                                (  ' 

4079X  io3 

4i8oXio3 

- 

031 

Carbon,  adamantine,  from  Woodhouse  and  ( 
Rawson  incandescent  lamp                         J  ' 

6533  X  i  o3 

- 

- 

029 

*  This  is  a  in  the  equation  R  =.  R0  (i  -I- a/),  as  calculated  from  the  equation  a=: — — — 

200  An 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


257 


TABLE  267. 


EFFECT    OF    ELONGATION    ON    THE    SPECIFIC     RESISTANCE     OF    SOFT 

METALLIC   WIRES.* 


Substance. 

Increase  of  specific  resistance  for  i  %  of  elongation  — 

Permanent  elongation. 

Elastic  elongation. 

Copper          .        .         .         .    *    . 
Iron      ...... 
German  silver       .... 

From  .50  %  to  V6o  % 

"      .70  "  "  .80  " 
"     -50  "  "  -55  " 

From  2.5  %  to  7.7  % 
"      4.6  "   "  4.8  " 
"      0.7  "   "  i.o  " 

TABLE  268. 

EFFECT  OF  ALTERNATING   THE   CURRENT  ON    ELECTRIC  RESISTANCE, 

This  table  gives  the  percentage  increase  of  the  ordinary  resistance  of  conductors  of  different  diameters 
when  the  current  passing  through  them  alternates  with  the  periods  stated  in  the  last  column.t 


Diameter  in  — 

Area  in  — 

Percentage  increase  of 
ordinary  resistance. 

Number  of 
complete 
periods  per 
second. 

Millimetres. 

Inches. 

Sq.  mm. 

Sq.  in. 

IO 

•3937 

78.54 

.122 

Less  than  -fa 

15 

•5905 

176.7 

.274 

2-5 

20 

.7874 

314.16 

.487 

8 

25 

.9842' 

490.8 

.760 

17-5 

•     So 

40 

'•575 

1256 

i-95 

68 

100 

3937 

7854 

12.17 

3.8  times 

1000 

39-39 

785400 

1217 

35  times 

9 

•3543 

63.62 

.098 

Less  than  y^y 

134 
18 

.5280 
.7086 

MI-3 

254-4 

.218 
•394 

2-5 

8 

•     100 

22.4 

.8826 

394 

.611 

17-5 

7-75 

•3013 

47-2 

.071 

Less  than  T^W 

11.61 

iS-5 

.4570 
.6102 

106 

189 

.164 
.292 

2-5 

8 

•  133 

19.36 

.7622 

294 

•456 

'7-5 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  T.  Gray,  "  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin."  1880. 
t  W.  M.  Mordey,  "  Inst.  El.  Eng.  London," 

258 


TABLES  269,  27O. 
CONDUCTIVITY    OF    ELECTROLYTIC   SOLUTIONS. 

This  subject  has  occupied  the  attention  of  a  considerable  number  of  eminent  workers  in 
molecular  physics,  and  a  few  results  are  here  tabulated.  It  has  seemed  better  to  confine  the 
examples  to  the  work  of  one  experimenter,  and  the  tables  are  quoted  from  a  paper  by  F.  Kohl- 
rausch,*  who  has  been  one  of  the  most  reliable  and  successful  workers  in  this  field. 

The  study  of  electrolytic  conductivity,  especially  in  the  case  of  very  dilute  solutions,  has  fur- 
nished material  for  generalizations,  which  may  to  some  extent  help  in  the  formation  of  a  sound 
theory  of  the  mechanism  of  such  conduction.  If  the  solutions  are  made  such  that  per  unit 
volume  of  the  solvent  medium  there  are  contained  amounts  of  the  salt  proportional  to  its  electro- 
chemical equivalent,  some  simple  relations  become  apparent.  The  solutions  used  by  Kohlrausch 
were  therefore  made  by  taking  numbers  of  grammes  of  the  pure  salts  proportional  to  their  elec- 
trochemical equivalent,  and  using  a  litre  of  water  as  the  standard  quantity  of  the  solvent.  Tak- 
ing the  electrochemical  equivalent  number  as  the  chemical  equivalent  or  atomic  weight  divided 
by  the  valence,  and  using  this  number  of  grammes  to  the  litre  of  water,  we  get  what  is  called 
the  normal  or  gramme  molecule  per  litre  solution.  In  the  table,  m  is  used  to  represent  the 
number  of  gramme  molecules  to  the  litre  of  water  in  the  solution  for  which  the  conductivities 
are  tabulated.  The  conductivities  were  obtained  by  measuring  the  resistance  of  a  cell  filled  with 
the  solution  by  means  of  a  Wheatstone  bridge  alternating  current  and  telephone  arrangement. 
The  results  are  for  18°  C.,  and  relative  to  mercury  at  o°  C.,  the  cell  having  been  standardized  by 
filling  with  mercury  and  measuring  the  resistance.  They  are  supposed  to  be  accurate  to  within 
one  per  cent  of  the  true  value. 

The  tabular  numbers  were  obtained  from  the  measurements  in  the  following  manner  :  — 

Let  JCl 8  —  conductivity  of  the  solution  at  18°  C.  relative  to  mercury  at  o°  C. 

K™a  =  conductivity  of  the  solvent  water  at  18°  C.  relative  to  mercury  at  o°  C. 

Then  Jfia  — K^9  =  &la  —  conductivity  of  the  electrolyte  in  the  solution  measured. 

-is.  =  p  =  conductivity  of  the  electrolyte  in -the  solution  per  molecule,  or  the  "specific 
m 
molecular  conductivity." 

TABLE  269.  —Value  of  /.-..  for  a  few  Electrolytes. 

This  short  table  illustrates  the  apparent  law  that  the  conductivity  in  very  dilute  solutions  is  proportional  to  the 

amount  of  salt  dissolved. 


M 

KC1 

NaCl 

AgN03 

KC2H3O2 

K2S04 

MgS04 

O.OOOOOI 

1.216 

1.024 

I.oSo 

0-939 

1-275 

1.056 

0.00002 

2.434 

2.056 

2.146 

1.886 

2.532 

2.104 

O.OOOO6 

7.272 

6.162 

6.462 

5.610 

7-524 

6.216 

0.000  1 

12.09 

10.29 

10.78 

9-34 

12.49 

10.34 

TABLE  270.  —  Electro-Chemical  Equivalents  and  Normal  Solutions. 

The  following  table  of  the  electro-chemical  equivalent  numbers  and  the  densities  of  approximately  normal  solutions 
of  the  salts  quoted  in  Table  271  may  be  convenient.  They  represent  grammes  per  cubic  centimetre  of  the  solution 
at  the  temperature  given. 


Salt  dissolved. 

Grammes 
per  litre. 

nt 

Temp. 

Density. 

Salt  dissolved. 

[Jrammes 
per  litre. 

m 

Temp. 
C. 

Density. 

KC1     .     .     . 

74-59 

.O 

15.2 

•0457 

JK2S04     . 

87.16 

1.0 

18.9 

1.0658 

NH4C1    .     . 

53-55 

.0009 

18.6 

.0152 

iNa2SO4  . 

71.09 

I.OOO3 

1  8.6 

r.ooo2 

NaCl  .     .     . 

58.50 

.O 

18.4 

.0391 

|Li2SO4     . 

55-09 

I.OOO7 

18.6 

1.0445 

LiCl    .     .     . 

42.48 

.O 

18.4 

.022? 

iMgS04    • 

60.17 

1.0023 

18.6 

1-0573 

JBaCl.2     .     . 

104.0 

.0 

1  8.6 

.0888 

£ZnS04     . 

80.58 

1.0 

5-3 

1.0794 

JZnCla     •     • 

68.0 

.012 

15.0 

.0592 

£CuS04     . 

79-9 

I.OOI 

18.2 

1.0776 

KI  .     .     .    . 

165.9 

.O 

18.6 

1.1183 

|K2C03    . 

69.17 

1.  0006 

18.3 

1.0576 

KN03     .     . 

101.17 

.O 

1  8.6 

1.0601 

iNa,2C03  . 

53-04 

1.0 

17.9 

1.0517 

NaNO3    .     . 

85.08 

.O 

18.7 

1.0542 

KOH    .     . 

56-27 

1.0025 

1  8.8 

1.0477 

AgN08    .     . 

169.9 

.O 

- 

- 

HC1      .     . 

36-51 

1.0041 

18.6 

1.0161 

JBa(N08)2  . 

65.28 

o-5 

- 

- 

HNO3  .     . 

63-13 

1.0014 

18.6 

1.0318 

KClO;i     .     . 

61.29 

o-5 

18.3 

1.0367 

iH2S04     . 

49.06 

1.  0006 

18.9 

1.0300 

KC2H802     . 

,   98.18 

1.0005 

1  8.6 

1.0467 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  "  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  26,  pp.  161-226. 
259 


TABLE  271. 

SPECIFIC    MOLECULAR    CONDUCTIVITY  /j.  :   MERCURY^  1  O». 


Salt  dissolved. 

»I=  10 

5 

3 

I 

0-5 

O.I 

•05 

•03 

.01 

iKaS04   , 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

672 

736 

897 

959 

1098 

KC1 

- 

- 

827 

919 

958 

1047 

1083 

1107 

"47 

KI  .          ... 

- 

7/0 

9OO 

968 

997 

1069 

IIO2 

1123 

1161 

NH4C1     . 

- 

752 

825 

907 

948 

1035 

1078 

IIOI 

1142 

KNO3      . 

- 

572 

752 

839 

983 

J037 

1067 

1122 

iBaC!2 

_ 

_ 

487 

658 

725 

86  1 

904 

939 

1006 

KClOa     . 

- 

— 

-' 

799 

927 

(976) 

1006 

I053 

iBa,,N,06 

- 

- 

- 

- 

53  l 

755 

828 

(8/0) 

|-CuSO4   . 

— 

- 

I5° 

241 

288 

424 

479 

537 

675 

AgNOa    .         .        . 

- 

351 

448 

635 

728 

886 

936 

1017 

£ZnSO4   .         .         . 

_ 

82 

146 

249 

302 

43  ! 

500 

556 

685 

INagSoV        • 

_ 

82 

151 

270 

475 

33° 
559 

474 
734 

784 

587 
828 

906 

IZnCls     .         .         . 

60 

1  80 

280 

5'4 

601 

768 

817 

851 

9!5 

NaCl        .         .  .-   ,: 

- 

398 

528 

695 

757 

865 

897 

(920) 

962 

NaN03    . 

_ 

_ 

43° 

617 

694 

817 

855 

877 

907 

KC2H302        .        it 

3° 

240 

594 

671 

784 

820 

841 

879 

|Na2CO3 

254 

427 

510 

682 

751 

799 

899 

£H«SO4  . 

660 

1270 

1560 

1820 

1899 

2084 

2343 

2515 

2855 

C2H4O     . 

0.5 

2.6 

S-2 

12 

19 

43 

62 

79 

132 

HC1          .         .         ; 

600 

1420 

2OIO 

2780 

3017 

3244 

3330 

3369 

34i6 

HN03      . 

610 

1470 

2O7O 

2770 

2991 

3225 

3289 

3328 

3395 

iH'jPO4    . 

148 

160 

170 

2OO 

250 

43° 

540 

620 

790 

KOH       . 

423 

990 

1718 

1841 

1986 

2045 

2078 

2124 

NH3 

°-5 

2.4 

3-3 

8.4 

12 

3' 

43 

50 

92 

Salt  dissolved. 

.006 

.002 

.001 

.0006 

.0002 

.0001 

.00006 

.00002 

.00001 

JK.S04   . 

1130 

1181 

1207 

1  220 

1241 

1249 

1254 

1266 

1275 

KC1 

1162 

1185 

"93 

"99 

I2O9 

1209 

1212 

1217 

1216 

KI   . 

1176 

"97 

1203 

1209 

1214 

1216 

1216 

1216 

1207 

NH4C1     . 

"57 

1180 

1190 

"97 

I2O4 

1209 

I2I5 

1209 

1205 

KN08      . 

1140 

"73 

1180 

1190 

"99 

1207 

I22O 

1198 

I2I5 

|BaClo     . 

1031 

1074 

1092 

IIO2 

1118 

1126 

"33 

"44 

1142 

KC108     . 

1068 

1091 

I  10  1 

1109 

1119 

1122 

1126 

"35 

II4I 

|Ba2NoOe 

982 

i°33 

i°54 

I066 

1084 

1096 

IIOO 

1114 

III4 

£CuSO~4  . 

740 

873 

95° 

987 

i°39 

IO62 

1074 

1084 

1086 

AgN03    .        .        .• 

T°33 

1057 

1068 

1069 

1077 

1078 

1077 

1073 

1  080 

|ZnSO4   . 

744 

86  1 

919 

953 

IOOI 

1023 

1032 

1047 

IO6O 

£MgSO4  . 

773 

88  1 

935 

967 

1015 

1034 

1036 

1052 

1056 

|Na2SO4 

933 

980 

998 

1009 

1026 

1034 

1038 

1056 

1054 

JZnCla     . 

939 

979 

994 

1004 

1  020 

IO29 

1031 

1035 

1036 

NaCl        .         .         .1 

976 

998 

1008 

1014 

1018 

IO29 

1027 

1028 

IO24 

NaNO3    .        .        .1 

921 

942 

952 

956 

966 

975 

970 

972 

975 

KC2HjjO2        .        .  , 

891 

913 

919 

923 

933 

934 

935 

943 

939 

^NaoCOs         .        .. 

956 

IOIO 

1037 

1046 

988 

874 

790 

697* 

^H2SO4           .        i. 

3001 

3240 

33  '6 

3342 

3280 

3"8 

2927 

2077 

1413* 

C2H4O     .         .         .; 

170 

283 

380 

470 

796 

995 

"33 

1328 

1304* 

HC1 

3438 

3455 

3455 

344° 

3340 

3i7o 

2968 

2057 

1254* 

HNO3      . 

3427 

3408 

3285 

3088 

2863 

1904 

"44* 

$H3PO4  . 

858 

945 

968 

977 

920 

837 

746 

497 

402* 

KOH 

2141 

2140 

2110 

2074 

1892 

1689 

1474 

845 

747* 

NH3 

116 

190 

260 

330 

500 

610 

690 

700 

560* 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  Acids  and  alkaline  salts  show  peculiar  irregularities. 
26O 


TABLE  272. 


LIMITING  VALUES  OF  u. 


This  table  shows  limiting  values  of  yu.  =  —  .  ID*  for  infinite  dilution  for  neutral  salts,  calculated  from  Table  271. 


Salt. 

M 

Salt. 

^ 

Salt. 

p 

Salt. 

/* 

iK2SO4      . 

1280 

*BaCl2       . 

1150 

4MgS04    . 

1080 

iH2S04     • 

3700 

KCl  .    .    . 

1220 

iKC!O3     . 

1150 

iNa2S04  . 

1060 

HCI    ;  ..? 

3500 

KI    .     .     . 

I22O 

!BaN2O6  . 

1  1  20 

iZnCl    .     . 

1040 

HNO3  .     . 

3500 

NH4C1.     . 

I2IO 

£CuSO4     . 

1  100 

NaCl     .     . 

1030 

£H3P04    . 

IIOO 

KN03  .     . 

1210 

AgN03      . 

1090 

NaNO3      . 

980 

KOH    .     . 

22OO 

- 

- 

iZnSO4     . 

1080 

K2C2H3O2 

940 

^NaoCOs  . 

1400 

If  the  quantities  in  Table  271  be  represented  by  curves,  it  appears  that  the  values  of  the 
specific  molecular  conductivities  tend  toward  a  limiting  value  as  the  solution  is  made 
more  and  more  dilute.  Although  these  values  are  of  the  same  order  of  magnitude,  they 
are  not  equal,  but  depend  on  the  nature  of  both  the  ions  forming  the  electrolyte. 

When  the  numbers  in  Table  272  are  multiplied  by  Hittorf's  constant,  or  o.ooon,  quan- 
tities ranging  between  0.14  ando.io  are  obtained  which  represent  the  velocities  in  milli- 
metres per  second  of  the  ions  when  the  electromotive  force  gradient  is  one  volt  per 
millimetre. 

Specific  molecular  conductivities  in  general  become  less  as  the  concentration  is  in- 
creased, which  may  be  due  to  mutual  interference.  The  decrease  is  not  the  same  for 
different  salts,  but  becomes  much  more  rapid  in  salts  of  high  valence. 

Salts  having  acid  or  alkaline  reactions  show  marked  differences.  They  have  small 
specific  molecular  conductivity  in  very  dilute  solutions,  but  as  the  concentration  is  in- 
creased the  conductivity  rises,  reaches  a  maximum  and  again  falls  off.  Kohlrausch  does 
not  believe  that  this  can  be  explained  by  impurities.  HsPO4  in  dilute  solution  seems  to 
approach  a  monobasic  acid,  while  H2SO4  shows  two  maxima,  and  like  H3PO4  approaches 
in  very  weak  solution  to  a  monobasic  acid. 

Kohlrausch  concludes  that  the  law  of  independent  migration  of  the  ions  in  media  like 
water  is  sustained. 


TABLE  273. 


TEMPERATURE   COEFFICIENT. 


The  temperature  coefficient  in  general  diminishes  with  dilution,  and  for  very  dilute  solutions  appears  to  approach  a 
common  value.  The  following  table  gives  the  temperature  coefficient  for  solutions  containing  o.oi  gramme  mole- 
cule of  the  salt. 


Salt. 

Temp. 
Coeff 

Salt. 

Temp. 
Coeff. 

Salt. 

Temp. 
Coeff. 

Salt. 

Temp. 
Coeff. 

KCl  .    .    . 

O.O22I 

KI     .  '.    . 

O.O2I9 

iK2S04      . 

0.0223 

iK2C08     .     . 

0.0249 

NH4C1  .     . 
NaCl      .     . 
LiCl.    .    . 
|BaCl2  .     . 
£ZnCl2  . 
iMgCla       . 

0.0226 
0.0238 
0.0232 
0.0234 
0.0239 
0.0241 

KN03   .     . 
NaNO3  .     . 
AgN03.     . 
iBa(N03)2 
KC103  .     . 
KC2H302  . 

0.0216 

0.0226 
O.O22I 
O.O224 
O.O2I9 
O.O229 

iNa2SO4    . 
|Li2SO4     . 
pfgSO4     . 
iZnSO3      . 
iCuSO4     . 

0.0240 
0.0242 
0.0236 
0.0234 
0.0229 

iNa2CO3  .     . 

0.0265 

KOH    .     .    . 
HCI       .     .     . 
HNO3  .    .    . 
iH2S04     .     . 

0.0194 
0.0159 
O.OI62 
0.0125 

*H2S04         I 
for  m  =  .001  | 

0.0159 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


26l 


TABLE  274. 

VARIOUS    DETERMINATIONS   OF   THE    VALUE    OF   THE    OHM,  ETC.* 


Observer. 

Date. 

Method. 

Value  of 
B.  A.  U. 

in  ohms. 

Value  of  100 
cms.  of  Hg 
inB.  A.U. 

Value  of 
ohm  in 
cms.of  Hg. 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 
6 

8 
9 

10 

ii 

12 
12 

13 
14 
IS 

16 
i? 

18 

!9 

Lord  Rayleigh 
Lord  Rayleigh 
Mascart  .... 
Rowland      .     .     . 

Kohlrausch     .    . 

Glazebrook      .    . 
Wuilleumeier  . 
Duncan  &  Wilkes 
Jones  

1882 
1883 
1884 
1887 

1887 

1882  to  1888 
1890 
1890 
1891 

1885 
1888 
1890 

1884 
1884 

1885 
1889 

1883 
1885 

Rotating  coil      .     . 
Lorenz  method  .     . 
Induced  current     . 
Mean     of     several 
methods     .     .     . 
Damping   of  mag- 
nets   

.98651 
.98677 
.98611 

.98644 

.98660 
.98665 
.98686 
.98634 

(-95412) 
•95374 
•95349 

•95338 
•95352 
•95355 
•9534' 

•95334 
•95352 
•95332 
•95354 

106.31 
106.27 
106.33 

106.32 

106.32 
106.29 
106.31 
106.34 
106.31 

Induced  currents  . 

Lorenz  method  .     . 
Lorenz  method  .     . 
Mean  .... 

An  absolute   de- 
termination of  re- 
sistance was  not 
made.  The  value 
.98656  has  been 
used. 
Mean  .... 

Strecker  .... 
Hutchinson     .     . 
Salvioni  .... 
Salvioni  .... 

H.  F.  Weber  .     . 
H.  F.  Weber  .     . 
Roti   

•98653 

106.31 

- 

106.32 
106.30 
106.33 
106.30 

•Q^IW 

106.31 

Induced  current     . 
Rotating  coil     .     . 
Mean  effect  of  in- 
duced current     . 

Absolute  measure- 
ments     compared 
with  German  silver 
wire    coils    issued 
by     Siemens     or 
Strecker. 

I 

1  05-37 

106.16 

105.89 
105.98 

106.24 

106.03 
105-93 

Heinstedt    .     .     . 
Dorn  

Wild  

Damping   of  mag- 
net     

Damping  of  mag- 
net     

Lorenz    .... 

Lorenz  method.     . 

The  Board  of  Trade  committee  recommended  for  adoption  the  values  .9866  and  106.3. 
The  specific  resistance  of  mercury  in  ohms  is  thus  .9407  X  icr*. 
Also  i  Siemens  unit  =    .9407  ohm. 
=    .9535  B.  A.  U. 
i  ohm    .     .     .=  1.01358  B.  A.  U. 

The  following  values  have  been  found  for  the  mass  of  silver  deposited  from  a  solution 
of  silver  nitrate  in  one  second  by  a  current  of  one  ampere  :  — 

Mascart,  "  J.  de  Physique,"  iii.  1884         .         .        0011156 
Rayleigh,  "  Phil.  Trans."  ii.  1884     .......     .0011179 
Kohlrausch,  "  Wied.  Ann."  xxvii.  1886   0011183 
T.  Gray,  "  Phil.  Mag."  xxii.  1886      about  t  .001  1  18 
Portier  et  Pellat,  "J.  de  Physique,"  ix.  1890    .....     .0011192 

The  following  values  have  been  found  for  the  electromotive  force  of  a  Clark  cell  at  15°  C. 
They  have  been  reduced  from  those  given  in  the  original  papers  on  the  supposition  that 
i  B.  A.  U.  =  .9866  ohm,  and  that  the  mass  of  silver  deposited  per  second  per  ampere  is 
.001118  gramme. 

Rayleigh,  "  Trans."  ii.  1884         1-4345  volt. 
Carhart          ...........      I.AIAO     " 

Kohle,  "  Zeitschrift  fiir  Instrumentenkunde,"  1892    .         .         .     1.4341     " 
Glazebrook  and  Skinner,  "  Proc.  R.  S."  Ii.  1892         .        .        .     1.4342     " 

*  Abstract  from  the  Report  of  the  British  Association  Committee  on  Practical  Standards  for  Electrical  Measure- 
ment, "  Proc.  Brit.  Assoc."  1892. 
t  i  .0000002  T.  G. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

262 


TABLE  275. 


SPECIFIC    INDUCTIVE    CAPACITY   OF   CASES. 


With  the  exception  of  the  results  given  by  Ayrton  and  Perry,  for  which  no  temperature  record  has  been  found,,  the 
values  are  for  o°  C.  and  760  mm.  pressure. 


Gas. 

Sp.  ind.  cap. 

Authority. 

Vacuum  =  i. 

Air=  I. 

Air          .         .         .         .         .         .        ~. 

1.0015 

I.OOOO 

Ayrton  and  Perry. 

.        /,•    .... 

1.00059 

I.OOOO 

KlemenCiC. 

•  .  '     .         .         ... 

1  .00059 

I.OOOO 

Boltzmann. 

Carbon  disulphide          .... 

1.0029 

1.0023 

KlementiC. 

Carbon  dioxide,  COg     .... 

1.0023 

1.0008 

Ayrton  and  Perry. 

"".... 

1.00098 

1  .00039 

KlemenCic". 

"".... 

1  .00095 

1.00036 

Boltzmann. 

Carbon  monoxide,  CO  .... 

1.00069 

I.OOOIO 

KlemenCiC. 

.... 

1  .00069 

I.OOOIO 

Boltzmann. 

Coai  gas  (illuminating) 

1.0019 

1  .0004 

Ayrton  and  Perry. 

Hydrogen       

1.0013 

0.9998 

Ayrton  and  Perry. 



I.OOO26 

0.99967 

KlemenCiC. 



I.OOO26 

0.99967 

Boltzmann. 

Nitrous  oxide,  N2O       .... 

I.  OOIl6 

1.00057 

KlemenCiC. 

"            

1  .00099 

1.00040 

Boltzmann. 

Sulphur  dioxide     

1.0052 

1.0037 

Ayrton  and  Perry. 



1.00955 

1.00896 

Klemenfif. 

Vacuum  5    mm.  pressure 

I.OOOO 

0.9985 

Ayrton  and  Perry. 

"    o.ooi   "          "        about  . 

1.  0000 

0.94 

Ayrton  and  Perry. 

"      

I.OOOO 

0.99941 

KlemenCif. 

"....... 

I.OOOO 

0.99941 

Boltzmann. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


263 


TABLE  276. 

SPECIFIC    INDUCTIVE    CAPACITY    OF   SOLIDS   (AIR^UNITY). 


Substance. 

Sp.  ind.  cap. 

Authority. 

Calcspar  parallel  to  axis 

7-5 

Romich  and  Nowak. 

"         perpendicular  to  axis 

7-7 

"          "          " 

Caoutchouc      

2.12-2.34 

Schiller. 

vulcanized  .... 

2.69-2.94 

" 

Celluvert,  hard  gray         .... 

1.19 

Elsas. 

"             "     red  .         .                 .        .  ; 

1.44 

" 

"     black       .   .     .         .      -  ., 

1.89 

M 

"         soft  red   .        .        .        .  •  '     .  " 

2.66 

" 

Ebonite    .        .        .        .        .      '  .        .. 

2.08 

Rossetti. 

"         .        .        .        . 

3-  r  5-3-48 

Boltzmann. 

"         

2.21-2.76 

Schiller. 

"         .        ... 

2.72 

Winkelmann.  ' 

"         .        .        .       -  . 

2.56 

Wiillner. 

"         .        .        .        .        . 

2.86 

Elsas. 

"         

1.9 

Thomson  (from  Hertz's  vibrations). 

Fluor  spar         .        .         .         .         .-'.'. 

6.7 

Romich  and  Nowak. 

"         "            ...... 

6.8 

Curie. 

Glass,*  density  2.5  to  4.5          .         .         .  1 

5-10 

Various. 

Double  extra  dense  flint,  density  4.5    . 

9.90 

Hopkinson. 

Dense  flint,  density  3.66 

7-38 

" 

Light  flint,         "       3.20 

6.70 

M 

Very  light  flint  "        2.87 

6.6  1 

" 

Hard  crown      "        2.485 

6.96 

" 

Plate                  "           -         ... 

8-45 

M 

Mirror  

5.8-6.34 

Schiller. 

"....... 

6.46-7-57 

Winkelmann. 

"....... 

6.88 

Donle. 

"       

6.44-7.46 

Elsas. 

Plate     

3-3r-4-i2 

Schiller. 

"....... 

7-5 

Romich  and  Nowak. 

« 

6.10 

Wiillner. 

Guttapercha     

3-3-4-9 

Submarine  cable  data. 

Gypsum   ; 

6-33 

Curie. 

Mica          ' 

6.64 

KlemenCiC. 

"    . 

8.00 

Curie. 

H 

7.98 

Bouty. 

"........ 

5-66-5-97 

Elsas. 

"........ 

4.6 

Romich  and  Nowak. 

Paraffin     _ 

2.32 

Boltzmann. 

"           ....... 

1.98 

Gibson  and  Barclay. 

"                   .......    i 

2.29 

Hopkinson. 

"         quickly  cooled  translucent 
"         slowly  cooled  white    . 

1.68-1.92 
1.85-2.47 

Schiller.! 

"          ....... 

2.18 

Winkelmann. 

"          .         

1.96-2.29 

Donle,  Wiillner. 

"        fluid  —  pasty      .        .        . 

1.98-2.08 

Arons  and  Rubens. 

"        solid  

1-95 

"         "         " 

Porcelain          ...... 

4-38 

Curie. 

Quartz,  along  the  optic  axis     .         .         .  , 

4-55 

" 

"       transverse    . 

4-49 

" 

Resin        .         .         .         .         .         . 

2.48-2.57 

Boltzmann. 

18  o 

Hopkinson. 

5-85 

Curie. 

Selenium  

IO.2 

Romich  and  Nowak. 

Shellac     .  

3-10 

Winkelmann. 

.... 

3-67 

Donle. 

....... 

2-95-3-73 

Wiillner. 

*  The  values  here  quoted  apply  when  the  duration  of  charge  lies  between  0.25  and  0.00005  of  a  second.  J.  J. 
Thomson  has  obtained  the  value  2.7  when  the  duration  of  the  charge  is  about  i  725  X  10°  of  a  second ;  and  this  is 
confirmed  by  Blondlot,  who  obtained  for  a  similar  duration  2.8. 

t  The  lower  values  were  obtained  by  electric  oscillations  of  duration  of  charge  about  0.0006  second.  The  larger 
values  were  obtained  when  duration  of  charge  was  about  0.02  second. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

264 


TABLE  276. 
SPECIFIC   INDUCTIVE   CAPACITY  OF  SOLIDS  (AIR  =  UNITY). 


Substance. 

Sp.  ind.  cap. 

Authority. 

Spermaceti        ...... 
Sulphur     

2.18 
2.25 
3.84-3.90 
2.88-3.21 
2.24 
2.  04. 

Rossetti. 
Felici. 
Boltzmann. 
Wiillner. 
J.  J.  Thomson. 
Blondlot. 



2.56 

Trouton  and  Lilly. 

TABLE  277. 


SPECIFIC   INDUCTIVE   CAPACITY  OF   LIQUIDS. 


Substance. 

Sp.  ind.  cap. 

Authority. 

Alcohols  : 

Amyl     

iS-'M 

Cohn  and  Arons  ;  Tereschin. 

Ethyi    

24-27 

Various. 

Methyl           

32-65 

Tereschin. 

Propyl           .         

22.8 

" 

Anilin       .        .     -,  

7-5 

" 

Benzene  

1-93-2-45 

Various. 

"         average  about    .... 

2-3 

at  5°  C  

2.1898 

Negreano. 

"  15°  C  

2-I534 

" 

"      "  25°  c  

2.1279 

" 

"  40°  C  

2.1103 

" 

Hexane,  between  11°  and  13°  C.     . 

1.859 

Landolt  and  Jahn. 

Octane,                  i3°.5-i4°  C. 

1-934 

Decane,                  I3°5-I4°.2  C.      . 

1.966 

Amylene,                i5°-i6°.2  C. 

2.2OI 

Octylene,                n°.5-i3°.6  C. 

2-175 

Decvlene,                i6°-7  C. 

2.236 

Oils': 

Arachid        

3-1? 

Hopkinson. 

Castor  ....... 

4.6-4.8 

Various. 

Colza    

3-07-3-  i  4 

Hopkinson. 

Lemon  ....... 

2.25 

Tomaszewski. 

Neatsfoot      ...... 

3-°7 

Hopkinson. 

Olive     

3.08-3.16 

Arons  and  Rubens  ;    Hopkinson. 

Petroleum     

2.02-2.19 

Various. 

Petroleum  ether           .... 

1.92 

Hopkinson. 

Rape-seed    

2.2-3.0 

Various. 

3.17 

Hopkinson. 

Sperm           .        .  -     . 

3.02-3.09 

Hopkinson  ;   Rosa. 

Turpentine   .....», 

2.15-2.28 

Various. 

Vaseline                 . 

2.17 

Fuchs. 

Ozokerite          .        .        .         .         .       ~. 

2.13 

Hopkinson. 

Toluene            ...... 

2.2-2.4 

Various. 

Xylene     .        .     

2.3-2.6 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


265 


TABLE  278. 


CONTACT    DIFFERENCE    OF 

Solids  with  Liquids  and 
Temperature  of  substances 


1 

1 

C 
0 

•d 

jj 

i 

o 

u 

0 

"~ 

Jj 

s 

H 

N 

Mercury    

092 

.108 

,«/0 

.156 

(.01 

.269 

' 

(—  -I05 

Distilled  water  

<  to 

to 

.148 

.171 

<     to   / 

.177 

<        to 
\        i\j 

15 

.100 

•iT-w 

•*  /  * 

(  -345) 

•    /  / 

(+•156 

Alum  solution  :  saturated  [ 
at  i6°.5  C  } 

—.127 

—653 

—•139 

.246 

—  .225 

—536 

Copper  sulphate  solution  :  ( 

sp.  gr.  1.087  at  i6°.6  C.     ) 

.103 

Copper  sulphate  solution  :  ) 

saturated  at  15°  C.   .     .    j 

.070 

Sea  salt  solution  :  sp.  gr.  / 
1.18  at  20°.5  C.     .     .     .    ( 

- 

—•475 

—  -605 

- 

—.•856 

—•334 

-•565 

Sal-ammoniac      solution  :  i 
saturated  at  15°.  5  C.     .    ) 

- 

—•396 

—  .652 

-.189 

•°59 

—.364 

—•637 

Zinc  sulphate  solution  :  sp.  | 
gr.  1.125  at  i6°.9  C.  .     .    ( 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

-.238 

Zinc    sulphate    solution  :  / 

saturated  at  i5°-3  C.      .    £ 

—  -43° 

One  part  distilled  water  +  ) 

3    parts    saturated    zinc  > 

- 

- 

- 

— 

— 

— 

—•444 

sulphate  solution  .     .     .    ) 

Strong    sulphuric    acid    in 

distilled  water  : 

i  to  20  by  weight      .     .     . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

—•344 

i  to  i  o  by  volume     .     .     . 

i  about  » 
1  —  -°3S  > 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

i  to  5  by  weight  .... 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

i.OI   ) 

5  to  i  by  weight  .... 

to  > 

- 

- 

—  .I2O 

- 

—•25 

- 

3-°) 

(  -55) 

(     -72 

r-3   ) 

Concentrated  sulphuric  acid 

\  to  ( 

1.113 

- 

)     t0 

to     > 

- 

- 

(-85) 

(  1.252 

1.6   ) 

Concentrated  nitric  acid 

- 

- 

.672 

- 

- 

Mercurous  sulphate  paste  . 

— 

- 

— 

- 

— 

- 

Distilled  water  containing  ) 
trace  of  sulphuric  acid      } 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

—.241 

*  Everett's  "  Units  and  Physical  Constants:  "  Table  of 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


266 


TABLE  278. 


POTENTIAL     IN     VOLTS. 

Liquids  with  Liquids  In  Air.* 
during  experiment  about  16°  C. 


C 

u 

_o 

J   0 

1°' 

ll 

in 

!<-> 

3°" 

3  r*l 

f   GL, 

a>o 

T3 

••  <> 

V  in 

«z 

w   «o 

JV  « 

'0 

•o 

a 

rt 

B  "* 

C  *. 

!« 

1,  ~ 

ss 

'!.£ 

ra 
_o 

I 

- 

13 

"o  i! 

•3-0 

S»! 

a  - 

•f-g 

'•5  5 

'c 

_M    . 

J, 

g 

:= 

6  3 

S.3 

36 

"2  n 

S.| 

M 
c 

|.s 

rt 

fe 

tn 

3  — 

C-*£ 

o  a 

c  « 

8-4- 

o 

» 

% 

5 

<  " 

6  " 

N  " 

Nw 

0 

GO 

Mercury    

Distilled  water  

.100 

.164 

Alum  solution  :  saturated  \ 

at  i6°.5  C  J 

— 

.OI4 

~ 

~ 

~ 

•" 

~ 

~ 

*~ 

"~" 

Copper  sulphate  solution  :  ) 
sp.  gr.  1.087  at  i6°.6  C.    } 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

.090 

- 

- 

- 

Copper  sulphate  solution  :  ) 
saturated  at  15°  C.    .     .    J 

- 

- 

- 

—•043 

- 

- 

- 

•°95 

.102 

- 

Sea  salt  solution  :  sp.  gr.  j 
1.18  at  20°5  C.     .     .     .    J 

- 

—•435 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Sal-ammoniac      solution  :  j 
saturated  at  I5°.5  C.      .    J 

- 

-•348 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Zinc    sulphate    solution  :  \ 

sp.  gr.  1.125  at  i6°-9  C.    ) 

Zinc    sulphate     solution  :  J 
saturated  at  I5°.3  C.      .    ) 

-.284 

- 

- 

.2OO 

- 

—•095 

- 

- 

- 

- 

One  part  distilled  water  +  ) 

3    parts    saturated    zinc  > 

- 

— 

— 

— 

— 

—  .102 

— 

— 

- 

- 

sulphate  solution      .     .    ) 

Strong    sulphuric    acid    in 

distilled  water  : 

i  to  20  by  weight      .     .     . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

i  to  10  by  volume     .     .     . 

-.358 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

i  to  5  by  weight  .... 

.429 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

5  to  i  by  weight  .... 

- 

—  .016 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Concentrated  sulphuric  acid 

.848 

- 

- 

1.298 

1.456 

1.269 

- 

1.699 

- 

- 

Concentrated  nitric  acid 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

Mercurous  sulphate  paste  . 

- 

- 

•475 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Distilled  water  containing  ) 
trace  of  sulphuric  acid  .    J 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

.078 

Ayrton  and  Perry's  results,  prepared  by  Ayrton. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


267 


TABLE  279. 


CONTACT    DIFFERENCE    OF    POTENTIAL    IN    VOLTS. 

Solids  with  Solids  in  Air.* 
Temperature  of  substances  during  the  experiment  about  18°  C. 


Carbon. 

Copper. 

Iron. 

Lead. 

Platinum. 

Tin. 

Zinc. 

Zinc 
amal- 
gam. 

Brass. 

Carbon  .     .     . 

0 

•370 

.485 

.858 

•"3 

•795 

1.096! 

i.2o8t 

.414! 

Copper  .     .     . 

—•37° 

0 

.146 

.542 

—.238 

•456 

•75° 

.894 

.087 

Iron  .... 

-.485t 

—  .146 

O 

40  it 

—•369 

•3'3t 

.6oof 

•744t 

—  .064 

Lead      .     .     . 

—.858 

—•542 

—  .401 

0 

—.771 

—.099 

.210 

•357t 

—.472 

Platinum    .     . 

—  .113! 

.238 

•369 

.771 

0 

.690 

.981 

1.125! 

.287 

Tin    .... 

—  -79St 

—.458 

—•3  '3 

.099 

—  .690 

0 

.281 

•463 

—•372 

Zinc  .... 

—  i  .096! 

—•75° 

—  .600 

—  .216 

-.981 

.281 

0 

.144 

—.679 

"     amalgam 

—  r.2o8t 

-.894 

—•744 

—  -357t 

—1.125! 

—•463 

—.144 

o 

—.822 

Brass      .     .     . 

—.414 

—.087 

.064 

•472 

-.287 

•372 

.679 

.822 

0 

The  numbers  not  marked  were  obtained  by  direct  experiment,  those  marked  with  a  dag- 
ger by  calculation,  on  the  assumption  that  in  a  compound  circuit  of  metals,  all  at  the  same 
temperature,  there  is  no  electromotive  force. 
The  numbers  in  the  same  vertical  column  are  the  differences  of  potential  in  volts  between 
the  substance  named  at  the  top  of  the  column  and  the  substance  named  on  the  same  line  in. 
the  first  column,  when  the  two  substances  are  in  contact. 

The  metals  used  were  those  ordinarily  obtained  in  commerce. 

*  Everett's  "  Units  and  Physical  Constants."     The  table  is  from  Ayrton  and  Perry's  experiments,  and  was  pre- 
pared by  Ayrton. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

268 


TABLE  280. 

DIFFERENCE    OF    POTENTIAL    BETWEEN    METALS    IN    SOLUTIONS    OF 

SALTS. 


The  following  numbers  are  given  by  G.  Magnanini  *  for  the  difference  of  potential  in  hundredths  of  a  volt  between 
zinc  in  a  normal  solution  of  sulphuric  acid  and  the  metals  named  at  the  head  of  the  different  columns  when  placed 
in  the  solution  named  in  the  first  column.  The  solutions  were  contained  in  a  U-tube,  and  the  sign  of  the  differ- 
ence of  potential  is  such  that  the  current  will  flow  from  the  more  positive  to  the  less  positive  through  the  ex- 
ternal circuit. 


Strength  of  the  solution  in 
gramme   molecules  per 
litre.              x 

Zinc.t 

Cadmium.  t 

Lead. 

Tin. 

Copper. 

Silver. 

No.  of 
molecules. 

Salt. 

Difference  of  potential  in  centivolts. 

°-5 

H2S04 

0.0 

36.6 

5!-3 

5J-3 

100.7 

I2I-3 

I.O 

NaOH 

—  32-1 

19-5 

31.8 

O.2 

80.2 

95-8 

1.0 

KOH 

—42.5 

15-5 

32.0 

—  1.2 

77-0 

104.0 

0.5 

Na2SO4 

1.4 

35-6 

50.8 

5M 

IOI.3 

120.9 

.    i-o 

Na2S2O3 

—5-9 

24.1 

45-3 

45-7 

38.8 

64.8 

I.O 

KNO3 

11.8} 

3J-9 

42.6 

31-1 

8l.2 

105-7 

I.O 

NaNO3 

ii-S 

51.0 

40.9 

95-7 

114.8 

°-5 

K2CrO4 

23-9J 

23 

41-2. 

40.9 

94.6 

I2I.O 

0.5 

K2Cr2O7 

72.8 

61.1 

78.4 

68.1 

123.6 

I32-4 

0.5 

K2SO4 

1.8 

34-7 

51.0 

40.9 

95-7 

II4-8 

°-5 

(NH4)2S04 

—0-5 

37-i 

53-2 

57-6} 

101.5 

125.7 

0.25 

K4FeC«N6 

—6.1 

33-6 

50-7 

41.2 

—  t 

87.8 

0.167 

Kf,Fe2(CN)8 

4I.O§ 

80.8 

81.2 

130.9 

110.7 

124.9 

I.O 

KCNS 

—  1.2 

32-5 

52.8 

52-7 

52-5 

72.5 

I.O 

NaNO3 

4-5 

35-2 

50.2 

49.0 

103.6 

IO4.6? 

°-5 

SrN03 

14.8 

38-3 

50.6 

48.7 

103.0 

"9-3 

0.125 

Ba(N03)2 

21.9 

39-3 

5*-7 

52.8 

109.6 

121.5 

I.O 

KNQa 

-t 

35-6 

47-5 

49-9 

104.8 

115.0 

O.2 

KCK>a 

i5-fc} 

39-9 

53-8 

57-7 

'05-3 

120.9 

0.167 

KBrO3 

13-20} 

40.7 

5'-3 

5°-9 

111.3 

120.8 

I.O 

NH4C1 

2.9 

324 

5T-3 

5°-9 

81.2 

101.7 

I.O 

KF 

2.8 

22.5 

41.1 

50.8 

61.3 

61.5 

I.O 

NaCl 

— 

3J-9 

51.2 

50-3 

80.9 

101.3 

I.O 

KBr 

2-3 

3»-7 

47.2 

52-5 

73-6 

82.4   • 

I.O 

KC1 

32.1 

51.6 

52-6 

81.6 

107.6 

0.5 

NaaSOs 

—8.2 

28.7 

41.0 

31.0 

68.7 

103.7 

-II 

NaOBr 

18.4 

41.6 

73-  i 

70.6} 

89.9 

99-7 

I.O 

C4H606 

5-5 

39-7 

61-3 

54-4§ 

104.6 

123.4 

°-5 

C4H606 

4.1 

41-3 

61.6 

57-6 

110.9 

125.7 

o-5 

C4H4KNaO6 

—7-9 

3i-5 

5I-S 

42-47 

100.8 

119.7 

*  "  Rend,  della  R.  Ace.  di  Roma,''  1890. 

t  Amalgamated. 

t  Not  constant. 

5  After  some  time. 

II  A  quantity  of  bromine  was  used  corresponding  to  NaOH  =  i. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


269 


TABLE  281  . 


VARIATION    OF    ELECTRICAL    RESISTANCE    OF   CLASS   AND    PORCELAIN 

WITH    TEMPERATURE. 

The  following  table  gives  the  values  of  a,  b,  and  c  in  the  equation 

log  R  =.  a  +  6t  +  ct2, 

where  R  is  the  specific  resistance  expressed  in  ohms,  that  is,  the  resistance  in  ohms  per  centimetre  of  a  rod  one 
square  centimetre  in  cross  section.* 


No. 

Kind  of  glass. 

Density. 

a 

b 

c 

Range  of 
temp. 
Centigrade. 

I 

Test-tube  glass          •>        .     .  .  '     . 

- 

13.86 

—.044 

.000065 

0°-250° 

2 

"""... 

2.458 

14.24 

—•°55 

.OOOI 

37-131 

3 

Bohemian  glass         .        .  •-'•    f        . 

2-43 

16.21 

—•043 

.0000394 

60-174 

4 

Lime  glass  (Japanese  manufacture)  . 

2-55 

I3-H 

—.031 

—  .OOOO2I 

10-85 

5 

«         a            n                    a 

2-499 

14.002 

—  .025 

—  .00006 

35-95 

6 

Soda-lime  glass  (French  flask) 

2-533 

14.58 

—.049 

.000075 

45-120 

7 

Potash-soda  lime  glass 

2.58 

16.34 

—.0425 

.0000364 

66-193 

8 

Arsenic  enamel  flint  glass 

3-07 

18.17 

—•055 

.000088 

iQS-'SS 

9 

Flint  glass  (Thomson's  electrometer 
jar)         .         .         .        ... 

3-I72 

18.021 

—.036 

—  .0000091 

100-200 

10 

Porcelain  (white  evaporating  dish)   . 

- 

J5-65 

—  .042 

.00005 

68-290 

COMPOSITION  OF  SOME  OF  THE  ABOVE  SP  CIMENS  OF  GLASS. 

Number  of  specimen  = 

3 

4 

5 

7 

8 

« 

Silica       ...        ... 

61.3 

57-2 

70.05 

75-65 

54-2 

55-18 

Potash    ... 

22.9 

21.  1 

1.44 

7.92 

'  10.5 

13.28 

Soda       .        .        ... 

Lime,  etc. 

Lime,  etc. 

14.32 

6.92 

7.0 

- 

Lead  oxide     .         .         . 

by  diff. 

by  diff. 

2.70 

- 

23-9 

31.01 

Lime 

15.8 

16.7 

io-33 

8.48 

o-3 

Q-35 

Magnesia        .         .         . 

- 

- 

.    r  .  ' 

0.36 

O.2 

0.06 

Arsenic  oxide          .         . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3-5 

- 

Alumina,  iron  oxide,  etc. 

- 

- 

i-45 

0.70 

0.4 

0.67 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


*  T.  Gray,  "Phil.  Mag."  1880,  and  "  Proc.  Roy.  Soc."  1882. 


270 


TABLE  282. 
RELATION   BETWEEN   THERMAL  AND   ELECTRICAL  CONDUCTIVITIES. 


That  there  is  a  close  relation 
between  the  thermal  and  the 
electrical  conductivities  of 
metal  was  shown  experimen- 
tally by  Wiedemann  and  Franz 
in  1853,  and  had  been  referred 
to  by  Forbes,  with  whom  a 
difficulty  arose  with  regard  to 
the  direction  of  the  variation 
with  temperature.  The  ex- 
periments of  Tail  and  his  stu- 
dents have  shown  that  this 
difficulty  was  largely,  if  not 
entirely,  due  to  experimental 
error.  The  same  relation  has 
been  shown  to  hold  for  alloys 
by  Chandler  Roberts  and  by 
Neumann,  This  relation  was 


a.   VALUKS  IN  ARBITKARY  UNITS  AT  15^  C. 


Substance. 

l^ 

*„ 

'l* 
*15 

Lead      .     . 

7-93 

4.569 

i-74 

Tin    .     .     . 

14.46 

8.823 

1.64 

Zinc  .     .     . 

25-45 

14.83 

1.72 

Copper  .      .      41.52 

24.04 

'•73 

Iron,  No.   I 

14.18 

6.803 

2.08 

**         i.      ^ 

9.64 

4.060 

2-17 

"     3 

'3-75 

6.565 

2.09 

denied  by  H.  F.  Weber,  and 
has  been  again  experimentally 
investigated  and  apparently 
established  by  the  experiments 
of  Kirchhoff  and  Hansemann, 
of  L.  Lorenz,  of  F.  Kohl- 
rausch,  and  of  Berget. 

Putting  /=:  thermal  conduc- 
tivity, and  k  =r  electrical  con- 
ductivity, Kirchhoff  and 
Hansemann  find  the  values  in 
Table  a.  This  table  shows 
iron  to  deviate  considerably 
from  the  other  metals  in  the 
relaiionship  of  the  two  con- 
ductivities ;  but  this  may  possi- 
bly be  explained  by  its  mag- 
netic properties. 


Lorenz 's  results*  show  that  the  ratio  //  k  for  the  different  metals,  except  iron,  is  nearly  constant  for  values 
at  o°  and  100°  C.,  but  that  the  ratio  is  generally  greater  for  poorly  conducting  substances.     He  shows  that  the 

ratio  ^ -T- ~£~  remains  nearly  constant  for  all  metals  examined,  with  the  exception  of  iron,  and  has  an  aver- 
age value,  as  shown  by  Table  to,  of  about  1.37.  He  concludes  that  I / k—  constant  X  7",  where  T  is  the  abso- 
lute temperature. 

In  this  table  the  values  of  /  and  k  are  given  in  c.  g.  s.  units,  and  the  metals  are  arranged  in  the  order  of 
their  heat  conductivities.     The  same  specimens  were  used  for  both  the  thermal  and  the  electrical  experiments. 

b.  VALUES  IN  C.  G.  S.  UNITS. 


Substances. 


k0  X  ior> 


kloo  X  io5 


Copper 
Magnesium 
Aluminium 
Brass,  red . 
Cadmium  . 
Brass,  yellow 
Iron  . 
Tin    . 
Lead . 

German  silver 
Antimony  . 
Bismuth     . 


0.7108 
0.3760 

0-3435 
0.2460 

O.22OO 
0.2041 
0.166; 
0.1528 
0.0836 
0.0700 
O.O442 
0.0177 


0.7226 
0.3760 
0.3619 
0.2827 
0.2045 
0.2540 
0.1627 
0.1423 
0.0764 
0.0887 
0.0396 

0.016.1 


45-74 
24.47 
22.46 

15-75 
14.41 
12.62 

10-37 
9-346 
5.141 
3.766 
2.199 
0.929 


33-82 
17.50 


10.18 

I  I.OO 

6.628 
6.524 
3.602 
3-632 

1.522 

0.633 


1537 
1529 
1562 

!527 
1617 
1605 


1627 
1858 

2OII 
I9OO 


1-358 
1.398 

1.367 
1.360 

1.315 

1.428 
1-530 

1-334 
1.304 

i-3J4 
1.294 

1-372 


C.  BERGET'S  EXPERIMENTS^ 

The  same  specimens  were  used  for  both  experiments.     It  will  be  seen  that  the  ratio  is  nearly  constant,  but  not 

exactly  so. 


Substance. 


k  X  io-- 


Substance. 


X-X 


Copper .  . 

Zinc  .     .  . 

Brass     .  . 

Iron  .     .  . 


1.0405 
0-303 
0.2625 
0.1587 


V3 

18.00 

15-47 
9.41 


1.6 


Tin  .  .  . 
Lead  .  . 
Antimony 
Mercury  . 


0.151 
0.08 1  o 
0.042 

O.O2OI 


8-33 
5.06 

2-47 
i. 06 


1.8 
1.6 
i-7 
1.8 


d.  KOHLRAUSCH'S  RESULTS. 

An  interesting  confirmation  of  the  relationship  of  the  two  conductivities  has  been  furnished  by  F.  Kohl- 
rausch,  who  has  shown  that  tempering  steel  causes  equal  proportional  changes  in  the  thermal  and  electrical 
conductivities  of  the  metal,  thus  leaving  the  ratio  l/k  unchanged  by  the  process.^ 


Tempered  steel 
Soft  steel 


/=  0.062; 
"  =  o.ni; 


=  3.3;  l/k  =  0.019 
=5-5;    "    =0.020 


In  the  consideration  of  this  subject  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  closely  accurate  values  of  thermal  conduc- 
tivity are  very  difficult  to  obtain,  and  hence  fairly  large  variations  are  to  be  expected. 


*  "  \Vied.  Ann."  vol.  13,  p.  5q8. 
t  "  Compt.  Rend."  vol.  no,  p.  76. 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


I  is  in  c.  g.  s.  units  and  k  in  terms  of  mercury. 


271 


TABLE  283. 


ELECTROCHEMICAL  EQUIVALENTS  AND  INTERNATIONAL  ATOMIC  WEIGHTS. 

With  the  exception  of  the  value  given  for  silver  and  that  corresponding  to  valence  2  for  copper,  the  electrochemical 
equivalents  given  in  this  table  have  been  calculated  from  the  atomic  weights  and  one  or  two  of  the  more  com- 
mon apparent  valences  of  the  substance.  The  value  given  for  silver  is  that  which  was  adopted  by  the  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Electricians  at  Chicago  in  1894.  The  number  for  silver  is  made  the  basis  of  the  table  ;  the 
other  numbers,  with  the  exception  of  copper,  above  referred  to,  are  theoretical. 

The  International  Atomic  Weights  are  quoted  from  the  report  of  the  International  Committee  on  Atomic  Weights 
("  Jour.  Am.  Chem.  Soc.,"  vol.  25,  p.  4). 


Substance. 

Symbol. 

Relative 
atomic  wt. 
Oxygen  =  16. 

Relative 

aton.ic  wt. 
Hydrogen  —  i. 

Electrochemical 
Valence,    equivalent  in  grammes 
per  coulomb  X  tooo 

Aluminum    .         .         . 

Al 

27.1 

26.9 

3 

.0936 

Antimony 

Sb 

1  20.  2 

U9-3 

3 

.4150 

4  '             ,                 •  . 

*  * 

*  * 

*  * 

5 

.2490 

Argon  .... 

A 

39-9 

39-6 

— 

Arsenic          .         .. 

As 

75-0 

74-4 

3 

.2590 

" 

" 

" 

5 

.1554 

Barium 

Ba 

137-4 

136.4 

2 

.7116 

Bismuth 

Bi 

208.5 

206.9 

3 

.7199 

"               ... 

" 

" 

" 

5 

.4319 

Boron  .... 

B 

ii. 

10.9 

3 

.0380 

Bromine 

Br 

79.96 

79-30 

i 

.8283 

Cadmium 

Cd 

112.4 

in.  6 

0 

.5822 

Caesium 

Cs 

133- 

132. 

I 

1.3777 

Calcium 

Ca 

40.1 

39-8 

2 

.2077 

Carbon 

C 

12.  0 

11.91 

4 

.0311 

Cerium 

Ce 

140. 

139- 

2 

.7251 

Chlorine 

Cl 

35-45 

35.i8 

1 

.3672 

Chromium    .          .         . 

Cr 

52.1 

5'-7 

3 

.1800 

. 

" 

>< 

" 

6 

.0900 

Cobalt           .         . 

Co 

59-0 

5856 

2 

3056 

"      .         .         .         .  ' 

» 

•• 

«• 

3 

.2038 

Columbium  . 

Cb 

94- 

93-3 

5 

.1947 

Copper 

Cu 

63.6 

63.1 

i 

.6588 

. 

11 

*  * 

" 

2 

.3290 

Erbium 

Er 

166. 

164.8 

2 

.8598 

Fluorine 

F 

19. 

18.9 

I 

.1968 

Gadolinium  . 

Gd 

156. 

155 

— 



Gallium 

Ga 

70. 

69-5 

3 

.2417 

Germanium  . 

Ge 

72.5 

71.9 

— 



Glucinum 

Gl 

9.1 

903 

2 

.0471 

Gold     .         . 

Au 

197.2 

195-7 

3 

.6809 

Helium         .         . 

He 

4- 

4- 

— 

Hydrogen     .         .         . 

H 

1.  008 

I.OOO 

i 

.0104 

Indium          .         .         .  - 

In 

114. 

113.1 

3 

.3936 

Iodine  .         .         .         .  '. 

I 

126.85 

125  90 

i 

1.3140 

Iridium         .         . 

Ir 

193.0 

191-5 

4 

.4998 

Iron      .... 

Fe 

55-9 

55-5 

2 

.2895 

"        .         .  -     ••         • 

" 

" 

*  * 

3 

.1930 

Krypton       .         .         .  •'• 

Kr 

81.8 

81.2 

— 

Lanthanum  .         .         . 

La 

138.9 

137  9 

2 

.7194 

Lead     .         .         .         .  ; 

Pb 

206.9 

205.35 

2 

1.0716 

Lithium        .         .         , 

Li 

7.03 

6.98 

I 

.0728 

Magnesium  .         .         . 

Mg 

24.36 

24.18 

2 

.  1  262 

Manganese  . 

Mn 

55-0 

54-6 

2 

.2849 

... 

4 

.1424 

SMITHSONIAN  TALCS. 


272 


TABLE  283. 
ELECTROCHEMICAL  EQUIVALENTS  AND  INTERNATIONAL  ATOMIC  WEIGHTS. 


Substance. 

Symbol. 

Relative 
atomic  wt. 
Oxygen  =  16. 

Relative 
atomic  wt. 
Hydrogen  —  i. 

Valence. 

Electrochemical 
equivalent  in  grammes 
per  coulomb  X  1000 

Mercury        . 

Hg 

200.O 

198.5 

I 

2.0/17 

. 

" 

" 

" 

2 

1-0359 

Molybdenum 

Mo 

96.0 

95-3 

6 

.I<J57 

Neodymium 

Nd 

143.6 

U^.S 

— 



Neon    .... 

Ne 

20. 

19.9 

— 

Nickel. 

Ni 

58.7 

5S.3 

2 

.3040 

. 

*  * 

*  l 

* 

3 

.2O27 

Nitrogen       ... 

N 

1404 

13-93 

3 

.0485 

.    -    • 

" 

*  * 

" 

5 

.0291 

Osmium        . 

Os 

191. 

189  6 

6 

.3297 

Oxygen          .         .         . 

O 

1  6  oo 

15  88 

2 

.0829 

Palladium 

Pel 

106.5 

105-7 

2 

.5516 

. 

" 

" 

•' 

5 

.2206 

Phosphorous 

P 

31.0 

30.77 

3 

.IO/O 

. 

" 

5 

.0642 

Platinum 

Pt 

1948 

193-3 

2 

1.0098 

. 

** 

1  * 

M 

4 

•5049 

Potassium 

K 

,39  15 

38.86 

I 

.4055 

Praesodymium 

Pr 

140.5 

139-4 

— 

Radium 

Rd 

225. 

223.3 

— 



Rhodium 

Rh 

103.0 

102.2 

3 

.3556 

Rubidium 

Rb 

854 

84.8 

i 

.8846 

Ruthenium  . 

Ru 

101.7 

ioo  9 

4 

.26J4 

Samarium 

Sm 

150 

148.9 

Scandium 

Sc 

44.1 

438 

Selenium 

Se 

79-2 

786 

2 

.4102 

Silicon            .-,      . 

Si 

28.4 

28.2 

4 

•  0735 

Silver   .... 

Ag 

107.93 

107.12 

i 

i  .  1  1  80 

Sodium          .         .         . 

Na 

2-3.05 

22  68 

i 

.2388 

Strontium 

Sr 

87.6 

86.94 

2 

•4537 

Sulphur 

s 

32  06 

3'.  83 

2 

.1660 

Tantalum 

Ta 

183. 

181  6 

5 

-3791 

Tellurium 

Te 

127.6 

126.6 

2 

.  6609 

Terbium 

Tb 

1  60. 

158.8 

Thallium 

Tl 

204  r 

202.6 

I 

2.1142 

Thorium 

Th 

232.5 

230.8 

2 

1.2042 

Thulium 

Tm 

171. 

169  7 



Tin       .... 

Sn 

119.0 

118.1 

2 

.6163 

.... 

" 

" 

" 

4 

.3082 

Titanium      .         . 

Ti 

48.1 

47-7 

4 

.1246 

Tungsten      .         .         ^ 

W 

184. 

182.6 

6 

.3177 

Urnaium 

U 

238.5 

236.7 

2 

1-2353 

"              ... 

>4 

" 

3 

.8235 

Vanadium     .         . 

V 

51.2 

50.8 

3 

.1768 

•    -  ••     v 

** 

. 

5 

.1061 

Xenon  .... 

Xe 

128. 

127. 

— 



Ytterbium 

Yb 

173-0 

171.7 

— 



Yttrium          .          .         . 

Yt 

89.0 

88.3 

2 

.4610 

Zinc      .... 

Zn 

65-4 

64.9 

2 

.3387 

Zirconium     ,          .'        . 

Zr 

90.6 

89.9 

4 

.2346 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


273 


TABLES  284,  285. 

PERMEABILITY  OF  IRON. 

TABLE  284.  —  Permeability  of  Iron  Rings  and  Wire. 

This  table  gives,  for  a  few  specimens  of  iron,  the  magnetic  induction  B,  and  permeability  ft,  corresponding  to  the 
magneto-motive  forces  H  recorded  in  the  first  column.  The  first  specimen  is  taken  from  a  paper  by  Rowland,* 
and  refers  to  a  welded  and  annealed  ring  of  "  Burden's  Best"  wrought  iron.  The  ring  was  6.77  cms.  in  mean 
diameter,  and  the  bar  had  a  cross  sectional  area  of  0.916  sq.  cms.  Specimens  2-4  are  taken  from  a  paper  by 
Bosanquet.t  and  also  refers  to  soft  iron  rings.  The  mean  diameters  were  21.5,  22.1,  and  22.725  cms.,  and  the 
thickness  of  the  bars  2.535,  1.295,  and  .7544  cms.  respectively.  These  experiments  were  intended  to  illustrate  the 
effect  of  thickness  of  bar  on  the  induction.  Specimen  5  is  from  Ewing's  book,t  and  refers  to  one  of  his  own 
experiments  on  a  soft  iron  wire  .077  cms.  diameter  and  30.5  cms.  long. 


Specimen  1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

USAXB 

B 

* 

B 

V* 

B 

* 

B 

* 

B 

- 

"S  o  J;  =  S 

0.2 

80 

400 

126 

630 

6s 

325 

8S 

42  s 

22 

IIO 

°-5 

33° 

660 

377 

7S4 

224 

448 

214 

428 

74 

148 

o  e  :  g  =.= 

I.O 

145° 

I4SO 

1449 

1449 

840 

840 

885 

88s 

246 

246 

v  ™  x  =  3 

2.0 

4840 

2420 

4564 

2282 

3533 

1766 

2417 

1208 

95° 

475 

5-° 

9880 

1976 

9900 

1980 

8293 

1659 

8884 

1777 

12430 

2486 

10.0 

12970 

1297 

13023 

1302 

12540 

1254 

11388 

1  139 

15020 

1502 

2O.O 

14740 

737 

14911 

746 

14710 

73S 

13273 

664 

15790 

789 

0  <u"2  s'2 

50.0 

16390 

328 

16217 

324 

16062 

321 

13890 

278 

IOO.O 

17148 

171 

17900 

179 

14837 

148 

TABLE  285.  —  Permeability  of  Transformer  Iron.§ 

This  table  contains  the  results  of  some  experiments  on  transformers  of  the  Westinghpuse  and  Thomson-Houston 
types.  Referring  to  the  headings  of  the  different  columns,  M\s  the  total  magneto-motive  force  applied  to  the  iron ; 
M  / 1  the  magneto-motive  force  per  centimetre  length  of  the  iron  circuit :  B  the  total  induction  through  the  mag- 
netizing coil ;  B /  a.  the  induction  per  square  centimetre  of  the  mean  section  of  the  iron  core  ;  M /  B  the  magnetic 
reluctance  of  the  iron  circuit;  Bl/Ma  the  permeability  of  the  iron,  a  being  taken  as  the  mean  cross  section  of  the 
iron  circuit  as  it  exists  in  the  transformer,  which  is  thus  slightly  greater  than  the  actual  cross  section  of  the  iron. 


(a)  WESTINGHOUSE  No.  8  TRANSFORMERS  (ABOUT  2500  WATTS  CAPACITY). 

First  specimen. 

Second  specimen. 

M 

T 

.    B 

M 

Bl 

B 

M 

Bl 

B 

a 

~B 

Ma 

B 

a 

B 

Ma 

2O 

0-597 

218X10' 

1406 

0.917  X  io~* 

2360 

i6X  to4 

1032 

1.25X10-* 

'730 

40 

1.194 

587       " 

3790 

0.68  1 

3120 

49       " 

3*40 

0.82        " 

2640 

60 

1.791 

878       " 

5660 

0.683       " 

3180 

82       " 

5290 

o-73      " 

2970 

80 

2.338 

1091       " 

7040 

0-734 

2960 

104       " 

6710 

0.77      " 

2820 

IOO 

2.985 

1219       " 

7860 

0.819 

2640 

118       " 

7610 

0.85      " 

2560 

120 

3.#2 

1330       " 

8580 

0.903       " 

24TO 

124       " 

8000 

0.97      " 

2250 

140 

4.179 

1405 

9060 

0-994 

2186 

131 

8450 

1.07 

2036 

160 

4.776 

'475 

95'o 

.090       " 

2000 

'35 

8710 

i.iS      " 

1830 

180 

5-373 

1532 

9880 

.180       " 

1850 

140 

9030 

1.29      " 

1690 

200 

5-970 

1581 

IO2OO 

.270       " 

1720 

142      " 

9160 

1.41 

1540 

220 

6.567 

1618 

10430 

.360 

1590 

144 

9290 

••S3 

1410 

260 

7.761 

1692       " 

IO9IO 

•540 

1410 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


*  "  Phil.  Mag."  4th  series,  vol.  xlv.  p.  151. 

•t  Ibid.  5th  series,  vol.  xix.  p.  73. 

t  "  Magnetic  Induction  in  Iron  and  Other  Metals." 

§  T.  Gray,  from  special  experiments. 


274 


TABLE  285. 


PERMEABILITY    OF    TRANSFORMER    IRON. 


(to)  WESTINGHOUSE  No 

.  6  TRANSFORMERS  (ABOUT  1800  WATTS  CAPACITY). 

First  specimen. 

Second  specimen. 

M 

T 

B 

M 

Bl 

B 

M 

Bl 

B 

a 

B 

Ma 

B 

a 

B 

Ma 

20 

0.62 

I47XI03 

1320 

1.  36XIO-4 

2140 

2I5XI03 

1940 

0.93XIO-4 

3*40 

40 

1.23 

442 

3980 

0.91   ' 

3260 

615 

5540 

0.64   " 

4490 

60 

1.85 

£?7 

6280 

0.86  • 

339° 

826 

7440 

0.72   " 

4030 

80 

2.40 

862 

7770 

0.93  ' 

3MO 

986 

8880 

0.8  1   " 

3590 

too 

3.08 

949 

8550 

1.05  ' 

2770 

1050 

9460 

0.95  " 

3060 

1  2O 

3-7° 

IOIO 

9106 

.19  ' 

245° 

IIOO 

9910 

1.09 

2670 

140 

4-3  1 

1060 

955° 

•33  ' 

22IO 

1140 

10300 

1.23  " 

243° 

160 

4-93 

1090 

9820 

•47  ' 

1990 

1170 

10500 

*-37 

2180 

1  80 

5-55 

1  1  20 

IOIOO 

.61  ' 

1870 

1190 

10700 

i-Si 

1970 

200 

6.16 

1150 

10400 

•74  ' 

l68o 

— 

~ 

(0)  WESTINGHOUSE  No.  4  TRANSFORMER 
(ABOUT  1200  WATTS  CAPACITY). 

(d)  THOMSON-  HOUSTON  1500  WATTS  TRANSFORMER. 

M 

B       M 

Bl 

M 

B 

M 

Bl 

I 

a 

1 

Ma 

I 

a 

B 

Ma 

2O 

0.69 

i47Xio8 

1470 

1.36x10-4 

2140 

2O 

0.42 

70XI03 

1560 

2.86X10-* 

373° 

40 

0.84 

142 

3160 

2.81  " 

3780 

40 

1.38 

406  " 

4066 

0.98  ' 

• 

2940 

60 

1.26 

214 

4770 

2.8  1   " 

3790 

80 

1.68 

265 

5910 

3.02  " 

3520 

60 

2.07 

573  " 

573° 

1.05  ' 

* 

2770 

TOO 

2.10 

309 

6890 

3-24  ' 

3280 

80 

2.76 

659  " 

6590 

1.  21   ' 

i 

2390 

120 

160 

2.52 
3-36 

348 
408 

7760 
9IOO 

3-45  ' 
3.92  " 

3080 

2710 

2OO 

4.20 

456 

IO2OO 

4-39  ' 

2430 

100 

3-45 

714  " 

7140 

I.4O   ' 

2070 

240 

5-04 

495 

I  1000 

4-87  •« 

2190 

280 

5-88 

524 

11690 

5-35  ' 

1990 

1  20 

4.14 

748  " 

7490 

I.  DO   ' 

' 

1810 

320 

6.72 

55° 

I227O 

5.82  « 

1820 

360 

7-S6 

573 

12780 

6.29  " 

1690 

140 

4-83 

777  " 

7770 

1.80  ' 

* 

1610 

400 

8.40 

59i 

I3I80 

6.78  " 

1570 

440 

9.24 

5°4 

13470 

7.28  « 

1460 

275 


TABLE  286. 


COMPOSITION    AND    MAGNETIC 

This  table  and  Table  289  below  are  taken  from  a  paper  by  Dr.  Hopkinson  *  on  the  magnetic  properties  of  iron  and  steel, 
which  is  stated  in  the  paper  to  have  been  240.  The  maximum  magnetization  is  not  tabulated ;  but  as  stated  in  the 
by  4ir.  "  Coercive  force"  is  the  magnetizing  force  required  to  reduce  the  magnetization  to  zero.  The  ''demjig- 
previous  magnetization  in  the  opposite  direction  to  the  "  maximum  induction  "  stated  in  the  table.  The  "energy 
which,  however,  was  only  found  to  agree  roughly  with  the  results  of  experiment. 


Chemical  analysis. 

No. 
of 

Description  of 

Temper. 

Test 

specimen. 

Total 
Carbon. 

Manga- 
nese. 

Sulphur. 

Silicon. 

Phos- 
phorus. 

Other 
substances. 

I 

Wrought  iron    . 

Annealed 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

2 

Malleable  cast  iron    . 

" 

- 

— 

- 

— 

- 

- 

3 

Gray  cast  iron   . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

4 

Bessemer  steel  . 

- 

0.045 

O.2OO 

0.030 

None. 

0.040 

- 

Whitworth  mild  steel 

Annealed 

0.090 

0-153 

o.o  1  6 

" 

0.042 

- 

6 

"                " 

" 

0.320 

0.438 

0.017 

0.042 

0.035 

— 

(  Oil-hard- 

7 

j    ened 

~" 

8 

11                >' 

Annealed 

0.890 

0.165 

0.005 

0.08  1 

O.Oig 

- 

(  Oil-hard- 

' 

u 

9 

l    ened 

T 

10 

Hadfield's  manganese  [ 
steel                              $     ' 

- 

1.005 

12.360 

0.038 

0.204 

0.070 

- 

ii 

Manganese  steel 

As  forged 

0.674 

4-730 

0.023 

0.608 

0.078 

- 

12 

"            "           .        . 

Annealed 

" 

" 

" 

" 

" 

- 

(  Oil-hard- 

' 

tt 

!3 

\    ened 

14 

"            "           .        » 

As  forged 

1.298 

8740 

0.024 

0.094 

0.072 

- 

15 

U                               « 

Annealed 

" 

" 

" 

" 

'' 

if\ 

(( 

(  Oil-hard- 

« 

H 

u 

,( 

IO 

|    ened 

17 

Silicon  steel       .         .        . 

As  forged 

0.685 

0.694 

H 

3438 

0.123 

_ 

18 

"               "              .:            . 

Annealed 

" 

" 

« 

_ 

(  Oil-hard- 

19 

|    ened 

~ 

20 

Chrome  steel     .. 

As  forged 

0-532 

0-393 

O.O20 

0.220 

0.041 

0.621  Cr. 

21 

«          « 

Annealed 

" 

" 

" 

" 

" 

$  Oil-hard- 

• 

22 

(    ened 

23 

"          "        .         . 

As  forged 

0.687 

0.028 

" 

0.134 

0.043 

1.195  Cr- 

,24 

"          "... 

Annealed 

" 

" 

" 

" 

" 

$  Oil-hard- 

25 

l    ened 

26 

Tungsten  steel  . 

As  forged 

1-357 

0.036 

None. 

0.043 

0.047 

4.649  W.  ' 

27 

"             "... 

Annealed 

" 

" 

« 

" 

" 

" 

!  Hardened 

28 

"             "... 

in  cold 

" 

«i 

« 

" 

« 

« 

water 

!  Hardened 

29 

«             '< 

in  tepid 

" 

" 

" 

" 

« 

« 

water 

3° 

"            "    (French)   . 

$  Oil-hard- 
/    ened 

0.511 

0.625 

None. 

O.O2I 

0.028 

3.444  W. 

31 

«            « 

Very  hard 

0-855 

0.312 

- 

0.151 

0.089 

2-353  W. 

32 

Gray  cast  iron   . 

- 

3-455 

0-173 

0.042 

2.044 

0.151 

2.064  C.t 

33 

Mottled  cast  iron 

- 

2.581 

0.610 

0.105 

1.476 

0-435 

1-477  C.t 

34 

White       "        "         .         . 

- 

2.036 

0.386 

0.467 

0.764 

0.458 

35 

Spiegeleisen                . 

4.510 

7.970 

Trace. 

0.502 

0.128 

*  Phil.  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  vol.  176. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


t  Graphitic  carbon. 


276 


TABLE  286. 


PROPERTIES    OF    IRON    AND   STEEL. 


The  numbers  in  the  columns  headed  "magnetic  properties"  give  the  results  for  the  highest  magnetizing  force  used, 
paper,  it  may  be  obtained  by  subtracting  the  magnetizing  force  (240)  from  the  maximum  induction  and  then  dividing 
netizing  force  ?1  is  the  magnetizing  force  which  had  to  be  applied  in  order  to  leave  no  residual  magnetization  after 
dissipated"  was  calculated  from  the  formula:  —  Energy  dissipated  ==  coercive  force  X  maximum  induction  -^  IT. 


No. 
of 
Test. 

Description  of 
specimen. 

Temper. 

Specific 
electri- 
cal resis- 
tance. 

Magnetic  properties. 

Energy  dis- 
sipated per 
cycle. 

Maxi- 
mum in- 
duction. 

Residual 
induc- 
tion. 

Coer- 
cive 
force. 

Demag- 
netizive 
force. 

I 

Wrought  iron    .         .        . 

Annealed 

.01378 

18251 

7248 

2.30 

_ 

J3356 

2 

Malleable  cast  iron  . 

" 

03254 

12408 

7479 

8.80 

- 

34742 

3 

Gray  cast  iron  . 

- 

.10560 

10783 

3928 

3.80 

- 

13037 

4 

Bessemer  steel  . 

— 

.01050 

18196 

7860 

2.96 

— 

17137 

5 

Whitvvorth  mild  steel 

Annealed 

.OIO8O 

19840 

7080 

1.63 

- 

10289 

6 

"                " 

" 

.01446 

18736 

9840 

6-73 

- 

40120 

7 

" 

\  Oil-hard- 
I    ened 

.01390 

18796 

11040 

11.00 

- 

65786 

S 

"                 " 

Annealed 

.•°!559 

l6l20 

10740 

8.26 

- 

42366 

9 

" 

\  Oil-hard- 
(    ened 

.01695 

l6l2O 

8736 

19.38 

- 

99401 

10 

Hadfield's    manganese  ( 
steel                              \  ' 

- 

.06554 

3IO 

- 

- 

' 

IT 

Manganese  steel 

'As  forged 

.05368 

4623 

22O2 

23.50 

37-13 

34567 

12 

''            " 

Annealed 

.03928 

10578 

5848 

33-86 

46.10 

"3963 

I  Oil  hnrrl 

T3 

"            "           .        . 

1    Wll-lldl  1.1 

(    ened 

•05556 

4769 

2158 

27.64 

,  40.29 

41941 

14 

«            n 

As  forged 

.06993 

747 

- 

- 

- 

t 

15 

ti                  a 

Annealed 

.06316 

1985 

540 

24.50 

50-39 

15474 

{  Oil-hard- 

16 

}    ened 

.07066 

733 

~ 

~ 

— 

~ 

17 

Silicon  steel 

As  forged 

.06163 

15148 

II073 

9.49 

I  2.6o 

45740 

18 

"        "          ... 

Annealed 

.06185 

14701 

8149 

7.80 

10.74 

36485 

19 

<i        « 

|  Oil-hard- 
J    ened 

.06195 

14696 

8084 

12-75 

17.14 

596i9 

i  20 

Chrome  steel     . 

As  forged 

.02016 

15778 

9318 

12.24 

13.87 

6i439 

1    21 

a         « 

Annealed 

.01942 

14848 

7570 

8.98 

12.24 

42425 

(  Oil  harrl 

'    22 

a         a 

1    \~tll—  II  dl  LI 

I    ened 

.02708 

13960 

8595 

38-15 

48.45 

'69455 

;  23 

K         i< 

As  forged 

.01791 

14680 

7568 

18.40 

22.03 

85944 

;   24 

«         « 

Annealed 

.01849 

13233 

6489 

15.40 

19.79 

64842 

<  Oil-hard- 

25 

n         » 

)    ened 

:  -0303  5 

12868 

7891 

40.80 

56.70 

167050 

:  26 

Tungsten  steel  . 

As  forged 

.02249 

I57i8 

IOI44 

15.71 

17-75 

78568 

27 

K            « 

Annealed 

.02250 

16498 

IIOOS 

'5-30 

16.93 

80315 

(  Hardened 

28 

"            "... 

|    in  cold 

.02274 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

(    water 

C  Hardened 

29 

<«            « 

<    in  tepid 

.62249 

15610 

9482 

30.10 

34-70 

149500 

(    water 

i  3° 

"     (French)    . 

}  Oil  hard- 
,\    ened 

.03604 

14480 

8643 

47.07 

64.46 

216864 

'  31 

"             "... 

Very  hard 

.04427 

12133 

68l8 

51.20 

70.69 

197660 

,  32 

Gray  cast  iron    . 

- 

.11400 

9148 

3l6l 

13-67 

I7-03 

39789 

;  33 

Mottled  cast  iron 

- 

•;.o6286 

10546 

5108 

12.24 

- 

41072 

34 

White        "        "         .         . 

I          - 

.05661 

9342 

'5554 

12.24 

20.40 

36383 

35 

Spiegeleisen 

• 

.10520 

385 

77 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


277 


TABLE  287. 

PERMEABILITY    OF    SOME    OF   THE    SPECIMENS    IN    TABLE    286. 

This  table  gives  the  induction  and  the  permeability  for  different  values  of  the  magnetizing  force  of  some  of  the  speei- 
mens  in  Table  286.  The  specimen  numbers  refer  to  the  same  table.  The  numbers  in  this  table  have  been  taken 
from  the  curves  given  by  Dr.  Hopkinson,  and  may  therefore  be  slightly  in  error;  they  are  the  mean  values  for 
rising  and  falling  magnetizations. 


Magnetiz- 
ing force. 
H 

Specimen  i  (iron). 

Specimen  8 
(annealed  steel). 

Specimen  9  (same  as 
8  tempered). 

Specimen  3 
(cast  iron). 

B 

M 

B 

M 

B 

/* 

* 

M 

\ 

- 

_ 

- 

_ 

- 

_ 

265 

265 

2 

2OO 

IOO 

- 

— 

— 

- 

7OO 

35° 

3 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1625 

542 

5 

10050 

2OIO 

I525 

300 

75° 

150 

3000 

600 

IO 

12550 

1255 

9000 

900 

1650 

I6S 

i^OOO 

500 

20 

'455° 

727 

11500 

575 

5875 

294 

6000 

300 

30 

15200 

S°7 

12650 

422 

9875 

329 

6500 

217 

40 

15800 

395 

13300 

332 

11600 

290 

7IOO 

177 

5° 

16000 

320 

13800 

276 

I2OOO 

240 

735° 

149 

70 

16360 

234 

'435° 

205 

13400 

191 

7900 

"3 

100 

16800 

168 

14900 

M9 

14500 

145 

8500 

85 

150 

17400 

116 

15700 

I05 

I58OO 

!°5 

9500 

63 

200 

17950 

90 

16100 

80 

l6lOO 

80 

10190 

5i 

TABLE  288. 

MAGNETIC    PROPERTIES    OF    SOFT    IRON    AT    O 


AND    1OO°    C. 


Soft  iron  at  o°  C. 

Soft  iron  at  100°  C. 

H 

.S 

/ 

B 

H 

H 

S 

/ 

B 

M 

IOO 

I8O.O 

1408 

17790 

177.9 

IOO 

l8o.O 

I4O2 

17720 

177.2 

2OO 

194-5 

1521 

19310 

96-5 

2OO 

194.0 

'5" 

19190 

96.0 

4OO 

208.0 

1627 

20830 

52-1 

4OO 

207.0 

1613 

20660 

51.6 

7OO 

215.5 

1685 

21870 

31-2 

700 

213.4 

1663 

21590 

29.8 

IOOO 

218.0 

1705 

22420 

22.4 

IOOO 

215.0 

1674 

22040 

21.0 

1200 

2,8.5 

1709 

22670 

18.9 

I2OO 

215-5 

1679 

22300 

1  8.6 

TABLES  289. 

MAGNETIC    PROPERTIES    OF    STEEL    AT    Oc 


AND    100°    C. 


Steel  at  o°  C. 

Steel  at  100°  C. 

H 

s 

/ 

B 

M 

H 

.s 

/ 

B 

f- 

IOO 

165.0 

1283 

16240 

162.4 

IOO 

165.0 

1278 

16170 

161.7 

2OO 

181.0 

1408 

17900 

89-5 

2OO 

180.0 

'395 

17730 

88.6 

4OO 

193.0 

I5OO 

19250 

48.1 

400 

191.0 

1480 

19000 

47-5 

700 

199-5 

1552 

20210 

28.9 

700 

197.0 

1527 

I08oo 

28.4 

IOOO 

203-5 

I5«3 

20900 

2O.9 

IOOO 

199.0 

!543 

20380 

20.4 

I2OO 

205.0 

*595 

2  1  24O 

17.7 

1500 

203.0 

'573 

21270 

14.2 

375°t 

2I2.O 

1650 

24470 

6-5 

3000 

205-5 

'593 

23020 

7-7 

5000 

208.0 

1612 

25260 

5-1 

*  "Phil.  Mag."  5  series,  vol.  xxix. 

t  The  results  in  this  and  the  other  tables  for  forces  above  1200  were  not  obtained  from  the  ovoids  above  referred 
to,  but  from  a  small  piece  of  the  metal  provided  with  a  polished  mirror  surface  and  placed,  with  its  polished  face  nor- 
mal to  the  lines  of  force,  between  the  poles  of  a  powerful  electromagnet.  The  induction  was  then  inferred  from 
the  rotation  of  the  plane  of  a  polarized  ray  of  red  light  reflected  normally  from  the  surface.  (See  Kerr's  "  Constants,'' 
P-  292-) 


278 


TABLES  29O-296. 
MAGNETIC    PROPERTIES    OF    METALS. 

TABLE  290.  —  Cobalt  at  100°  C.  TABLE  291.  —Nickel  at  100°  0. 


H      S 

i 

/   .    B 

M   I 

200 

106 

848 

10850 

54-2 

300 

116 

928 

11960 

39-9 

5OO 

127 

1016 

13260 

26.5 

7OO 

131 

1048 

13870 

19.8 

IOOO 

!34 

1076 

14520 

M-5 

1500 

I# 

1104 

15380 

10.3 

2500 

J43 

"44 

16870 

6-7 

4000 

r45 

1164 

18630 

4-7 

6coo 

147 

1176 

20780 

3-5 

9000  '  149 

1192 

23980 

2.6 

At  o°  C.  this  specimen  gave  the  fol- 

lowing results  : 

79°°  |  !54  |  1232 

23380 

3-o 

H 

S1 

/ 

B 

M 

100 

35-o 

3°9 

3980' 

39-8 

2OO 

43-o 

380 

4966 

24.8 

3°° 

46.0 

406 

5399 

1  8.0 

5OO 

50.0 

441 

6043 

I2.I 

7OO 

5!-5 

454 

6409 

9-1 

IOOO 

53-o 

468 

6875 

6.9 

1500 

56.0 

494 

7707 

5-1 

2500 

58-4 

5'5 

8973 

3-6 

4000 

59-o 

520 

10540 

2.6 

6oco 

59-2 

522 

12561 

2.1 

9000 

59-4 

524 

15585 

i-7 

I2OOO 

59-6 

526 

18606 

M 

At  o°  C.  this  specimen  gave  the  fol- 

lowing results  : 

12300 

67-5 

595  1  '9782 

1.6 

TABLE  292.  —  Magnetite. 

The  following  results  are  given  by  Du  Bois  *  for  a  specimen  of  magnetite. 


H 

/ 

B 

M 

500 
IOOO 
2OOO 
I2OOO 

325 

345 
350 
350 

8361 
9041 
10084 
20084 

I6.7 
9.0 

5-o 
i-7 

TABLE  293.  —  Lowmoor 
Wrought  Iron. 


TABLE  294. -Vicker's 
Tool  Steel. 


TABLE   295.  -  Hadfleld's 
Manganese  Steel. 


H 

/ 

B 

i 

3080 
6450 
10450 
13600 
16390 
18760 
18980 

1680 
1740 
1730 
1720 
1630 
1680 

'73° 

24130 
28300 
32250 
35200 
36810 
39900 
40730 

7-83 
4-39 
3-09 
2-59 
2.25 
2.13 
2.15 

H 

/ 

B 

(M 

6210 
9970 

I2I2O 
14660 
15530 

1530 

T570 

!55o 
1580 
1610 

25480 
29650 
31620 

3455° 
35820 

4-IO 

2-97 
2.60 
2.36 
2.31 

H 

/ 

B 

M 

1930 

ss 

2620 

1.36 

2380 

54 

343° 

1.44 

3350 

84 

4400 

•31 

5920 

III 

73io 

•24 

6620 

187 

8970 

•35 

7800 

191 

10290 

•3° 

8390 

263 

'11690 

•39 

9810 

396 

14790 

1.51 

TABLE  296.  —Saturation  Values  for  Steels  of  Different  Kinds. 


H 

/ 

B 

1 
M      1 

I 

3 

15essemer  steel  containing  about  0.4  per  cent  carbon  .     .     . 
Siemens-Marten  steel  containing  about  0.5  per  cent  carbon 
Crucible  steel  for  making  chisels,  containing  about  0.6  per 
cent  carbon     

17600 
18000 

IQJ.7O 

1770 
1660 

1480 

39880 
38860 

38010 

2.27  i 
2.l6 

I  Qs 

4 

Finer  quality  of  3  containing  about  0.8  per  cent  carbon  , 
Crucible  steel  containing  i  per  cent  carbon    

l833° 
10620 

1580 

F44O 

38190 
-57600 

2.08 
I  Q'' 

g 

Whitxvorth's  fluid-compressed  steel   

18700 

I  <%QO 

78710 

2  O7 

— 

*  "  Phil.  Mag."  5  series,  vol.  xxix. 


t  "  Phil.  Trans.  Roy.  Soc."  1885  and 


279 


TABLE  297. 

MAGNETIC    PROPERTIES   OF    IRON    IN    VERY   WEAK    FIELDS. 

The  effect  of  very  small  magnetizing  forces  has  been  studied  by  C.  Baur*  and  by  Lord  Kayleigli.t  The  following 
short  table  is  taken  from  Baur's  paper,  and  is  taken  by  him  to  indicate  that  the  susceptibility  is  finite  for  zero  values 
of  H  and  for  a  finite  range  increases  in  simple  proportion  to  H.  He  gives  the  formula  X.'=  15  -f-  too  H ',  or  /r= 
15  ff  -\-  100  H-.  The  experiments  were  made  on  an  annealed  ring  of  round  bar  1.013  cms.  radius,  the  ring  haying 
a  radius  of  9.432  cms.  Lord  Rayleigh's  results  for  an  iron  wire  not  annealed  give  k=.  6.4  +  5.1  H,  or  /  =  6.4  H 
-(-5.1  ff~.  The  forces  were  reduced  as  low  as  0.00004  c-  &•  s->  the  relation  of  k  to  H  remaining  constant. 


First  experiment. 

Second  experiment. 

H 

k 

/ 

H 

k 

.OI  580 

16.46 

2.63 

.0130 

'5-5° 

.0308  1 

17.65 

5-47 

.0847 

18.38 

.07083 

23.00 

'6-33 

.0946 

20.49 

.13188 

28.90 

38.15 

.1864 

25.07 

.2301  I 

39.8l 

91.56 

.2903 

32.40 

.38422 

5»-56 

224.87 

•3397 

35-20 

TABLES  298,   299. 

DISSIPATION    OF    ENERGY    IN    CYCLIC    MAGNETIZATION    OF    MAGNETIC 

SUBSTANCES. 

When  a  piece  of  iron  or  other  magnetic  metal  is  made  to  pass  through  a  closed  cycle  of 
magnetization  dissipation  of  energy  results.  Let  us  suppose  the  iron  to  pass  from  zero  magneti- 
zation to  strong  magnetization  in  one  direction  and  then  gradually  back  through  zero  to  strong 
magnetization  in  the  other  direction  and  thence  back  to  zero,  and  this  operation  to  be  repeated 
several  times.  The  iron  will  be  found  to  assume  the  same  magnetization  when  the  same  magne- 
tizing force  is  reached  from  the  same  direction  of  change,  but  not  when  it  is  reached  from  the 
other  direction.  This  has  been  long  known,  and  is  particularly  well  illustrated  in  the  permanency  of 
hard  steel  magnets.  That  this  fact  involves  a  dissipation  of  energy  which  can  be  calculated  from 
the  open  loop  formed  by  ilie  curves  giving  the  relation  of-  magnetization  to  magnetizing  force  was 
pointed  out  by  Warburg  J  in  1881,  reference  being  made  to  experiments  of  Thomson,  §  where  such 
curves  are  illustrated  for  magnetism,  and  to  E.  Cohn,  ||  where  similar  curves  are  given  for  thermo- 
electricity. The  results  of  a  number  of  experiments  and  calculations  of  the  energy  dissipajed 
are  given  by  Warburg.  The  subject  was  investigated  about  the  same  time  by  Ewing,  who  pub- 
lished results  somewhat  later.  If  Extensive  investigations  have  since  been  made  by  a  number  of 
investigators. 


TABLE  298.-  Soft  Iron  Wire. 

(From  Swing's  1885  paper.) 


Horse- 

Total 

Dissipation 

power 

induction 

of  energy 

wasted  per 

per  sq.  cm. 

in  ergs  per 

ton  at  100 

B 

cu.  cm. 

cycles  per 

sec. 

2OOO 

420 

0.74 

3000 

800 

1.41 

4OOO 

1230 

2.18 

5OOO 

1700 

3.01 

6OOO 

22OO 

3-89 

7000 

2760 

4.88 

8OOO 

345° 

6.10 

9000 

4200 

7-43 

1  0000 

5000 

8.84 

IIOOO 

5820 

10.30 

I2OOO 

6720 

11.89 

13000 

7650 

13-53 

I4OOO 

8650 

I5-30 

I5OOO 

9670 

17.10 

*  "  Wied.  Ann.'1  vol.  xi. 

t  "  Wied.  Ann.:!  vol.  xiii.  p.  141. 

II  "  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  6. 

Ml 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


TABLE  299.  —  Cable  Transformers. 

Tliis  table  gives  the  results  obtained  by  Alexander  Siemens  with  one  of 
Siemens'  cable  transformers.  The  transformer  core  consisted  of  900 
soft  iron  wires  i  mm.  diameter  and  6  metres  long.**  The  dissipation 
of  energy  in  watts  is  for  100  complete  cycles  per  second. 


Mean  maxi- 
mum induc- 
tion density 
in  core. 
B 

Total  ob- 
served dis- 
sipation of 
energy  in  the 
core  in  watts 
per  1  12  Ibs. 

Calculated 
eddy  current 
loss  in  watts 
per  112  Ibs. 

Hysteresis 
loss  of 
energy  in 
watts  per 
112  Ibs. 

Hysteresis 
loss  of 
energy  in 
ergs  per 
cu.  cm. 
per  cycle. 

IOOO 

43-2 

4 

39-2 

602 

2OOO 

96.2 

16 

80.2 

I23!  . 

3000 

158.0 

36 

I22.O 

1874    ; 

4OOO 

231.2 

64 

I67.2 

2566 

5OOO 

309-5 

TOO 

209.5 

32'7 

6000 

390.1 

144 

246.1 

3779 

t  "  Phil.  Mag."  vo'-  xxiii. 
§  "  Phil.  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.'1  vol.  175. 
IT  "  Proc.  Roy.  Soc."  1882,  and  "  Trans.  Roy.  Soc."  18 
P.roc.  lust,  of  Elect.  Eng."  Loud.,  1892. 

280 


TABLE  30O. 

DISSIPATION  OF  ENERGY  IN   THE  CYCLIC   MAGNETIZATION  OF  VARIOUS 

SUBSTANCES. 

C.  P.  Steinmetz  concludes  from  his  experiments*  that  the  dissipation  of  energy  due  to 
hysteresis  in  magnetic  metals  can  be  expressed  by  the  formula  i'  =  a£1-6,  where  c  is  the  energy 
dissipated  and  a  a  constant.  He  also  concludes  that  the  dissipation  is  the  same  for  the  same 
range  of  induction,  no  matter  what  the  absolute  value  of  the  terminal  inductions  may  be.  His 
experiments  show  this  to  be  nearly  true  when  the  induction  does  not  exceed  -^  1500x3  c.  g.  s. 
units  per  sq.  cm.  It  is  possible  that,  if  metallic  induction  only  be  taken,  this  may  be  true  up  to 
saturation  ;  but  it  is  not  likely  to  be  found  to  hold  for  total  inductions  much  above  the  satura- 
tion value  of  the  metal.  The  law  of  variation  of  dissipation  with  induction  range  in  the  cycle, 
stated  in  the  above  formula,  is  also  subject  to  verification.t 

Values  of  Constant  </. 


The  followii 


table  gives  the  values  of  the  constant  a  as  found  by  Steinmetz  for  a  number  of  different  specimens. 
The  data  are  taken  from  his  second  paper. 


Number  of 
specimen. 

Kind  of  material. 

Description  of  specimen. 

Value  of 

a. 

I 

Iron  . 

Norway  iron      ........ 

.00227 

'j 

" 

Wrought  bar     ........ 

.00326 

3 

" 

Commercial  ferrotype  plate      ..... 

.00548 

4 

" 

Annealed                                      ..... 

.00458 

5 

" 

Thin  tin  plate    

.OO286 

6 

" 

Medium  thickness  tin  plate       ..... 

.00425 

7 

Steel  . 

Soft  galvanized  wire          

.00349 

8 

"     .     •    . 

Annealed  cast  steel  .......' 

.00848 

9 

" 

Soft  annealed  cast  steel    

.00457 

10 

" 

Very  soft  annealed  cast  steel    ..... 

.00318 

ii 

" 

Same  as  8  tempered  in  cold  water    .... 

.02792 

12 

" 

Tool  steel  glass  hard  tempered  in  water 

.07476 

'3 

" 

"        "      tempered  in  oil         ..... 

.02670 

'4 

" 

"        "      annealed  ....... 

.01899 

'5 

"      '        •) 

(  Same  as  12,  13,  and  14,  after  having  been  subjected  J 

(  .O6l  30 

16 

" 

?  to   an  alternating  m.  m.  f.  of  from  4000  to  6000  / 

?  .02700 

i? 

"     '        '•$ 

f  ampere  turns  for  demagnetization    .         .         .         .  ) 

(  .01445     i 

18 

Cast  iron  . 

Gray  cast  iron  

.01300 

'9 

"         "     . 

"        "       "     containing  J  %  aluminium 

•01365 

20 

"         " 

'"        "       "                        *%                             -         . 

.01459 

f  A  square  rod  6  sq.  cms.  section  and  6.5  cms.  long,  y 

21 

Magnetite  . 

<  from   the  Tilly  Foster  mines,  Brewsters,    Putnam  > 

.02348 

(  County,  New  York,  stated  to  be  a  very  pure  sample  ) 

22 

Nickel 

Soft  wire  .         .         .         .         . 

.OI22 

$  Annealed    wire,     calculated    by    Steinmetz    from  ) 

23 

)  Ewing's  experiments         J 

.0156 

24 

"         '    . 

Hardened,  also  from  Ewing's  experiments 

.0385 

25 

Cobalt 

Rod  containing  about  2  %  of  iron,  also  calculated  j 
)  from  Ewing's  experiments  by  Steinmetz           .         .  \ 

.OI2O 

Consisted   of   thin   needle-like   chips  obtained   bv 

milling  grooves  about  8  mm.  wide  across  a  pile  of 

thin  sheets  clamped  together.     About  30  %  by  vol- 

26 

Iron  filings 

ume  of  the  specimen  was  iron, 
ist  experiment,  continuous  cyclic  variation  of  m.  m.  ( 

O^  C*7 

f.  1  80  cycles  per  second    J 

•°45/ 

2d  experiment,  1  14  cycles  per  second 

.0396 

3d                         79~9I  cycles  per  second  . 

•0373 

"Trans   Am.  Inst.  Elect.  Eng.''  January  and  September,  1892. 
t  See  T.  Gray,  "  Proc.  Roy.  Soc."  vol.  Ivi. 


SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


28l 


TABLE    3O1 . 

DISSIPATION    OF   ENERGY   IN   THE   CYCLIC    MAGNETIZATION   OF   TRANS- 
FORMER  CORES.* 


This  table  gives,  for  the  most  part,  results  obtained  for  transformer  cores.  The  electromagnet  core  formed  a  closed 
iron  circuit  of  about  320  sq.  cms.  section  and  was  made  up  of  sheets  of  Bessemer  steel  about  1-20  inch  thick.  The 
No.  20  transformer  had  a  core  of  soft  steel  sheets  about  7-1000  inch  thick  insulated  from  each  other  by  sheets  of 
ihin  paper.  The  cores  of  the  other  transformers  were  formed  of  soft  steel  sheets  15-1000  inch  thick  insulated  from 
each  other  by  their  oxidized  surfaces  only.  The  following  are  the  particulars  of  the  data  given  in  the  different 
columns :  — 

Column   i.  Description  of  specimen. 

2.  The  total  energy,  in  joules  per  cycle,  required  to  produce  the  magnetic  induction  given  in  column  B 

3.  The  energy,  in  joules  per  cycle,  returned  to  the  circuit  on  reversal  of  the  magnetizing  force. 

4.  The  energy  dissipaied,  in  joules  per  cycle,  or  the  difference  of  columns  2  and  3. 

5.  6,  and  7.  The  quantities  in  columns  2,  3,  and  4  reduced  to  ergs  per  cubic  centimetre  of  the  core. 
B.  The  maximum  induction  in  c.  g.  s.  units  per  sq.  cm. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

B 

6-5 

0.9 

5-6 

1010 

140 

867 

2660 

24.4 

2.6 

21.8 

3800 

406 

3400 

6700, 

66.8 

10.4 

56.4 

10400 

1620 

8800 

1  1600 

81.4 

15-4 

66.0 

12700 

2400 

10300 

12700 

Electromagnet  .  .  .  .  • 

96.6 
126.2 

21.8 

38.2 

74-8 
88.0 

15100 
19700 

3400 
5960 

11700 
13700 

14100 
15200 

i53-o 

57-6 

95-4 

23900 

8990 

14900 

15900 

178.4 

79.2 

99.2 

27800 

12400 

15500 

16600 

221.2 

1  1  6.8 

1044 

34500 

18300 

16300 

17240 

275.6 

168.0 

107.6 

42900 

26200 

16800 

17420 

'•31 

0.30 

1.  01 

1435 

328 

1107 

233° 

4.65 

I.IO 

3-55 

51  ro 

I2IO 

3900 

4980 

Westinghouse  No  20 

8.25 

1.62 

6.63 

9060 

1780 

7280 

6620 

transformer  .  .  .  . 

10.36 

1.89 

8.47 

11350 

2O7O 

9280 

7720 

I  2.  2O 

2.98 

9.22 

13440 

3280 

10160 

8250 

18.20 

5-iS 

13-05 

19980 

5660 

14320 

9690 

0-45 

0-055 

0.400 

875 

I05 

770 

348o 

Westinghouse  No.  8 
transformer,  specimen  i  j 

0.80 
1.66 

2.42 

O.I  O2 

0.199 

0.406 

O.IOI 

1.460 

2.OIO 

1544 
3200 
4650 

196 
380 
780 

1348 
3870 

5140 

7570 
9250 

I 

3-54 

0-795 

2.750 

6820 

'53° 

5290 

10940 

0-399 

0.046 

o-353 

768 

88 

680 

3060 

Westinghouse  No.  8 

0.820 

0.085 

o-735 

1574 

164 

1410 

4830 

transformer,  specimen  2 

1-713 

0.183 

i-53o 

3300 

352 

2948 

7570 

2.663 

o-343 

2.320 

5120 

660 

4460 

9270 

f 

0.488 

0.062 

0.426 

1360 

172 

1188 

4640 

Westinghouse  No.  6 

0.814 

0.096 

0.718 

2260 

266 

1994 

6760 

transformer,  specimen  i  j 

1.430 

0.205 

1.225 

3980 

570 

34io 

9370 

I 

2.OOO 

0-33° 

1.670 

556o 

918 

4642 

10950 

f 

O.722 

O.IOO 

0.622 

2000 

278 

1722 

7290 

Westinghouse  No.  6 

1.048 

0.164 

0.884 

2920 

4^6 

2464 

9000 

transformer,  specimen  2  1 

t-379 

O.222 

i-'57 

3830 

616 

32I4 

9990 

I 

i-73i 

0.328 

1.403 

4810 

912 

3898 

I  I2IO 

f 

0-355 

O.O44 

0.311 

1210 

i52 

1058 

4540 

Westinghouse  No.  4 

0.549 

0074 

0.475 

1880 

255 

1625 

CO2O 

transformer  ....  1 

0.783 

O.I26 

0.657 

2690 

433 

2257 

7  '40 

I 

0970 

0-175 

0-795 

3340 

603 

2737 

7800 

f 

0.413 

O.IO5 

0.308 

1930 

490 

1440 

6150 

Thomson-Houston  1500  j 

0.68  1 

O.lSg 

0.492 

3190 

880 

2310 

8250 

watt  transformer   .  .  j 

1.207 

0.389 

0.8  1  8 

5660 

1830 

3830 

III  IO 

I 

1-797 

0.710 

1.087 

8420 

332o 

5100 

13290 

•*  T.  Gray,  from  special  experiments ;  see  Table  285  for  other  properties. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

282 


TABLE  3O2. 


DISSIPATION   OF    ENERGY   DUE    TO    MAGNETIC   HYSTERESIS   IN    IRON.* 


The  first  column  gives  the  maximum  magnetic  induction  B  per  square  centimetre  in  c.  g.  s.  units.     The  other  col- 
umns give  the  dissipation  of  energy  in  ergs  per  cycle  per  cubic  centimetre  for  the  iron  specified  in  the  foot-note 


B 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

2OOO 

400 

420 

53° 

600 

75° 

930 

IIOO 

30OO 

780 

800 

1050 

1150 

1350 

1700 

2150 

4OOO 

1200 

1260 

1670 

1780 

2030 

2600 

33°° 

5OOO 

1680 

1770 

2440 

2640 

2810 

3800 

4700 

6000 

22OO 

2370 

3r70 

3360 

3700 

5200 

6200 

7000 

2800 

315° 

4020 

4300 

4650 

6600 

7800 

8OOO 

343° 

3940 

5020 

5300 

5770 

8400 

9500 

9OOO 

4160 

4800 

•  6100 

6380 

6970 

IOIOO 

11400 

IOOOO 

4920 

573° 

7200 

7520 

8340 

11800 

13400 

1IOOO 

5800 

6800 

8410 

8750 

9880 

13600 

15600 

I2OOO 

6700 

8000 

9750 

10070 

"55° 

15400 

- 

13000 

7620 

9200 

1  1  200 

11460 

13260 

17300 

- 

I4OOO 

8620 

10500 

12780 

13100 

15180 

- 

- 

I5OOO 

973° 

12150 

14600 

14900 

17300 

- 

- 

The  iron  for  which  data  are  given  in  columns  i  to  7  is  described  as  follows  :  — 
i.  Very  soft  iron  wire  (taken  from  a  former  paper). 
2,1.  Sheet  iron  1.95  millimetres  thick             )  almost  alike. 
2b.  Thin  sheet  iron  0.367  millimetres  thick  » 
3.  Iron  wire  0.975  millimetres  diameter. 
4.  Iron  wire  of  hedgehog  transformer  0.602  millimetres  diameter. 
5.  Thin  sheet  iron  0.47  millimetres  thick. 
6.  Fine  iron  wire  0.2475  millimetres  diameter. 
7.  Fine  iron  wire  0.34  millimetres  diameter. 

*  Ewing  and  Klassen,  "  Phil.  Trans.  Roy.  Soc."  vol.  clxxxiv.  A,  p.  1015. 


283 


TABLE  3O3. 

MACNETO-OPTIC  ROTATION. 

Faraday  discovered  that,  when  a  piece  of  heavy  glass  is  placed  in  magnetic  field  and  a  beam 
of  plane  polarized  light  passed  through  it  in  a  direction  parallel  to  the  lines  of  magnetic  force, 
the  plane  of  polarization  of  the  beam  is  rotated.  This  was  subsequently  found  to  be  the  case 
with  a  large  number  of  substances,  but  the  amount  of  the  rotation  was  found  to  depend  on  the 
kind  of  matter  and  its  physical  condition,  and  on  the  strength  of  the  magnetic  field  and  the 
wave-length  of  the  polarized  light.  Verdet's  experiments  agree  fairly  well  with  the  formula  — 


where  c  is  a  constant  depending  on  the  substance  used,  /  the  length  of  the  path  through  the 
substance,  //  the  intensity  of  the  component  of  the  magnetic  field  in  the  direction  of  the  path 
of  the  beam,  r  the  index  of  refraction,  and  A.  the  wave-length  of  the  light  in  air.  If  H  be  dif- 
ferent, at  different  parts  of  the  path,  IH  is  to  be  taken  as  the  integral  of  the  variation  of  mag- 
netic potential  between  the  two  ends  of  the  medium.  Calling  this  difference  of  potential  ?',  we 
may  write  Q=Av.  where  A  is  constant  for  the  same  substance,  kept  under  the  same  physical 
conditions,  when  the  one  kind  of  light  is  used.  The  constant  A  has  been  called  '•  Verdet's  con- 
stant," *  and  a  number  of  values  of  it  are  given  in  Tables  303-310.  For  variation  with  tempera- 
ture the  following  formula  is  given  by  Bichat  :  — 

R  =  A>0  (i  —  0.00104^  —  O.OOOOI4/'2), 

which  has  been  used  to  reduce  some  of  the  results  given  in  the  table  to  the  temperature  corre- 
sponding to  a  given  measured  density.  For  change  of  wave-length  the  following  approximate 
formula,  given  by  Verdet  and  Becquerel,  may  be  used  :  — 


0,       Mj'W—  0V 

where  /*  is  index  of  refraction  and  A  wave-length  of  light. 

A  large  number  of  measurements  of  what  has  been  called  molecular  rotation  have  been  made, 
particularly  for  organic  substances.  These  numbers  are  not  given  in  the  table,  but  numbers 
proportional  to  molecular  rotation  may  be  derived  from  Verdet's  constant  by  multiplying  in  the 
ratio  of  the  molecular  weight  to  the  density.  The  densities  and  chemical  formulae  are  given  in 
the  table.  In  the  case  of  solutions,  it  has  been  usual  to  assume  that  the  total  rotation  is  simply 
the  algebraic  sum  of  the  rotations  which  would  be  given  by  the  solvent  and  dissolved  substance, 
or  substances,  separately;  and  hence  that  determinations  of  the  rotary  power  of  the  solvent 
medium  and  of  the  solution  enable  the  rotary  power  of  the  dissolved  substance  to  be  calculated. 
Experiments  by  Quincke  and  others  do  not  support  this  view,  as  very  different  results  are 
obtained  from  different  degrees  of  saturation  and  from  different  solvent  media.  No  results  thus 
calculated  have  been  given  in  the  table,  but  the  qualitative  result,  as  to  the  sign  of  the  rotation 
produced  by  a  salt,  may  be  inferred  from  the  table.  For  example,  if  a  solution  of  a  salt  in  water 
gives  Verdet's  constant  less  than  0.0130  at  20°  C.,  Verdet's  constant  for  the  salt  is  negative. 

The  table  has  been  for  the  most  part  compiled  from  the  experiments  of  Verdet,t  H.  Becque- 
rel,}: Quincke,  §  KoepselJ  Arons,1[  Kundt,**  Jahn,tt  Sch6nrock,Jf  Gordon,  §§  Rayleigh  and 
Sidgevvick.lHI  Perkin.llf  Bichat.*** 

As  a  basis  for  calculation,  Verdet's  constant  for  carbon  disulphide  and  the  sodium  line  D  has 
been  taken  as  0.0420  and  for  water  as  0.0130  at  20°  C. 

*  The  constancy  of  this  quantity  has  been  verified  through  a  wide  range  of  variation  of  magnetic  field  by  H.  E 


t 

'  Ann.  de  Chi 

i.  et  de  Phys."  [3]  vol.  52. 

i 

'  Ann.  de  Chi 

i.  et  de  Phys."  [5]  vol.  12  ;  "  C.  R."  vols.  90  and  100. 

§ 

'  Wied.  Ann.' 

vol.  24. 

II 

'  Wied.  Ann.' 

vol.  26. 

if 

'  Wied.  Ann.' 

vol.  24. 

** 

'  Wied.  Ann.' 

vols.  23  and  27. 

tt 

'  Wied.  Ann.''  vol   43. 

» 

'  Zeits.  fiir  Pliys.  Chem."  vol.  n. 

§§ 

'  Proc.  Roy.  Soc."  1883. 

III! 

'  Phil.  Trans.  R.  S."  1885. 

iro 

*** 

'  Jour.  Chem.  Soc."  vols.  8  and  12. 
'  Jour,  de  Phys."  vols.  8  and  9. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

284 


TABLE  3O3. 


MAGNETO-OPTIC  ROTATION. 

Solids. 


Substance. 

Chemical 
formula. 

Density 
or 
grammes 
per  c.  c. 

Kind 
of 
light. 

Verdet's 
constant 
in 
minutes. 

Temp.  C. 

Authority. 

Amber       

- 

- 

D 

0.0095 

18-20° 

Quincke. 

Blende      

ZnS 

- 

" 

0.2234 

IS 

Becquerel. 

Diamond  .         .         '.  ,"•     . 

C 

- 

" 

0.0127 

" 

« 

Fluor  spar         .... 

CaFl2 

- 

" 

0.0087 

« 

u 

Glass  : 

0.020"? 

« 

Faraday  A     .... 

- 

5-453 

• 

V.V*.VJ 

0.0782 

18-20 

Quincke. 

B    .        . 
Flint      ..... 

- 

4.284 

" 

0.0649 

0.0420 

" 

M 

- 

- 

« 

0.0325 

15 

Becquerel. 

n 

- 

- 

" 

0.0416 

" 

M 

"      dense  .    ,    .        . 

- 

- 

" 

0.0576 

" 

(« 

.         .         .         , 

- 

- 

" 

0.0647 

" 

« 

Plate      .        ..       .     .  .  •  *    *. 

- 

- 

" 

0.0406 

18-20 

Quincke. 

Lead  borate      .         .         . 

PbB204 

- 

" 

0.0600 

'5 

Becquerel. 

Quartz  (perpendicular  to  axis) 

- 

- 

" 

0.0172 

1  8-20 

Quincke. 

Rock  salt         «  

NaCl 

- 

" 

0-0355 

'5 

Becquerel. 

Selenium  ...... 

Se 

- 

B 

0.4625 

" 

M 

Sodium  borate           . 

Na2B4O7 

- 

D 

0.0170 

" 

« 

Spinel  (colored  by  chrome) 

- 

- 

" 

0.0209 

" 

» 

Sylvine      

KC1 

- 

" 

0.0283 

" 

" 

Ziqueline  (suboxide  of  copper) 

Cu2O 

- 

B 

0.5908 

" 

M 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


285 


TABLE  304. 


MAGNETO-OPTIC    ROTATION. 

Liquids. 


Substance. 

Chemical 
formula. 

Density 
in 
grammes 
per  c.  c. 

Kind 
of 
light. 

Verdet's 
constant 
in 
minutes. 

Temp. 
C. 

Authority. 

Acetone    ..... 

C3H6O 

O.7  Q47 

D 

o.oi  13 

20 

Jahn. 

/  :XTV 
0-7957 

0.0115 

15 

Perkin. 

"..... 

u 

0.7947 

" 

0.0114 

16 

Schonrock. 

Acids  :    (see  also  solutions   in- 

water) 

Acetic   

C2H4O2 

I.O56l 

« 

0.0105 

21 

Perkin. 

Butyric  

C4H802 

0.9663 

" 

O.OI  1  6 

15 

" 

Formic  

CH2O2 

.2273 

" 

O.OIO5 

15 

" 

Hydrochloric 

HC1 

.2O72 

" 

O.O224 

15 

" 

"                    ... 

a 

— 

" 

O.O2O6 

15 

Becquerel. 

Hydrobromic 

HBr 

•7859 

" 

0-0343 

'5 

Perkin. 

Hydroiodic   .... 
Nitric    

HI 

HN03 

•9473 
.5190' 

« 

0.0513 
0.0070 

J5 

!3 

u 

"      (fuming) 

" 

" 

O.OOSO 

15 

Becquerel. 

Propionic      .... 

CgHgC^ 

09975 

u 

O.OIIO 

15 

Perkin. 

Sulphuric      .... 

H2SO4 

- 

" 

O.OI2I 

15 

Becquerel. 

Sulphurous    .... 

H2S03 

- 

" 

0.0153 

15 

" 

Valeric           .... 

C5H10O2 

O.Qd'lS 

u 

O.0  121 

I  c 

Perkin. 

Alcohols  : 

v  :7TO 

j 

C6HUOH 

_ 

K 

O.OI3I 

I  C 

Becquerel. 

0.8107 

" 

0.0128 

J 

20 

Jahn. 

Butyl     .         . 

C4H9OH 

O.8O2  1 

a 

OOI24 

20 

u 

u 

O.OI24 

15 

Becquerel. 

Ethyl     .         . 

C2H5OH 

0.7929 

" 

T^ 
O.OIO/ 

1  8-20 

Quincke. 

tt 

* 

O.79OO 

** 

O.OI  12 

2O 

Jahn. 

It 

< 

O.7Q44 

« 

O.OII4 

I  c 

Perkin. 

«       

« 

/  ;/T^ 
0-7943 

0 

O.OII3 

j 

16 

Schonrock. 

Methyl  

CH3OH 

0.7915 

" 

O.OO94 

18-20 

Quincke. 

a 

* 

O  7Q2O 

" 

0.0007 

20 

Jahn. 

it 

i 

/  y~v 

U 

sj 

o.oi  06 

I  S 

Becquerel. 

a 

a 

O.7966 

u 

0.0096 

o 
I  c 

Perkin. 

«         

a 

0.7903 

" 

0.0096 

J 

21.9 

Schonrock. 

Octyl     

C8H17OH 

0.8296 

" 

0.0134 

15 

Perkin. 

Propyl  ..... 

C3II7OH 

0.8050 

tf 

O.OI  2O 

20.8 

Schonrock. 

"                .         . 

tt 

0.8082 

" 

O.OI  2O 

15.0 

Perkin. 

"       

a 

- 

" 

0.0118 

15 

Becquerel. 

i> 

" 

O.8O42 

tt 

O.OI  2O 

20 

Jahn. 

Benzene    .     •    .         .         .         .  • 

CeHe 

0.8786 

« 

0.0297 

20 

Jahn. 

"                . 

« 

- 

" 

0.0268 

15 

Becquerel. 

"                .    '    .        . 

" 

0.8718 

It 

0.0301 

26.9 

Schonrock. 

Bromides  : 

Bromoform   .... 

CHBr3 

2.9O2I 

" 

0.0317 

15 

Perkin. 

Ethyl     

C2H5Br 

1.4486 

" 

0.0183 

15 

" 

Ethylene        .... 

C2H4Br2 

2.I87I 

" 

0.0268 

15 

" 

« 

" 

2.1780 

K 

0.0269 

20 

Jahn. 

Methyl  

CH3Br 

I-733I 

" 

0.0205 

0 

Perkin. 

Methylene     .... 

C  H2Br2 

2.4971 

" 

0.0276 

15 

" 

Octyl     

C8H17Br 

I.II70 

" 

0.0164 

15 

" 

Propyl  

C3H7Br 

1.3600 

" 

0.0180 

15 

" 

Carbon  d  'sulphide    . 

CS2 

1.2644 

" 

0.0441 

18-20 

Quincke. 

"... 

" 

- 

" 

0.0434 

O 

(  Becquerel, 
i       1885. 

"              "           .        . 

a 

— 

" 

0.0433 

0 

Gordon. 

i<              a 

" 

- 

H 

0.0420 

18 

Rayleigh. 

u              a 

" 

- 

tt 

0.0420 

18 

Koepsel. 

u 

0.0439 

O 

Arons. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


286 


TABLE   3O4. 


MAGNETO-OPTIC   ROTATION 

Liquids. 


Substance. 

Chemical 
formula. 

Density 
in 
grammes 
per  c.  c. 

Kind 
of 
light. 

Verdet's 
constant 
in 
minutes. 

Temp. 
C. 

Authority. 

Chlorides: 

Amyl    .         .         .         . 

CHC1 

0.8740 

D 

O.OI4O 

20 

Jahn. 

Arsenic         .... 

As 

- 

" 

0.0422 

15 

Becquerel. 

Carbon         .... 

C 

- 

" 

O.OI7O 

15 

" 

"       bichloride 

ecu 

- 

" 

0.0321 

15 

u 

Chloroform      .  . 

CHCU 

1.4823 

" 

0.0164 

20 

Jahn. 

« 

u 

1.4990 

" 

0.0166 

15 

Perkiri. 

Ethyl   .'.'.'.. 

C2H6C1 

0.9169 

" 

0.0138 

6 

" 

Ethylene      .... 

C2H4C12 

1.2589 

" 

0.0166 

15 

« 

" 

"' 

1.2561 

" 

0.0164 

20 

Jahn. 

Methyl          .... 

CH3C1 

- 

" 

0.0170 

15 

Becquerel. 

Methylene   .... 

CH2d2 

I-330I 

a 

0.0162 

15 

Perkin. 

Octyl    

C8H17C1 

0.8778 

" 

0.0141 

15 

" 

Phosphorus  protochloride  . 

PC13 

- 

" 

0.0275 

15 

Becquerel. 

Propyl          .         .        . 

C3H7C1 

0.8922 

" 

0-0135 

15 

Perkin. 

Silicon          .... 

SiCl4 

— 

" 

0.0275 

15 

Becquerel. 

Sulphur  bichloride 

S2CI2 

- 

" 

0.0393 

15 

" 

Tin  bichloride      .         .        . 

SnCU 

— 

" 

0.0151 

15 

" 

Zinc  bichloride    . 

ZnCl2 

- 

" 

0.0437 

15 

H 

Iodides: 

Ethyl    .         .       '. 

C2H5I 

1.9417 

" 

0.0296 

15 

Perkin. 

Methyl          .... 

CH3I 

2.2832 

" 

0.0336 

15 

Octyl    

C8Hi7l 

•3395 

" 

0.0213 

15 

Propyl  ..... 

C3H7I 

.7658 

u 

0.0271 

15 

Nitrates  : 

Ethyl   

C2H5O.NO2 

•"49 

" 

0.0091 

15 

Ethylene  (nitroglycol) 

C2H4(N03)2 

.4948 

" 

0.0088 

IS 

Methyl          .... 

CH3O.N02 

•215? 

" 

0.0078 

15 

Propyl           .... 

C3H7O.N02 

.0622 

" 

O.OIOO 

15 

Trinitrin  (nitroglycerine)     . 

C3H5(N03)3 

•5996 

" 

00090 

15 

Nitro  ethane 

C2H5N02 

•0552 

" 

0.0095 

15 

Nitro  methane     . 

CH3NO2 

.1432 

" 

0.0084 

15 

Nitro  propane 

C3H5N02 

.0100 

" 

O.OIO2 

15 

' 

Paraffins  : 

Decane         . 

CioH22 

0.7218 

" 

0.0128 

23.1 

Schonrock. 

Heptane       .        .        .        . 

C7H16 

0.6880 

*' 

O.OI25 

15 

Perkin. 

Hexane        .... 

C6H14 

0.6580 

" 

O.OI22 

22.1 

Schonrock. 

"              .... 

" 

0.6743 

" 

O.OI25 

15 

Perkin. 

Octane         .... 

CgHig 

0.7011 

" 

0.0128 

23.1 

Schonrock. 

Pentane        .    ,    '. 

CsHi2 

0.6196 

" 

c.oirt) 

21.  1 

" 

"              •        . 

" 

0.6332 

" 

0.0118 

15 

Perkin. 

Phosphorus  (melted) 

P 

" 

0.1316 

33 

Becquerel. 

Sulphur  (melted)     . 

S 

- 

M 

0.0803 

114 

" 

Toluene           .         .    -    . 

C7H8 

0.8581 

" 

0.0269 

28.4 

Schonrock. 

''                 .... 

" 

- 

" 

0.0243 

IS 

Becquerel. 

Water     

H2O 

O  QQQ2 

<4 

O.OI  7O 

I  r 

« 

i_>.yyy.i 
0.9983 

" 

0.0131 

18-20 

Quincke. 

"                  .... 

" 

0.9983 

" 

0.0132 

20 

Jahn. 

Xylene   .          .... 

CsHio 

" 

O.O22I 

15 

Becquerel. 

0.8746 

0.0263 

27 

Schonrock. 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


287 


TABLE  305. 


MAGNETO-OPTIC   ROTATION. 

Solutions  of  Acids  and  Salts  In  Water. 


Substance. 

Cliemical 
formula. 

Density, 
grammes 
per  c.  c. 

i     Kind 
of 
light. 

Verdet's 
constant 
in  minutes 

Temp. 
C. 

Authority. 

Acetone   .        .        . 

C3H60 

0.9715 

D 

O.OI29 

20° 

Jahn. 

Acids  : 

Hydrobromic 

HBr 

'•7859 

" 

0-0343 

y 

Perkin. 

"                            •        • 

" 

1.6104 

" 

0.0304 

" 

•  •        •        • 

" 

1-3775 

" 

0.0244 

" 

" 

M 

" 

1.2039 

' 

0.0194 

" 

" 

"                        "•••«, 

" 

1.1163 

4 

o.o  1  68 

" 

" 

Hydrochloric        . 

HC1 

1.2072 

1 

0.0225 

* 

" 

"                   .     •    .         . 

" 

1.1856 

' 

0.0219 

* 

" 

.        . 

" 

i-!573 

' 

0.0204 

* 

" 

"                   ... 

" 

1.1279 

' 

0.0193 

1 

" 

M 

' 

1.0762 

' 

o.o  1  68 

• 

" 

>( 

' 

1-0323 

" 

0.0150 

20 

Jahn. 

U 

' 

1.0158 

" 

0.0140 

" 

" 

Hydriodic     .... 

HI 

1-9473 

u 

0-0513 

" 

Perkin. 

I-9057 

" 

0.0499 

" 

" 

1.8229 

" 

0.0468 

" 

" 

1.7007 

" 

0.0421 

" 

1-4495 

" 

0.0323 

* 

1.2966 

" 

0.0258 

* 

" 

1.1760 

1 

0.0205 

• 

" 

Nitric    .        .        .  v     . 

HNOs 

1.5190 

' 

0.00  10 

1 

" 

"..... 

" 

1.3560 

' 

0.0105 

' 

" 

Sulphuric  +  3H2O       . 

H,S04 

' 

0.012  1 

" 

Becquerel. 

NH3 

0.8918 

i 

O  OI  C"2 

I  r 

Perkin. 

Bromides  : 

(J'U1  JJ 

1  3 

Ammonium  .         .  '     '. 

NH4Br 

1.2805 

' 

O.O226 

" 

" 

"            .... 

" 

1.1576 

1 

o.o  1  86 

" 

" 

Barium          .... 

BaBr2 

1-5399 

" 

0.0215 

2O 

Jahn. 

"..... 

" 

i-2«55 

" 

0.0176 

" 

" 

Cadmium      .... 

CdBr2 

1.3291 

" 

0.0192 

" 

" 

"              .... 

" 

1.  1608 

" 

0.0162 

" 

" 

Calcium         .... 

CaBr2 

1.2491 

" 

0.0189 

" 

" 

"               .... 

" 

I-I337 

" 

0.0164 

" 

" 

Potassium     .... 

KBr 

1.1424 

" 

0.0163 

" 

" 

"             .... 

" 

1.0876 

" 

0.0151 

" 

" 

Sodium          .... 

NaBr 

1-135' 

1.0824 

<i 

0.0165 
0.0152 

u 

M 

Strontium     .         .        . 

SrBr2 

1.2901 

" 

o.o  1  86 

" 

' 

"             .... 

" 

1.1416 

" 

0.0159 

" 

' 

Carbonate  of  potassium  . 

K2C03 

1.1906 

" 

0.0140 

20 

' 

"           "  sodium 

Na2C03 

1.  1006 

ii 

0.0140 

" 

' 

it                 a            ii                    _ 

" 

1.0564 

" 

0.0137 

" 

' 

Chlorides  : 

Ammonium  (sal  ammoniac) 

NH4C1 

1.0718 

" 

0.0178 

t's 

Verdet. 

Barium          .... 

BaC'l2 

1.2897 

ii 

0.0168 

20 

Jahn. 

"               .... 

" 

1-1338 

" 

0.0149 

" 

" 

Cadmium      .         . 

CdCl2 

'•3179 

" 

0.0185 

" 

" 

"              .... 

" 

'•2755 

M 

0.0179 

" 

" 

"       r  .      . 

M 

1.1732 

" 

0.0160 

" 

u 

. 

., 

i-i53' 

" 

0.0157 

" 

" 

Calcium        .        . 

CaCl2 

1.1504 

" 

0.0165 

" 

" 

"              .        .        .        . 

" 

1.0832 

" 

0.0152 

" 

u 

"              .... 

" 

1.1049 

" 

0.0157 

16 

Schbnrock. 

Copper          .        .        . 

CuCl2 

1.5158 

" 

O.O22I 

\S 

Becquerel. 

"               .... 

" 

1.2789 

" 

o.o  1  86 

" 

U 

1-1330 

0.0156 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


288 


TABLE  305. 


MAGNETO-OPTIC    ROTATION. 

Solutions  of  Acids  and  Salts  in  Water. 


Substance. 

Chemical 
formula. 

Density, 
grammes 
per  c.  c. 

Kind 
of 
light. 

Verdefs 
constant 
in  minutes. 

Temp. 
C. 

Authority. 

Chlorides: 

Iron      .... 

FeCl2 

1-433' 

D 

0.0025 

'5° 

Becquerel. 

' 

1.2141 

" 

0.0099 

" 

" 

/  »•   • 

' 

1.1093 

" 

O.OIlS 

'' 

" 

' 

i  .0548 

" 

0.0124 

" 

" 

(ferric) 

Fe2Cl6 

I-6933 

" 

—  0.2026 

" 

" 

. 

* 

J-53'5 

" 

—  0.1140 

" 

ii 

.        >^r 

1 

1-323° 

" 

—0.0348 

" 

" 

' 

1.1681 

" 

—  0.0015 

" 

" 

. 

' 

1.0864 

a 

O.OoSl 

" 

ft 

.. 

" 

1.0445 

" 

0.0113 

" 

ii 

* 

" 

1.0232 

" 

O.OI22 

" 

11 

Lithium 

LiCl 

1.0619 

ii 

O.OI45 

20 

Jahn. 

"               ... 

" 

1.0316 

" 

0.0143 

" 

" 

Manganese  . 

MnCl2 

1.1966 

" 

0.0167 

15 

Becquerel. 

• 

" 

1.0876 

" 

O.OI5O 

" 

Mercury        .         .         . 

HgCl2 

1.0381 

" 

0.0137 

16 

Schonrock. 

• 

" 

1.0349 

' 

0.0137 

" 

" 

Nickel  .... 

NiCl2 

1.4685 

' 

0.0270 

15 

Becquerel. 

. 

" 

1.2432 

' 

O.OI96 

" 

"       •         • 

" 

1-1233 

' 

O.OI62 

" 

ii 

" 

" 

1.0690 

1 

0.0146 

" 

" 

Potassium    . 

KC1 

i.  6060 

' 

0.0163 

" 

ii 

. 

" 

1.0732 

' 

0.0148 

20 

Jahn. 

"             ... 

" 

1.0418 

' 

O.OI44 

" 

" 

Sodium 

NaCl 

1.2051 

' 

O.OlSo 

15 

Becquerel. 

• 

** 

1.1058 

' 

0.0155 

" 

"               ... 

" 

1.0546 

' 

O.OI44 

" 

" 

"               .... 

" 

1.0817 

' 

O.OI54 

2O 

Jahn. 

ii 

" 

1.0418 

' 

O.OI44 

" 

" 

Strontium     . 

SrCl2 

1.1921 

' 

0.0102 

" 

" 

"            ... 

" 

1.0877 

' 

0.0146 

" 

" 

Tin       .... 

SnCl2 

1.3280 

1 

0.0266 

15 

Verdet. 

** 

" 

1.1637 

" 

0.0198 

" 

" 

I.III2 

" 

0.0175 

it 

Zinc      .... 

ZnCl2 

1.2851 

' 

0.0196 

" 

"         .         .         .         . 

" 

i-r595 

' 

0.0161 

" 

Chromate  of  potassium  . 

K2CrO4 

i-359« 

1 

0.0098 

M 

Bichromate  of       " 

K->Cr2O7 

1.0786 

' 

0.0126 

" 

Cyanide  of  mercury 

Hy(CN)2 

1.0638 

' 

0.0136 

16 

Schonrock. 

"        "        " 

" 

1.0425 

' 

0.0134 

" 

" 

"        "        " 

" 

1.0605 

' 

0.0135 

" 

" 

Iodides  : 

Ammonium  . 

NH4I 

1.5948 

" 

0.0396 

15 

Perkin. 

"          "... 

" 

1.5688 

" 

0.0386 

" 

11 

<i 

1.5109 

< 

0.0358 

" 

ii 

a 

a 

1.2341 

' 

0.0235 

" 

" 

Cadmium 

Cdl 

1-5156 

' 

0.0291 

20 

Jahn. 

... 

* 

1.2770 

' 

0.0215 

" 

** 

. 

* 

1.1521 

' 

0.0177 

" 

" 

Potassium    . 

KI 

1-6743 

' 

0.0338 

i(5 

Becquerel. 

. 

i-339« 

' 

0.0237 

" 

"             ... 

1.1705 

" 

0.0182 

" 

"            .        . 

1.0871 

" 

0.0152 

11 

"            .   ' 

1.2380 

" 

O.O2II 

20 

Jahn. 

... 

1.1245 

ii 

O.OI74 

" 

Sodium         .  •     .        .  '• 

Nal 

I-I939 

" 

0.0200 

" 

•     ,    • 

1.1191 

H 

0.0175 

" 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


289 


TABLES  305-3O7. 


MAGNETO-OPTIC    ROTATION. 

TABLE  305.  —  Solutions  of  Acids  and  Salts  in  Water. 


Substance. 

Chemical 
formula. 

Density, 
grammes 
perc.  c. 

Kind 
of 
light. 

Verdet's 
constant 
in 
minutes. 

Temp. 

Authority. 

Nitrates  : 

Ammonium          . 

NH4NO3 

1.2803 

D 

O.OI2I 

IS 

Perkin. 

Potassium    .... 

KN03 

1.0634 

" 

O.OI3O 

20 

Jahn. 

Sodium        .... 

NaNO3 

I.III2 

" 

O.OI3I 

" 

" 

Uranium      .... 

U2O3.N2O5 

2.O267 

" 

0.0053 

" 

Becquerel. 

"              .... 

" 

1.7640 

" 

0.0078 

« 

" 

"              .... 

" 

L3865 

" 

O.OIO5 

" 

" 

"              .... 

" 

I.I963 

" 

O.OII5 

11 

" 

Sulphates  : 

Ammonium 

(NH4)2S04 

1.2286 

" 

O.OI4O 

15 

Perkin. 

"           (acid) 

NH4.HSO4 

I.44I7 

' 

0.0085 

" 

Barium         .... 

BaSO4 

I.I788 

i 

0.0134 

20 

Jahn. 

"              •        .         .         . 

u 

1.0938 

' 

0.0133 

(1 

' 

Cadmium     .... 

CdSO4 

I.I762 

' 

0.0139 

ti 

' 

"             •        » 

" 

1.0890 

i 

0.0136 

M 

i 

Lithium        .... 

Li2SO4 

I.I702 

« 

0.0137 

" 

' 

"              .... 

" 

1.0942 

' 

0.0135 

It 

i 

Manganese  .... 

MnSO4 

I.244I 

' 

0.0138 

U 

' 

"           .... 

" 

I.I4I6 

* 

0.0136 

U 

i 

Potassium    .... 

K2S04 

1.0475 

M 

0.0133 

u 

i 

Sodium        .... 

NaSO4 

1.0661 

M 

0.0135 

u 

TABLE  306.  -  Solutions  of  Salts  in  Alcohol. 


Substance. 

Chemical 
formula. 

Density, 
grammes 
per  c.  c. 

Kind 
of 
light. 

Verdet's 
constant 
in 
minutes. 

Temp. 

Authority. 

Cadmium  bromide  .        .        . 

CdBr2 

1.0446 

D 

o.oi  59 

2O 

Jahn. 

"            "                .        « 

« 

0.9420 

" 

0.0140 

Calcium           "... 

CaBr2 

0.9966 

u 

0.0154 

1 

u               11 

" 

0.8846 

" 

0.0130 

1 

Strontium        "... 

SrBr2 

0.9636 

" 

0.0140 

< 

"               "... 

H 

0.8814 

" 

O.OI26 

( 

Cadmium  chloride          .        . 

CdCl2 

0.8303 

(i 

O.OIlS 

' 

Strontium       " 

SrCl2 

0-8313 

" 

O.OI  18 

< 

«               « 

" 

0.8274 

a 

OOII7 

<< 

Cadmium  iodide              .        . 

CdI2 

1.0988 

(1 

0.0199 

" 

u             <« 

0.9484 

u 

0.0156 

« 

TABLE  307.  —  Solutions  in  Hydrochloric  Acid. 


Substance. 

Chemical 
formula. 

Density, 
grammes 
per  c.  c. 

Kind 
of 
light. 

Verdet's 
constant 
in 
minutes. 

Temp. 
C. 

Authority. 

Antimony  trichloride 

SbCl3 

2-4755 

D 

0.0603 

15 

Becquerel. 

"                   "               . 

11 

1.8573 

" 

0.0449 

" 

'•S^S 

0.0347 

" 

I<                                         II 

" 

1.3420 

' 

0.0277 

Bismuth            " 

BiClg 

2.0822 

1 

0.0396 

11 

it                 « 

" 

1-655° 

' 

0.0359 

«                 « 

« 

1.4156 

0.0350 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


290 


MAGNETO-OPTIC   ROTATION. 

Gases. 


TABLE  308. 


Verdet's 

Substance. 

Pressure. 

Temp. 

constant  in 

Authority. 

minutes. 

Atmospheric  air 

Atmospheric 

Ordinary 

6.83  X  i  o-6 

Becquerel. 

Carbon  dioxide        .... 

13.00 

Carbon  disulphide  .... 

74  cms. 

70°  C. 

23-49 

Bichat. 

Ethylene          

Atmospheric 

Ordinary 

3448 

Becquerel. 

Nitrogen          ..... 

6.92 

" 

Nitrous  oxide  .         .         .         .        .  . 

it 

« 

16.90 

i( 

Oxygen    . 

" 

" 

6.28 

a 

Sulphur  dioxide      .... 

H 

" 

3r-39      ' 

it 

it                        (4 

246  cms. 

20°  C. 

38.40 

Bichat. 

Du  Bois  discusses  Kundt's  results  and  gives  additional  experiments  on  nickel  and  cobalt. 
He  shows  that  in  the  case  of  substances  like  iron,  nickel,  and  cobalt  which  have  a  variable  mag- 
netic susceptibility  the  expression  in  Verdet's  equation,  which  is  constant  for  substances  of  con- 
stant susceptibility,  requires  to  be  divided  by  the  susceptibility  to  obtain  a  constant.  For  this 
expression  he  proposes  the  name  "  Kundt's  constant."  These  experiments  of  Kundt  and  Du 
Bois  show  that  it  is  not  the  difference  of  magnetic  potential  between  the  two  ends  of  the  medium, 
but  the  product  of  the  length  of  the  medium  and  the  induction  per  unit  area,  which  controls  the 
amount  of  rotation  of  the  beam. 


TABLE  309. 


VERDET'S  AND  KUNDT'S  CONSTANTS. 


The  following  short  table  is  quoted  from  Du  Bois'  paper.     The  quantities  are  stated  in  c.  g.  s.  measure,  circular 
measure  (radians)  being  used  in  the  expression  of  "Verdet's  constant  "  and  "  Kundt^  constant." 


Verdet's  constant. 

Name  of  substance. 

Magnetic 
susceptibility. 

Wave-length 
of  light 

Kundt's 
constant. 

Number. 

Authority. 

Cobalt      .         . 

_ 

_ 

_ 

6.44  X  J0~5 

3-99 

Nickel 

- 

- 

— 

, 

3-J5 

Iron          .         .    .:     . 

- 

- 

- 

6.56 

2.63 

Oxygen  :   I  atmo.     . 

-f-  0.0126  X  io~5 

0.000179  X  icr6 

Becquerel. 

5.89 

0.014 

Sulphur  dioxide 

—  0.0751 

0.302 

14 

—  4-OO 

Water 

—  0.0694 

0-377 

Arons 

—  5-4 

Nitric  acid 

—  0.0633 

0-3S6 

Becquerel. 

-5-6 

Alcohol    .         . 

—  0.0566 

0-330 

De  la  Rive. 

-5-8 

Ether.      . 

—  0.0541 

°-3  T  5 

" 

-S-8 

Arsenic  chloride 

—  0.0876 

1.222 

Becquerel. 

•  —  '4-9 

Carbon  disulphide  . 

—  0.0716 

1.222 

Rayleigh. 

—  17.1 

Faraday's  glass 

—  0.0982 

1.738 

Becquerel. 

—17-7 

SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


2QI 


TABLE  310. 

MAGNETIC   SUSCEPTIBILITY   OF    LIQUIDS    AND   CASES. 

The  following  table  gives  a  comparison  by  Du  Bois*  of  his  own  and  some  other  determinations  of  the  magnetic  sus- 
ceptibility of  a  few  standard  substances.     Verdet's  and  Kundt's  constants  are  in  radians  for  the  sodium  line  D. 


Substance. 

Verdet's 
constant. 

Faraday's 
value 
kX  10" 

Becquerel's 
value 
/tXio6 

Wahner's 
value 
k  X  io« 

Water    .         .         ... 

3.77  X  i  o-6 

—  0.69 

—0.63 

—0.536 

Alcohol,  C2H6O    . 

3-3°       " 

—0-57 

—0.49 

—0.388 

Ether,  C4H10O      . 

3-15       " 

—0-54 

- 

—0.360 

Carbon  disulphide 

12.22           " 

—  0.72 

—0.84 

—0.465 

Oxygen  at  i  atmosphere       .  •; 

0.00179" 

0.13 

0.12 

- 

Air  at  i  atmosphere 

0.00194  " 

0.024 

O.O25 

- 

Substance. 

Quincke  at  20°  C. 

Du  Bois  at  is°C. 

Density. 

AXio6 

Density. 

k  Xio« 

Kundt's 
constant. 

Water   ..... 

0.9983 
0.7929 

—0.815 
—  0.660 

0.9992 
0.7963 

—0.837 
—  0.694 

—4-5° 
—4-75 

Alcohol,  C2H6O   .                 .   ' 

Ether,  C4Hi0O      .        . 

0.7152 

—  0.607 

0.7250 

—  0.642 

—4.91 

Carbon  disulphide 

1.2644 

—0.724 

1.2692 

—0.8  1  6 

—  14.97 

Oxygen  at  i  atmosphere        .    < 

- 

- 

0.00135 

0.117 

0.016 

Air  at  i  atmosphere      .        .    j 

- 

- 

O.OOI23 

0.024 

0.08  1 

TABLE   31 1. 


VALUES    OF    KERR'S    CONSTANTS 


Du  Bois  has  shown  that  the  rotation  of  the  major  axis  of  vibration  of  radiations  normally  reflected  from  a  magnet  is 
algebraically  equal  to  the  normal  component  of  magnetization  multiplied  into  a  constant  K.  He  calls  this  con- 
stant, K,  Kerr's  constant  for  the  magnetized  substance  forming  the  magnet. 


Color  of  light. 

Spectrum 
line. 

Wave- 
length 
in  cms. 
X  10" 

Kerr's  constant  in  minutes  per  c.  g.  s.  unit  of  magnetization. 

Cobalt. 

Nickel. 

Iron. 

Magnetite. 

Red       . 

Li  a 

67-7 

—  0.02o8 

—0.0173 

—  o.oi  54 

+0.0096 

Red       .                .    ' 

— 

62.0 

—  O.O  [  98 

—  O.O  1  60 

—  0.0138 

+0.0120 

Yellow  .       '. 

D 

58-9 

—  0.0193 

—  O.OI54 

—  o.oi  30 

+0.0133 

Green    . 

b 

51-7 

—  0.0179 

—  0.0159 

—  O.OI  1  1 

+0.0072 

Blue       . 

F 

48.6 

—0.0180 

—  0.0163 

—  O.OIOI 

+  O.OO26 

Violet    . 

G 

43-  r 

—  0.0182 

—0.0175 

—  0.0089 

- 

*  "  Wied.  Ann."  vol.  35,  p.  163. 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


t  H.  E.  J.  G.  Du  Bois,  "  Phil.  Mag."  vol.  29. 


292 


TABLES  312,  313. 

EFFECT  OF   MAGNETIC  FIELD  ON  THE  ELECTRIC  RE- 
SISTANCE   OF    BISMUTH.* 

TABLE  312.  —  Resistance  One  Ohm  for  Zero  Field  and  Various  Temperatures. 

This  table  gives  the  resistance  to  the  flow  of  a  steady  electric  current  when  conveyed 
across  a  magnetic  field  of  the  strength  in  c.  g.  s.  units  given  in  the  first  column  if 
the  wire  has  a  resistance  of  one  ohm  at  the  temperature  given  at  the  top  of  the  col- 
umn when  the  field  is  of  zero  strength. 


Temp.  C.— 

0° 

10° 

18° 

30° 

50° 

80° 

Field. 

Resistance. 

OOO 

.OOO 

.000 

I.  OOO               .OOO 

.000 

.OOO 

IOOO 

.018 

.019 

1.018          .017 

.014 

.007 

2OOO 

•045 

.050 

1.045            •°4I 

•034 

.015 

3000 

.088 

.094 

1.084           -°74 

•055 

.032 

4000 

•J35 

•153 

1.131 

.118 

.085 

.050 

5<X>O 

.185 

.214 

1.183           -'56 

•"3 

•0/4 

6OOO 

.240 

•273 

1.242       |          .202 

.148 

.100 

7OOO 
8000 

•3°4 
•365 

•340 

.406 

1.295 

r-35» 

.258 
-308 

.190 
•223 

.127 
•154 

9000 

•423 

.467 

1.417 

•355 

.266 

.182 

IOOOO 

.480 

•535 

1.480 

.409 

•303 

•203 

15000 

•743 

•875 

1.785 

.665 

•505 

•343 

2OOOO 

2-507 

2.087 

1.927 

•713 

.490 

25OOO 

- 

2.846 

2-393 

2.193 

•93  i 

.804 

3OOOO 

- 

— 

2.704 

- 

— 

— 

35°°° 

— 

- 

3-03I 

— 

- 

- 

40000 

3-369 

TABLE  313. —Resistance  One  Ohm  for  Zero  Field  and  Temperature  Zero  Cen- 
tigrade. 

This  table  gives  the  resistance  in  different  magnetic  fields  and  at  different  temperatures 
of  a  wire,  the  resistance  of  which  is  one  ohm  at  o°  C.,  when  the  magnetic  field  is 
zero.  The  current  is  supposed  to  be  steady  and  to  flow  across  the  field. 


Temp.  C.= 

0' 

10° 

18° 

30° 

50° 

80° 

Field. 

Resistance. 

oooo 

1.  000 

•037 

1.072 

•"5 

.200 

J-332 

IOOO 

I.OI8 

•057 

.091 

.129 

.217 

I-34I 

2000 

1.045 

.089 

.118 

•156 

.241 

'•352 

3000 

1.  088 

•134 

.162 

.198 

.266 

1-375 

4000 

I-I35 

.198 

.210 

.246 

.302 

i-397 

5000 

1.185 

.260 

•265 

.290 

•335 

1.428 

6000 

1.240 

•323 

•327 

•341 

•379 

1.464 

7OOO 

1.304 

•392 

•385 

.404 

.428 

1.500 

8000 

^365 

•458 

•453 

.460 

.465 

J-536 

9000 

1.423 

•523 

•5'5 

•5°9 

.520 

'•573 

IOOOO 

1.480 

•592 

•583 

•573 

.562 

1.610 

15000 

1-743 

1.946 

.907 

.860 

.805 

1.784 

2OOOO 

— 

2-295 

2.243 

2.148 

2-055 

1.980 

25000 

2.645 

2.560 

2.445 

2.320 

2-157 

•  Calculated  from  the  results  of  J.  B.  Henderson's  experiments, 
SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

293 


Phil.  Mag."  vol.  38,  p.  488. 


TABLE  314. 

SPECIFIC  HEATS  OF   VARIOUS  SOLIDS  AND  LIQUIDS.4 


SOLIDS. 

Substance. 

Temperature 
in 

Specific 
heat. 

Authority. 

degrees  C. 

Alloys  : 

Bell  metal       . 

15-98 

0.0858 

R 

Brass,  red       

O 

.08991 

L 

"       yellow  ........ 

O 

.08831 

" 

8oCu-|-2oSn       "      . 

14-98 

.0862 

R 

88.7  Cu  +  11.3  Al          .        .        v       . 

2O-IOO 

.10432 

Ln 

German  silver         ....... 

0-100 

.09464 

T 

Lipowitz  alloy  :    24.97  Pb  -f  10.13  Cd  -f-  50.66  Bi 

-j-  14.24  Sn          

5-50 

•°345 

M 

ditto        

IOO-I50 

.0426 

" 

Rose's  alloy  :  27.5  Pb  -|-  48.9  Bi  -)-  23.6  Sn  . 

—77-20 

.0356 

S 

ditto        

20-89 

•°552 

" 

Wrood's  alloy  :  25.85  Pb  +  6.99  Cd  +  52-43  Bi  + 

14-73  Sn       

5-5° 

•0352 

M 

ditto  (fluid)     

100-150 

.0426 

" 

Miscellaneous  alloys  : 
17.5  Sb  +  29.9  Bi  +  18.7  Zn  +  33.9  Sn 

20-99 

•05657 

R 

37.1  Sb  +  62.9  Pb  

10-98 

.03880 

M 

39.9  Pb  +  6o.iBi  .        .        .        .        .        .        . 

16-99 

•03165 

P 

ditto  (fluid)     . 

144-358 

.03500 

" 

63.7  Pb  -f-  36-3  Sn  .         .         .         .         .   -     .        ,. 

12-99 

.04073 

R 

46.7  Pb  +  53.3  Sn  •     g 

10-99 

.04507 

" 

63.8  Bi  4-  36.2  Sn  .         .        .     •    . 

20-99 

.04001 

" 

46.9  Bi  +53.1  Sn  .         :        .         .        .        . 

20-99 

.04504 

" 

CdSn2     .         . 

—77-20 

•°5537 

" 

Basalt         ......... 

2O-IOO 

.2O-.24 

- 

Calcspar     

16-48 

.206 

K 

Diamond    .         .         .         ... 

—50-5 

•0635 

H  W 

......... 

10.7 

.1128 

" 

"           ......... 

I4O.O 

.2218 

" 

"           .        .         .         .         .         .         .         .      '  . 

2O6.O 

•2733 

" 

"           .  •      .         .... 

606.7 

.4408 

" 

u 

A^  c 

A  cXo 

H 

Gas  coal     .        .        .                 ,        .        .        . 

20-1040 

•3M5 

_ 

Glass,  crown       .        .        

10-50 

.161 

H  M 

"      flint          

10-50 

.117 

" 

"      mirror      .        .        .        .... 

10-50 

.186 

" 

Gneiss        ......... 

—  19-20 

.1726 

R  W 

''             ......... 

17-213 

•2143 

;' 

Granite       

O-IOO 

.I9-.20 

J&  B 

Graphite    

—50-3 

.1138 

H  W 

"           .                                                     ... 

10.8 

.1604 

" 

•         .       ;       .      ...      

138-5 

•2542 

" 

'         ......... 

2OI.6 

.2966 

u 

1         ......... 

641.9 

•445° 

" 

',......... 

977-0 

.4670 

" 

16-1040 

.310 

D 

REFERENCES. 

A  M  —  A.  M.  Mayer.                B  =  Batelli.            D  =  Dewar.                  E  =  Emo. 

G  &  T  =  Gee  &  Terry.              H  &  D  =  De  Heen  &  Deruyts.                   H  M  =  H.  Meyer. 

H  W  =  H.  F.  Weber.               J  &  B  =  Joly  &  Bartoli.                               K  =  Kopp. 

L  =  Lorenz.                      Ln  =  Luginin.                   M  =  Mazotto.                Ma=Marignac. 

P=  Person.                      Pa=Pagliani.                  Pn  =  Pionchon.            R  =  Regnault. 

R  W  ==  FLWeber.          T  =  H.  Tomlinson.         Th  =  Thomsen.             W  =  Wachsmuth. 

*  Condensed  from  more  extensive  tables  given  in  Landolt  and  Bernstein's  "  Phys.  Chem.  Tab." 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 

294 


TABLE  314. 


SPECIFIC   HEATS  OF   VARIOUS  SOLIDS  AND  LIQUIDS. 


Substance. 

Temperature 
in 

Specific 

Authority. 

degrees  C. 

Gypsum     

16-46 

0.259 

K 

Ice      

-78-0 

.4627 

R 

"                .         .         .         .               "  .         .       '  .         . 

—30-0 

•505 

P 

"                .         .         .         -         .         .         .         . 

2I-I 

.5017 

" 

India  rubber  (Para)  .         ... 

?-IOO 

.481 

G&T 

Marble,  white     .         .         .         .         .  '              '.        ^ 

16-98 

.2158 

R 

gray      .         .         .        .  '  .    .         .     _    .         . 

23-98 

.2099 

" 

Paraffin      .        .        .        .        .        .... 

—20-3 

.3768 

R  W 

.        .        .        •        •    *  -  . 

—  19-20 

•525' 

" 

.        . 

0-20 

•6939 

" 

"            ......... 

35-40 

.622 

B 

fluid      

6o-63 

.712 

" 

Quartz        .        .        .    .  ...        .        .        .        . 

0 

Pn 

"             ......... 

35° 

.2786 

" 

"             ......... 

400-1200 

•305 

« 

Sulphur,  cryst  

17-45 

.163 

K 

Vulcanite  .         .         .         ...         .         .         .         . 

2O-IOO 

•33'2 

A  M 

LIQUIDS. 

Alcohol,  ethyl    

—  20 

0-5053 

R 

"            "       .        .        .        .        .        .    .     .        . 

O 

•5475 

" 

"            "       

40 

.6479 

" 

"         methyl         ..' 

5-io 

.5901 

" 

«             i< 

15-10 

.6009 

u 

Benzene     

10 

.3402 

H&D 

« 

40 

•4233 

" 

Ethyl  ether         .         .        *        

O 

.5290 

R 

Glycerine   ......... 

'5-5° 

•576 

E 

Oils,  castor         .        .         .         . 

- 

•434 

W 

"     citron          .         .         .         .         . 

5-4 

.438 

H  W 

"     olive  ......... 

6.6 

.431 

" 

"     sesame        .        .         .         .         .         .        -^.     . 

— 

•387 

W 

"     turpentine           .         .        .        .         .         .        . 

0 

.4106 

R 

Petroleum           

21-58 

•511 

Pa 

CuSO4+  5oH2O      "    . 

12-15 

.848 

" 

<«       4.  OOQ  H2O    .        .        .                 ... 

12—14 

.QCl 

u 

+  400  H2O    '. 

I3-I7 

7  J 

•975 

H 

ZnSO4  +  soH2O      •        ...        . 

20-52 

.842 

Ma 

"          +   200  HoO      . 

20-52 

•95  2 

" 

KOH    +  3oII2O      .        .        .        .        .^     . 

18 

.876 

Th 

+  200  H2O    . 

18  • 

•975 

" 

NaOH  +  50  H20      .        .        .   '     . 

18 

.942 

" 

"       +  100  H2O    ....... 

18 

•983 

" 

NaCl     +  ioH2U      . 

18 

.791 

" 

+  2coH2O    .        .        .        .... 

18 

.978 

" 

Sea  water  :  density  1.0043         

17-5 

.980 

" 

"         "              "        1-0235  (about  normal) 

T7-5 

•938 

(< 

1-0463          

17-5 

•903 

REFERENCES. 

A  M  =  A.  M.  Maver.                B  —  Batelli.            D  =  Dewar.                  E  =  Emo. 

G  &  T  =  Gee  &  Terry.              H  &  D  =  De  lleen  &  Deruyts.                   H  M  =  H.  Meyer. 

H  W  =  H.  F.  Weber.              J  &  B  =  Joly  &  Bartoli.                              K  =  Kopp. 

L  =  Lorenz.                      Ln  =  Luginin.                   M  —  Mazotto.               Ma  =  Marignac. 

P=  Person.                      Pa=Pagliani.                   Pn  =  Pionchon.           R  =  Regnault. 

R  W  =  R.  Weber.           T  =  H.  Tomlinson.          Th  =  Thomsen.           W  =  Wachsmuth. 

SMITHSONIAN  TABLES. 


295 


TABLE  315. 


SPECIFIC  HEAT  OF   METALS.' 


Metal. 

Temperature 
in 

Specific 

O 

Metal. 

Temperature 
in 

Specific 

0 

'degrees  C. 

heat. 

3 

degrees  C. 

heat. 

1 

Aluminium     .     . 

2O 

0.2135 

N 

Manganese 

14-97 

O.I2I7 

R 

"             .     . 

IOO 

.2211 

" 

Mercury  :  solid   . 

—  78  to  —  40 

.03192 

M 

u 

2OO 

.2306 

1 

20-50 

•033'  2 

W 

" 

300 

.24OI 

' 

o 

•03337 

N 

Antimony  .     .     . 

15 

.04890 

1 

IOO 

.03284 

" 

. 

IOO 

•05031 

' 

2OO 

.03235 

" 

"          ... 

2OO 

.05198 

' 

250 

..03212 

« 

"          ... 

300 

.05366 

' 

Nickel    .... 

14-97 

.10916 

R 

Bismuth     .     .     . 

O 

•03013 

L 

'        .... 

IOO 

.11283 

In 

'             ... 

20-84 

•0305 

K 

'        .... 

300 

.14029 

' 

'        fluid  .     . 

280-380 

•0363 

P 

'        .... 

500 

.12988 

' 

Cadmium  .     .     . 

21 

•0551 

N 

'        .... 

800 

.1484 

' 

'          ... 

IOO. 

.0570 

" 

'        .... 

IOOO 

.16075 

1 

'          ... 

20O 

.0594 

" 

Palladium  .     .     . 

O-IOO 

.0592 

V 

'           ... 

300 

.0617 

" 

"          ... 

0-1265 

.0714 

u 

Calcium     .     .     . 

O-IOO 

.1804 

B 

Platinum    .     .     . 

—  78-20 

•03037 

s 

Chromium  (?) 

22-51 

•09975 

K 

'            ... 

O-IOO 

•0323 

V 

Cobalt   .... 

9-97 

.10674 

R 

'            ... 

0-784 

•°365 

" 

'         .... 

500 

.14516 

Pn 

'            ... 

O-IOOO 

•0377 

«< 

'         .... 

1000 

.204 

" 

. 

0-1177 

.0388 

" 

Copper  .... 

o 

.08988 

L 

'            ... 

1300 

•03854 

Pt 

50 

.09166 

" 

'            ... 

1400 

.03896 

" 

17 

.09244 

N 

'            ... 

itoo 

.03980 

" 

.... 

IOO 

.09422 

" 

Potassium  .     .     . 

—78.5-23 

.1662 

s 

. 

2OO 

.09634 

" 

Silver     .... 

O-ICO 

•0559 

B 

300 

.09846 

" 

23 

.05498 

N 

Gold      .    .    .    . 

O-IOO 

.0316 

V 

IOO 

.05663 

14 

Indium      .     .     . 

O-IOO 

•0323 

" 

2CO 

•05877 

" 

"           ... 

0-1400 

.0401 

" 

300 

.06091 

" 

Iron  

-     I  ? 

IOQI 

N 

800 

.076 

Pn 

*  J 
IOO 

'lICI 

fluid     .     . 

907-1  ioo 

/  w 
.O748 

',, 

2OO 

.I24Q 

<. 

Sodium  .... 

—  70.15—17 

•v/  T^ 
.2870 

s 

u 

•3.OO 

&  ^ty 
.1-776 

(| 

/  ™  J         / 

—28-6 

»JW 

.2Q74 

R 

u 

J***' 

*  3f 
.1764? 

Pn 

Tin    .'..!! 

—  78-20 

:/O  * 

S 

n 

7OO 

/  VT-  J 

/ 

o 

.05368 

L 

u 

/  *"* 

720—1000 

.218 

a 

« 

« 

IOOO-I2OO 

.19887 

« 

< 

75 

0^641 

a 

Lead      .... 

—78-11 

.03065 

R 

'    fluid     .     .     . 

250-350 

.0637 

P 

"         .... 

15 

•02993 

N 

'       "        ... 

250 

•05799 

I'll 

"          .... 

IOO 

.03108 

" 

'       "        ... 

I  IOO 

.0758 

" 

u 

2OO 

O72J* 

M 

Zinc  

O—  IOO 

QQ'J  r 

B 

"     fluid  .     .     . 

"UO 

*o«c6 

Sp 

18 

.0915 

N 

J 
360 

.04.006 

F 

, 

IQO 

.0951 

Lithium 

27—  QQ 

rw«f**2*W 

.04.08 

R 

, 

s 

2OO 

K 

Magnesium 

»/    yy 

o 

•y£r<*~r 

.2456 

L 

.  , 

•3.OO 

.IO4O 

7  1 

.2  ^OQ 

< 

J~~ 

300-400 

.122 

LV 

/  j 

REFERENCES. 

B  =  Bunsen.            K  =  Kopp.          L  =  Lorenz.        LV  =  Le  Verrier.         N  =  Naccari. 

P  =  Person.              Pn  =  Pionchon.                     Pt  =  Pouillet.                   R  =  Regnault. 

S  =  Schiiz.                Sp=  'Spring.                          V  =  Violle.                       W  =  Winkelmann. 

*  Condensed  from  Landolt  and  Bbrnstein's  "  Phys.  Chem.  Tab." 


SMITHSONIAN   TABLES. 


296 


INDEX. 


Al)sorption  of  gases  by  liquids 125 

of  solar  energy  by  the  atmosphere 177 

Acceleration,  angular  and  linear,  conversion 

factors  for 17,  18 

Activity,  conversion  factors  for 19,  21 

Aerodynamics ;    data    for    the    soaring    of 

planes 109 

data  for  wind  pressure 108 

Agonic  lines  117 

Air,  specific  heat  of 223 

thermometer 228,  229 

Alcohol,  density  of 96-98 

vapor  pressure  of 126,  225 

Alloys,  electric  conductivity  of 251-253 

electric  resistance  of 251-253,  256,  257 

density  of 85 

specific  heat  of 294 

strength  of 73 

thermal  conductivity  of 197 

thermoelectric  power  of 248,  249 

Alternating  currents,  resistance  of  wires  for.  258 

Alums,  indices  of  refraction  for 180 

Angles,  conversion  factors  for 14 

Aqueous  solutions,  boiling-points  of  ....'...  196 

vapor,  density  of 155 

pressure  of 151-154 

Arc  spectrum,  wave-lengths  in 172 

Areas,  conversion  factors  for 1 1 

Atmosphere,  pressure  of  vapor  in 157 

Atomic  weights 272 


Barometer,  correction  for  capillarity 124 

determination  of  heights  by 169 

reduction  to  latitude  45° 122,  123 

reduction  to  sea  level 121 

reduction  to  standard  temperature 120 

Battery  cells,  composition  and  electromotive 

force  of 246,  247 

Bismuth,  electric  resistance  of,  in  magnetic 

field 293 

Boiling-point,  of  chemical  elements 207 

of  various  inorganic  compounds 210 

of  various  organic  compounds 212 

of  water,  barometric  height  correspond- 
ing to 171 

of  water,  effect  of  dissolved  salts  on. ...  196 

Brick,  strength  of 70 

British  weights  and  measures,  equivalents  in 
metric 7 


Capacities,  conversion  factors  for 12 

Capacity,  specific  inductive 263-265 

Capillarity,  of  aqueous  solutions 128 

correction  of  barometer  for 1 24 

of  liquids  as  solidifying-point 129 

of  soap  films 1 29 


Capillarity  (continued). 

surface-tension  of  water  and  alcohol  ...  128 

various  liquids 1 27 

Carat,  definition  of 18 

Cells,  battery 246,  247 

secondary 247 

standard 247 

Chemical    elements,    boiling     and    melting 

points  of 207 

Cobalt,  Kerr's  constants  of 291 

magnetic  properties  of 279 

Coefficients,  isotonic 150 

of  diffusion 147,  149 

of  friction 135 

of  thermal  expansion 214—218 

of  viscosity 137,  146 

Color    scale,     Newton    and     Reinold    and 

Rucker 130 

Combination,  heat  of 202 

Combustion,  heat  of    201 

Compressibility,  of  gases 79,  8 1 

of  liquids 82 

of  solids 83 

Conducting  power  of  alloys 251-253 

Conductivities,  molecular 260,  261 

of  electrolytes 259 

thermal 197,  198 

Contact,  difference  of  potential 268 

Conversion  factor,  definition  of xviii 

Conversion  factors  for  acceleration,  angular. .  18 

acceleration,  linear 17 

activity 19,  21 

angles 14 

areas 1 1 

capacities 12 

densities    23 

electric  deposition 24 

electric  displacement 25 

electric  potential 27 

electric  resistance 23 

energy 20,  2 1 

film  tension 20,  22 

force 17 

heat,  quantities  of 24 

intensity  of  magnetization 26 

length ii 

masses 13 

moment  of  inertia 13 

moment  of  momentum 16 

momentum 16 

magnetic  moment 27 

magnetization,  intensity  of 26 

magnetization,  surface  density  of 26 

power 19,  21 

resistance,  electric 23 

stress 19,  22 

temperatures 25 

tension,  film  or  surface 20 


298 


INDEX. 


Conversion  (continued). 

time,  intervals  of 14 

velocities 15 

volumes 12 

work 20,  21 

Critical  temperature  of  gases 200 

Crystals,  cubic  expansion  of 216 

elastic  constants  of 78 

formulae  for  elasticity  of 77 

refractive  indices  of 187 

Cubic  expansion,  gases 218 

liquids 217 

solids 216 

Cyclic  magnetization,  dissipation  of  energy 
in 280-283 


Declination,  magnetic 1 13-1 18 

Densities,  of  air,  values  of  /i/?6o 162 

alcohol 96-98 

alloys  and  other  solids 85 

aqueous  solutions 90 

gases -. 89 

liquids 88 

mercury 95 

metals 86 

organic  compounds 212 

water 92-94. 

woods 87 

Density,  conversion  factors  for 23 

Dew-points,  table  for  calculating 158 

Diamonds,  unit  of  weight  for 13 

Dielectric  strength 244,  245 

Diffusion  of  gases  and  vapors 149 

liquids  and  solutions 147 

Dilution  of  solution,  contraction  due  to  ...  .134 

Dimension  formulae  (see  also  Units) xvii 

Dip,  magnetic 1 1 1 

Dynamic  units,  dimension  formulas  of xvii 

formula?  for  conversion  of 2 

Dynamical  equivalent  of  thermal  unit 219 


Earth,  miscellaneous  data  concerning 106 

Elasticity,  moduli  of 74~?8 

Electric  conductivity  of  alloys 251,  252 

of  metals 255 

relation  to  thermal 271 

constants  of  wires 58-68,  254 

displacement .25 

potential,  conversion  factors  for 27 

resistance,  conversion  factors  for 23 

resistance,  effect  of  elongation  on 258 

units,  conversion  factors  for 3 

units,  dimension  formulae xxv 

Electrochemical     equivalents     and     atomic 

weights 272 

of  solutions 259 

Electrolytes,  conductivities  of 259 

Electrolytic  deposition,  conversion  factors  for  24 

Electromagnetic  system  of  units xxix 

Electromotive  force  of  battery  cells. . .  .246,  247 

Electrostatic  system  of  units xxvi 

Electrostatic  unit  of  electricity,  ratio  of,  to 

electromagnetic 243 

Elliptic  integrals 43 

Elongation,  effect  on  resistance  of  wires. . .  .258 

Emissivity 234,  235 

Energy,  conversion  factors  for 20,  21 

Equivalent,  electrochemical 272 

electrochemical  of  solutions 259 

mechanical,  of  heat 220 

Expansion,  thermal 214,  218 


Factors,  conversion 1 1  -27 

formulae  for  conversion 2,  ^j 

Film-tension,  conversion  factors  for 20,  22 

constants  for 1 28,  1 29 

Fluor  spar,  refractive  index  of 183 

Formulae   for   conversion    factors,   dynamic 

units 2 

electric  and  magnetic  units 3 

fundamental  units 2 

geometric  units 2 

heat  units 3 

Formulas,  dimension  (see  also  Uttils}.  .xvii-xxix 

Force,  conversion  factors  for 17 

Force  de  cheval,  definition  of 19 

Fraunhofer  lines,  wave-lengths  of 175 

Freezing  mixtures 199 

Freezing-point,  lowering  of,  by  salts 192 

Friction,  coefficients  of 135 

Functions,  hyperbolic 2S~35 

gamma 38 

Fundamental  units .2 

Fusion,  latent  heat  of 206 


Gamma  functions 38 

Gases,  absorption  by  liquids 125 

compressibility  of 79~8i 

critical  temperatures  of >. 200 

density  and  specific  gravity  of 89 

expansion  of 218 

magnetic  susceptibility  of 292 

magneto-optic  rotation  in 291 

refractive  indices  of 190 

specific  heat  of 224 

thermal  conductivity  of 198 

viscosity  of 145,  146 

volume  of  perfect  (values  of  i  -|-  .00367 1) 

164-168 

Gauges,  wire 58-68 

Geometric  units,  conversion  formulae  for 2 

Glass,  electric  resistance  of 270 

indices  of  refraction  for 178,  179 

Gravity,  force  of 102-104 


Harmonics,  zonal 40 

Heat,  conversion  factors  for  quantities  of . . .  .24 

latent  heat  of  fusion 206 

latent  heat  of  vaporization 204 

mechanical  equivalent  of 220 

units,  conversion  factors  for 24 

dimension  formulae  for xxiii 

formulae  for  conversion  factors  of . .  .  .3 
Heats  of  combustion  and  combination. .  201,  202 

Heights,  determination  by  barometer 169 

Humidity,  relative iCi 

Hydrogen  thermometer  233 

Hyperbolic  cosines  29~3l 

Hvperbolic  functions . .  28-35 

Hyperbolic  sines  28-30 

Hysteresis,  magnetic 280-283 


Iceland  spar,  refractive  index  of 185 

Indices  of  refraction  for  alums 180 

crystals 187 

fluor  spar i!"  5 

gases  and  vapors 1 90 

glass 17,",  i/9 

Iceland  spar .' . .  185 

liquids,  various 189 

metals  and  metallic  oxides 181 

monorefringent  solids 184 


INDEX. 


299 


Indices  of  refraction  for  alums  (continued). 

quartz 186 

rock  salt 182 

solutions  of  salts 188 

sylvine 182 

Inductance,  mutual 42 

Integrals,  elliptic .43 

Intensity,  horizontal,  of  earth's  magnetic  field 

112 

total,  of  earth's  magnetic  field no 

Iron,  elasticity  and  strength  of 72 

hysteresis  in 280-283 

magnetic  properties  of 274-283,  292 

Isotonic  coefficients 1 50 


Jewels,  unit  of  weight  for 13 

Joule's  equivalent 220 


Kerr's  constant,  definition  and  table  of 292 

Kilogramme,  definition  of xvi 

Kundt's  constants 291 

definition  of 291 


Latent  heat 204,  206 

Least  squares,  various  tables  for 35,  37 

Legalization  of  practical  electric  units. . .  .xxxiv 

Length,  conversion  factors  for 1 1 

Light,  velocity  of 176-243 

rotation  of  plane  of  polarized 191 

Linear  expansion  of  chemical  elements 214 

of  various  substances 215 

Liquids,  absorption  of  gases  by 125 

compressibility  and  bulk  moduli  of 82 

density  of 88 

magneto-optic  rotation  in 286,  287 

magnetic  susceptibility 292 

refractive  indices  of 189 

specific  heat  of 295 

thermal  conductivity  of 197,  198 

thermal  expansion  of 217 

Lowering  of  freezing-point  by  salts 192 


Magnetic  field,  effect  of,  in  resistance  of  bis- 
muth   293 

moment,  conversion  factors  for 27 

permeability 274-280 

properties   of   cobalt,  manganese  steel, 

magnetite  and  nickel 279 

properties  of  iron  and  steel 276 

saturation  values  for  steel 279 

susceptibility  of  liquids  and  gases 292 

units,  conversion  formulae  for 3 

dimension  formulae  for xxv 

Magnetism,  conversion  factors  for  surface 

density 26 

terrestrial 1 10-1 18 

Magnetization,  conversion  factors  for  inten- 
sity of 26 

Magnetite,  Kerr's  constant  for 292 

magnetic  properties  of 279 

Magneto-optic  rotation,  general  reference  to 

284 

tables  of 285-291 

Masses,  conversion  factors  for 13 

Materials,  strength  of 7°~73 

Measurement,  units1  of xv 

Mechanical  equivalent  of  heat 220 

Melting-points  of  chemical  elements 207 


Melting-points  (continued). 

of  mixtures  and  alloys 211 

of  organic  compounds 212 

Mercury,  density  of 86 

electric  resistance  of 255,  256 

index  of  refraction 181 

specific  heat  of 225 

strength  of 70 

Metals,  density  of 86 

electric  resistance  of 254-258 

specific  heat  of 296 

thermal  conductivity  of 197 

Metals  and  metallic  oxides,  indices  of  refrac- 
tion for 181 

Metre,  definition  of xvi 

Metric  weights  and  measures  — 

equivalents  in  British  .....* 5 

equivalents  in  United  States 10 

Mixtures,  freezing 199 

Moduli  of  elasticity 74-83 

Molecular  conductivities 261,  262 

Moments  of  inertia,  conversion  factors  for. . .  13 
Moment   of   momentum,   conversion   factor 

for 16 

Momentum,  conversion  factors  for 13 

Mutual  inductance,  table  for  calculating 42 


Neutral-points,  thermoelectric 249 

Newton's  rings  and  scale  of  colors 130 

Nickel,  Kerr's  constants  for 292 

magnetic  properties  of 279 


Ohm,  various  determinations  of 262 

Osmose  and  osmotic  pressure 1 50 


Pearls,  unit  of  weight  for 13 

Peltier  effect  ...    250 

Pendulum,  length  of  seconds 104,  105 

Permeability,  magnetic 274-280 

Photometric  standards 176 

Planets,  miscellaneous  data  concerning 106 

Poisson's  ratio 76 

Polarized  light,  rotation  of  the  plane  of 191 

Potential,  contact  difference  of 268 

difference  of,  between  metals  in  solu- 
tions   269 

electric,  conversion  factors  for 27 

Pound,  definition  of xvi 

Power,  conversion  factors  for 19,  21 

Practical  electrical  units xxxiii 

Pressure,  barometric,  for   different   boiling- 
points  of  water 170,  171 

critical,  of  gases 200 

effect  on  radiation 236 

of  aqueous  vapor 151-154 

at  low  temperatures 156 

in  the  atmosphere 1 57 

of  mercury  column 119 

osmotic 1 50 

of  vapors 126,  225-227 

of  wind 1 08 

Probability,  table  for  calculating 36 


Quartz,  fibres,  strength  of 70 

refractive  index  of . .  186 


Radiation,  effect  of  pressure  on 236 


of  inorganic  compounds 2c8  !  Relative  humidity 161 


300 


INDEX. 


Resistance  (see  also  Conductivity),  electric. 

of  alloys 251-253,  256,  257 

of  electrolytes 259 

of  glass  and  porcelain 270 

of  metals  and  metallic  wires 254-257 

of  wires,  effect  of  elongation  on 258 

Rigidity,  modulus  defined 74 

of  metals 74 

variation  of,  with  temperature 76 

Rotation,  magneto-optic 284-291 


Saturation  values,  magnetic,  for  steel 279 

Seconds  pendulum,  length  of 104,  105 

Secondary  batteries 247 

Sections  of  wires 44~54>  58-68 

Sheet  metal,  weight  of 56,  57 

Soaring  of  planes,  data  for 109 

Solar  constant 177 

Solar  spectrum,  wave-length  in 172 

Solids,  compressibility  and  bulk  moduli  of . .  .83 

density  of 85 

magneto-optic  rotation  in 284 

Solution,  contraction  produced  by 131-134 

Solutions,  aqueous,  boiling-points  of 196 

density  of 90 

magneto-optic  rotation  in 288-290 

refractive  indices  for  . '. 188 

specific  heat  of 224 

Sound,  velocity  of,  in  air 99 

in  gases  and  liquids 101 

in  solids 100 

Specific  electrical  resistance,  conversion  fac- 
tors for 23,  254-256 

Specific  gravity  (see  also  Density). 

of  aqueous  ethyl  alcohol 96 

methyl  alcohol 97 

of  gases 89 

Specific  heat  of  air 223 

of  gases  and  vapors 224 

of  metals 296 

of  solids  and  liquids 294,  295 

of  water 223 

of  water,  formulae  for 222 

Specific  inductive  capacity 263-265 

viscosity,  aqueous  solutions 144 

oils 137 

water 1 36 

Spectra,  wave-lengths  in  arc  and  solar 172 

Standard  cells 247 

wave-lengths  of  light 172 

Standards,  photometric 176 

Steel,  physical  properties  of 71 

Steam,  properties  of  saturated 237 

Steinmetz,  constants  for  hysteresis  of 281 

Stone,  strength  of 70 

thermal  conductivity  of 197 

dielectric 244 

Strength  of  materials 70-73 

Stress,  conversion  factors  for 19,  22 

Surface-tension,  constants  of 128,  129 

conversion  factors  for 20,  22 

Sylvine,  refractive  index  of 182 


Temperature,  conversion  factors  for 25 

critical,  of  gases 200 

Terrestrial  magnetism,  agonic  lines 117 

declination,  data  for  maximum  east  at 

various  stations 1 18 

dip  and  its  secular  variation  for  differ- 
ent latitudes  and  longitudes 1 1 1 


Terrestrial  magnetism  (continued). 

horizontal  intensity  and  its  secular  varia- 
tion for  different  latitudes  and  longi- 
tudes   112 

secular  variation  of  declination  . . . .  1 13-116 

Thermal  conductivities 197,  198 

relation  to  electrical 271 

expansion,  coefficients  of 214-218 

units,  dynamic  equivalent  of 219 

Thermoelectricity .248-250 

Thermometer 228-233 

air 228,  231 

correction  of,  for  mercury  in  stem 232 

hydrogen 231 

mercury  in  glass 229 

zero  change  due  to  heating 229 

zero,  change  of,  with  time 230 

Timber,  strength  of 70 

Time,  unit  of,  defined xvii 

Times,  conversion  factors  for 14 

Transformers,  permeability  of 

iron  in 274,  275,  280,  282 

Units  of  measurement xv 

dimension  formulae  for  dynamic xviii 

electric  and  magnetic xxv 

electromagnetic xxix 

electrostatic xxvi 

fundamental .2 

heat xxiii 

practical,  legalization  of  electric xxxiii 

ratio  of  electrostatic  to  electromagnetic 

243 

United    States    weights    and    measures    in 
metric 9 


Vapor,  density  of  aqueous 155 

diffusion  of 149 

pressure  of 1 26,  225-227 

pressure  of  aqueous 151-154 

values  of  0.378  e 160 

pressure  of,  for  aqueous  solutions 194 

refractive  indices  for 190 

specific  heats  of 224 

Vaporization,  latent  heat  of 204 

Velocity,  angular  and  linear,  conversion  fac- 
tors for 15 

of  light 176,  243 

of  sound 99,  101 

Verdet's  constants  for  alcoholic  solution  of 

salts 290 

aqueous  solutions  of  salts 287 

gases 291 

hydrochloric  acid  solutions  of  salts  290 

liquids  and  solids 285-287 

and  Kundt's  constants 292 

Viscosity,  coefficient,  definition  of 136 

coefficient  of,  for  aqueous  alcohol 137 

for  gases 1 46 

for  liquids 1 38 

temperature  effect  on,  for  liquids 139 

specific,  for  oils 137 

for  water 1 36 

Volumes,  conversion  factors  for 12 

critical,  of  gases 200 


Water,  boiling-point  for  various  barometric 

pressures 170,  171 

density  of 92~94 

specific  heat  of 222,  223 


INDEX. 


3OI 


Water  (continued). 

thermal  conductivity  of 198 

viscosity  of 136 

Wave-lengths  of  Fraunhofer  lines 175 

standard  for  arc  and  solar  spectrum. . . .  172 

Weights  and  measures  — 

British  Imperial  to  Metric 7,  8 

Metric  to  British  Imperial 5,  6 

Metric  to  United  States 10 

United  States  to  Metric 9 

Weights  of  sheet  metal 56,  57 

Weights  of  wires 44- 54 


Wind,  pressure  of 108 

Wire,  gauges 58-67 

Woods,  densities  of 88 

Work,  conversion  factors  for 20,  21 


Yard,  definition  of ...  .xvi 

Young's  moduli 75 

modulus,  definition  of 75 


Zonal  harmonics 40 


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